ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Severe perineal lacerations are rare obstetrical complications in high-income countries. However, the prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries is crucial because of their long-term consequences on a woman's digestive function, sexual-mental health, and well-being. The probability of obstetric anal sphincter injuries can be predicted by assessing antenatal and intrapartum risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries at a single institution for 10 years and to identify women more at risk by evaluating the relationship between antenatal and intrapartum risk factors and severe perineal tears. The main outcome measured in this study was the occurrence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries during vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational retrospective cohort study conducted at a University Teaching Hospital in Italy. The study was conducted from 2009 to 2019 using a prospectively maintained database. The study cohort included all women with singleton pregnancy at term who delivered via vaginal delivery in cephalic presentation. Of note, data analysis was performed in 2 stages: a propensity score matching to balance possible differences between patients with obstetric anal sphincter injuries and those without and a stepwise univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A secondary analysis was performed to further evaluate the effect of parity, epidural anesthesia, and duration of the second stage of labor by adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 41,440 patients screened for eligibility, 22,156 met the inclusion criteria, and 15,992 were balanced after propensity score matching. Obstetric anal sphincter injuries occurred in 81 cases (0.4%), 67 (0.3%) after spontaneous delivery and 14 (0.8%) after vacuum delivery(P=.002). There was an increased odds of severe lacerations of nearly 2-fold for nulliparous women delivering by vacuum delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 2.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-6.81; P=.019), with a reciprocal reduction in women with spontaneous vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.84; P=.019) and at least 1 previous delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.85; P=.005). Epidural anesthesia was associated with a lower incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.86; P=.011). The risk of severe lacerations was independent of the duration of the second stage of labor (adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.00; P=.3), whereas the risk was reduced when mediolateral episiotomy was performed (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.36; P<.001). Neonatal risk factors include head circumference (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.90; P=.001) and vertex malpresentation (adjusted odds ratio, 2.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-6.78; P=.033). Induction of labor (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.92; P=.6), frequent obstetrical examinations (adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.90), and women's supine position at birth (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-2.55; P=.5) were further evaluated. Among severe obstetrical complications, shoulder dystocia increased the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries by nearly 4 times (adjusted odds ratio, 3.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-30.74; P=.2), whereas postpartum hemorrhage occurred 3 times more often in cases of delivery complicated by severe lacerations (adjusted odds ratio, 3.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.76-6.40; P<.001). The relationship among obstetric anal sphincter injuries, parity, and the use of epidural anesthesia was further confirmed in a secondary analysis. We found that primiparas who delivered without epidural anesthesia had the highest risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (adjusted odds ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-4.39; P=.001). CONCLUSION: Severe perineal lacerations were found to be a rare complication of vaginal delivery. By using a robust statistical model, such as propensity score matching, we were able to investigate a broad range of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors, including use of epidural anesthesia, number of obstetrics examinations, and patient position at birth, which are usually underreported. Moreover, we found that women who delivered for the first time without epidural anesthesia had the highest risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: Entre los factores de riesgo que se asocian a complicaciones en el binomio madre-hijo se encuentran: antecedentes de trastornos hipertensivos, embarazo adolescente, consumo de drogas, historia obstétrica desfavorable con antecedentes de abortos u óbitos, enfermedades de transmisión sexual e infecciones del tracto urinario. Objetivo: Identificar el riesgo obstétrico en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 en el área de salud ¨Bastión Popular¨, Guayaquil, Ecuador, en el periodo enero-junio de 2021. Método: Se realizó una investigación de campo, de tipo descriptiva-transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, que propició el análisis de las categorías del riesgo obstétrico registradas en historias clínicas de 117 gestantes, con firma de consentimiento informado para la obtención de los datos en dicha localidad a través de visitas domiciliarias. Fue empleada la escala o score de riesgo obstétrico. Resultados: Se alcanzó como resultado fundamental que el grupo etario de riesgo obstétrico de mayor frecuencia correspondió a las edades comprendidas entre 20 y 24 años y la principal categoría identificada fue el Alto riesgo. El riesgo obstétrico aumentó de manera proporcional cuando el periodo intergenésico se redujo. Conclusiones: Las mujeres jóvenes de 20 a 24 años son las que presentaron mayor riesgo obstétrico, además que el riesgo obstétrico, el cual se encuentra correlacionado con un mayor número de gestas, abortos, partos y cesáreas, por ello, es necesario proporcionarle información a la mujer sobre la gestación y sus complicaciones, para que sean capaces de identificar los factores de riesgos durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Risk factors associated with complications in the mother-child pair include: history of hypertensive disorders, adolescent pregnancy, drug use, unfavorable obstetric history with a background of miscarriages or abortions, sexually transmitted diseases and urinary tract infections. Objective: To identify the obstetric risk in times of COVID-19 pandemic at the ¨Bastión Popular¨ health area, Guayaquil, Ecuador, from January to June 2021. Method: A descriptive-transversal field research was carried out, with a quantitative approach, which favored the analysis of the obstetric risk categories recorded in the medical history of 117 pregnant women, who signed an informed consent, for the collection of data through home visits, using the obstetric risk scale or score. Results: Outcomes assessment showed, as main result, that the most frequent obstetric risk group was the age group 20 to 24 and the high risk factor was the main category identified. Obstetric risk increased proportionally when the interpregnancy interval was reduce. Conclusions: Young women between 20 and 24 years of age are those who presented the highest obstetric risk, which is correlate with a higher number of gestations, abortions, deliveries and cesarean sections. Therefore, it is necessary to provide women with information about pregnancy and its complications, so that they are able to identify risk factors during pregnancy, delivery and the puerperium.
RESUMO Introdução: Entre os fatores de risco que estão associados às complicações no binômio mãe-filho estão: histórico de doenças hipertensivas, gravidez na adolescência, uso de drogas, histórico obstétrico desfavorável com histórico de abortos ou óbitos, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e infecções do trato urinário trato. Objetivo: Identificar o risco obstétrico em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19 na área de saúde "Bastión Popular", Guayaquil, Equador, no período janeiro-junho de 2021. Método: Foi realizada uma investigação de campo descritiva. com abordagem quantitativa, que levou à análise das categorias de risco obstétrico registradas nos prontuários de 117 gestantes, com consentimento informado assinado para obtenção dos dados na referida localidade por meio de visitas domiciliares. Foi utilizada a escala ou escore de risco obstétrico. Resultados: O principal resultado foi que a faixa etária de risco obstétrico mais frequente correspondeu às idades entre 20 e 24 anos e a principal categoria identificada foi Alto risco. O risco obstétrico aumentou proporcionalmente quando o período intergestacional foi reduzido. Conclusões: As mulheres jovens de 20 a 24 anos são as que apresentam maior risco obstétrico, além do risco obstétrico, que se correlaciona com maior número de gestações, abortos, partos e cesarianas, portanto, é necessário fornecer informações às mulheres sobre a gravidez e suas complicações, para que possam identificar os fatores de risco durante a gravidez, parto e puerpério.
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AIM: To explore possible obstetrical history-related, modifiable risk factors of future type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with focus on characteristics of the index gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy and the consecutive pregnancy. METHODS: This retrospective, population-based, cohort study included 788 women with GDM, who had consecutive deliveries at Emek Medical Center during 1991-2012. Women with pre-existing diabetes were excluded. Factors associated with T2DM development were examined using stepwise multiple Cox regression model. RESULTS: Overall 178 women developed T2DM (23%). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the most significant independent risk factors for T2DM development were birth weight ≥ 4000 g (HRadj1.7 95% CI [1.001-2.8]), fasting oral glucose tolerance test value (OGTT, HRadj1.03 95% CI [1.01-1.04], 1-hour post-OGTT glucose value (HRadj1.01 95% CI [1.006-1.02]), earlier gestational week in which GDM was diagnosed (HRadj 0.96 95% CI [0.93-0.99]), higher parity (HRadj 1.15 95% CI [1.06-1.25] and GDM recurrence in the consecutive delivery (HRadj2.4 95% CI [1.6-3.7]). Kaplan Meier survival curve of the time from the consecutive pregnancy until T2DM development showed a statistically significant effect of GDM recurrence and the risk for T2DM. Body mass index (BMI) gain between pregnancies and inter-pregnancy interval were not independent risk factors for T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Obstetric characteristics of women with GDM and particularly GDM recurrence are associated with increased risk for T2DM. Strategies to prevent those factors and especially GDM recurrence might reduce the risk of future T2DM.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetes, Gestational , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Female , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of home birth in the United States is increasing, although its safety is undetermined. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of obstetrical risk factors on early neonatal death in planned home births delivering at home. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective 3-year cohort study consisting of planned home births that delivered at home in the United States between 2011 and 2013. The study excluded infants with congenital and chromosomal anomalies and infants born at ≤34 weeks' gestation. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted effects of individual obstetrical variables on early neonatal deaths within 7 days of delivery. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 71 704 planned and delivered home births. The overall early neonatal death rate was 1.5 deaths per 1000 planned home births. The risks of early neonatal death were significantly higher in nulliparous births (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.71-4.31), women with a previous CS (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.25-5.52), non-vertex presentations (OR 4.27; 95% CI 1.33-13.75), plural births (OR 9.79; 95% CI 4.25-22.57), preterm births (OR 4.68; 95% CI 2.30-9.51), and births at ≥41 weeks of gestation (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.09-2.84). CONCLUSION: Early neonatal deaths occur more commonly in certain obstetrical contexts. Patient selection may reduce adverse neonatal outcomes among planned home births.
