[Occupational health policies in older workers: comparative analysis between Spain and Chile]. / Políticas en salud laboral en personas trabajadoras mayores: análisis comparativo entre España y Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the current Spanish and Chilean regulations regarding occupational risk prevention, regarding the existence of specific indications that protect the occupational health and safety of people over 55 years of age. METHOD: Qualitative study in which a documentary content analysis was carried out using ATLAS/ti. The sample was 88 regulatory documents on occupational risk prevention for Spain and Chile. The guidance of the European Agency for Safety at Work (EU-OSHA) regarding age-critical risks was followed. RESULTS: In global terms, 21.9% of the total Spanish documents analyzed show the explicit presence of considerations on aging, while for Chile this occurs in 9%. Both countries mention indications regarding ergonomic risks and noise. Shift work and psychosocial risks are considered only in Spain, while extreme temperatures, vibrations and geographical altitude appear exclusively in Chilean regulations. Neither country refers to issues inherent to working women (care responsibilities, menopause). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish regulations present a greater presence of indications on aging compared to the Chilean one. However, development in this area is insufficient in both countries. Chile and Spain have guides of recommendations, which are not mandatory, and their application is voluntary. This suggests that the prevention of occupational risks has a great pending challenge with people over 55 years of age.

Occupational health and safety management systems: a systemic approach / Sistemas de gerenciamento em saúde e segurança do trabalho: uma abordagem sistêmica

Abstract Risks are intrinsic to any human activity. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMSs) are mechanisms designed to mitigate risks, protect workers, and ensure productivity. This study aimed to support researchers' reflective analysis by examining scientific literature related to OHSMSs and identifying possibilities for future research with practical significance. Employing a qualitative approach, this systematic review was conducted using bibliographic procedures and action research. The intervention instrument ProKnow-C guided by a structured process from a constructivist perspective, was applied. A total of 3,130 studies were analyzed to select the bibliographic portfolio. The systemic analysis revealed that most articles neither demonstrate legitimacy nor consider companies' particularities. The paper advances theoretical knowledge of OHSMSs by assessing relevant studies in the field, identifying evolution patterns, and highlighting gaps. A research agenda is proposed to guide the development of future models. We conclude that the challenges of designing ad hoc OHSMSs and incorporating the decision-makers' knowledge throughout the process when addressed, have the potential to significantly contribute to the advancement of this field of knowledge.

Resumo Os riscos são intrínsecos a todas as atividades humanas. Os sistemas de avaliação de desempenho de saúde e segurança no trabalho (SADSSTs) são mecanismos projetados para lidar com riscos, proteger os trabalhadores e garantir produtividade. Este estudo objetivou apoiar a análise reflexiva dos pesquisadores com base na literatura científica relacionada aos SADSSTs, identificando possibilidades de pesquisas futuras de importância prática. Com abordagem qualitativa, esta revisão sistemática foi desenvolvida com a adoção de procedimentos bibliográficos e pesquisa-ação. Foi utilizado o instrumento de intervenção ProKnow-C, um processo estruturado orientado pela perspectiva construtivista. Um total de 3.130 estudos foi analisado para a seleção do portfólio bibliográfico. A análise sistêmica revelou que a maioria dos artigos não apresenta legitimidade, nem considera as particularidades das empresas. O artigo avança no conhecimento teórico dos SADSSTs avaliando os estudos relevantes na área e identificando padrões de evolução e lacunas. Propõe-se uma agenda de pesquisa para orientar o desenvolvimento de modelos futuros. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de um SADSST ad hoc, não genérico e concebido com o conhecimento do decisor em todo o processo, permanece sendo um desafio e tem potencial para contribuir para o avanço deste campo do conhecimento.

Implementation del Programa "Uno, dos, tres para afrontar el estrés" en personal administrativo de un Hospital Pediátrico de alta complejidad, estudio de caso / Implementation of a Program to Deal With Stress as a Strategy For Psychosocial Risk Management in a Pediatric Hospital

Resumen Introducción: A partir del reconocimiento del estrés laboral en trabajadores hospitalarios como un factor de riesgo psicosocial, se implementó un programa de afrontamiento del estrés, como medida preventiva frente a la aparición de problemas en la salud integral en los colaboradores de la institución hospitalaria. Objetivo: Describir la implementación del programa uno dos tres para afrontar el estrés en los colaboradores de los servicios de gestión de la información y servicio farmacéutico de un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Metodología: El programa se implementó con base en el ciclo PHVA, mediante una serie de etapas y fases, siguiendo una metodología cualitativa con enfoque histórico hermenéutico y un de diseño estudio de caso. Resultados Se evidencia en los colaboradores un posicionamiento crítico frente a su realidad, reconociendo la necesidad y motivación para practicar lo aprendido en pro del mejoramiento de sus dinámicas laborales. Conclusiones: El programa contribuye al desarrollo de acciones para el fortalecimiento de entornos saludables, impactando positivamente en el colaborador, evidenciándose la necesidad de implementarlo en otros servicios de la organización.

Abstract Introduction: Based on the recognition of work stress in hospital workers as a psychosocial risk factor, a program to deal with stress was implemented as a preventive measure against the appearance of integral health problems in the collaborators of the hospital institution. Objective: To understand the impact of the implementation of the "One, Two, Three to deal with stress" program in prioritized collaborators of a high complexity pediatric hospital. Methodology: The program was implemented based on the PHVA cycle, through a series of stages and phases, following a qualitative methodology with a historical hermeneutic approach and a case study design. Results: It is evident, the collaborators have a critical stance towards their reality, recognizing the need and motivation to practice what they have learnt in order to improve their work dynamics. Conclusions: The program contributes to the development of actions for the strengthening of healthy environments which impact positively on the collaborator, evidencing the need to implement it in other services of the organization.

Exoskeletons: Contribution to Occupational Health and Safety.

This review aims to characterize the current landscape of exoskeletons designed to promote medical care and occupational safety in industrial settings. Extensive exploration of scientific databases spanning industries, health, and medicine informs the classification of exoskeletons according to their distinctive attributes and specific footholds on the human physique. Within the scope of this review, a comprehensive analysis is presented, contextualizing the integration of exoskeletons based on different work activities. The reviewers extracted the most relevant articles published between 2008 and 2023 from IEEE, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and other databases. In this review, the PRISMA-ScR checklist was used, and a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.642 was applied, implying moderate agreement among the reviewers; 75 primary studies were extracted from a total of 344. The future of exoskeletons in contributing to occupational health and safety will depend on continued collaboration between researchers, designers, healthcare professionals, and industries. With the continued development of technologies and an increasing understanding of how these devices interact with the human body, exoskeletons will likely remain valuable for improving working conditions and safety in various work environments.

Identifying low-quality patterns in accident reports from textual data.

Accident investigation reports provide useful knowledge to support companies to propose preventive and mitigative measures. However, the information presented in accident report databases is normally large, complex, filled with errors and has missing and/or redundant data. In this article, we propose text mining and natural language processing techniques to investigate low-quality accident reports. We adopted machine learning (ML) to detect and investigate inconsistencies on accident reports. The methodology was applied to 626 documents collected from an actual hydroelectric power company. The initial ML performances indicated data divergences and concerns related to the report structure. Then, the accident database was restructured to a more proper form confirming the supposition about the quality of the reports investigated. The proposed approach can be used as a diagnostic tool to improve the design of accident investigation reports to provide a more useful source of knowledge to support decisions in the safety context.

Situações de violência física produzidas pelos bloqueios injustos no trabalho de entrega de comida por aplicativos / Situations of physical violence produced by unfair blockades in the work of food delivery by apps / Situaciones de violencia física producidas por los bloqueos injustos en el trabajo de entrega de comida por aplicaciones

O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar e compreender o risco de violência física envolvendo entregadores via aplicativos e clientes, cujos fatores imediatos são os chamados bloqueios indevidos. Por meio de etnografia digital que consistiu no acompanhamento de grupos de WhatsApp e de vídeos produzidos por motoboys, deparamos com esse risco emergente relacionado ao trabalho e levantamos elementos que ajudam a compreender o fenômeno. O medo de ser excluído da plataforma devido à reclamação de um cliente aparece como fator de risco dessa violência. Fatores políticos e socioeconômicos também podem estar relacionados a essas situações de violência entre entregadores e clientes, como, por exemplo, a dependência econômica que esses trabalhadores têm de plataformas digitais e o ambiente de permissividade regulatória.

The main objective of this article is to present and understand the risk of physical violence involving deliv-erers by app and customers, whose immediate factors are the so-called unfair blockades. Through digital ethnography that consisted in monitoring WhatsApp groups and videos produced by food deliverers, we found out this emerging occupational risk and raised elements that help to understand the phenomenon. The fear of being excluded from the platform due to a customer's complaint appears as a risk factor for that violence. Political and socio-economic factors can also be related to these situations of violence between deliverers and customers, such as, for example, the economic dependence of these workers on digital plat-forms and the environment of regulatory permissiveness.

El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar y comprender el riesgo de violencia física que envuelve repartidores de comida mediante aplicaciones y clientes, cuyos factores inmediatos son los llamados bloqueos indebidos. A través de la etnografía digital, que consistió en monitorizar grupos de WhatsApp y videos producidos por repartidores de comida, encontramos este riesgo emergente relacionado con el trabajo y levantamos elementos que ayudan a comprender el fenómeno. El miedo de ser excluido de la plataforma debido a alguna reclamación de un cliente aparece como un factor de riesgo para esa violencia. Factores políticos y socioeconómicos también pueden estar relacionados con estas situaciones de violencia entre repartidores y clientes, como, por ejemplo, la dependencia económica que estos trabajadores tienen de las plataformas digitales y el ambiente de permisividad regulatoria.

Embedded Electronic Sensor for Monitoring of Breathing Activity, Fitting and Filter Clogging in Reusable Industrial Respirators.

Millions of workers are required to wear reusable respirators in several industries worldwide. Reusable respirators include filters that protect workers against harmful dust, smoke, gases, and vapors. These hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, and diseases. Respiratory protection is prone to failure or misuse, such as wearing respirators with filters out of service life and employees wearing respirators loosely. Currently, there are no commercial systems capable of reliably alerting of misuse of respiratory protective equipment during the workday shifts or provide early information about dangerous clogging levels of filters. This paper proposes a low energy and non-obtrusive functional building block with embedded electronics that enable breathing monitoring inside an industrial reusable respirator. The embedded electronic device collects multidimensional data from an integrated pressure, temperature, and relative humidity sensor inside a reusable industrial respirator in real time and sends it wirelessly to an external platform for further processing. Here, the calculation of instantaneous breathing rate and estimation of the filter's respirator fitting and clogging level is performed. The device was tested with ten healthy subjects in laboratory trials. The subjects were asked to wear industrial reusable respirator with the embedded electronic device attached inside. The signals measured with the system were compared with airflow signals measured with calibrated transducers for validation purposes. The correlation between the estimated breathing rates using pressure, temperature, and relative humidity with the reference signal (airflow) is 0.987, 0.988 and 0.989 respectively, showing that instantaneous breathing rate can be calculated accurately using the information from the embedded device. Moreover, respirator fitting (well-fitted or loose condition) and filter's clogging levels (≤60%, 80% and 100% clogging) also can be estimated using features extracted from absolute pressure measurements combined to statistical analysis ANOVA models. These experimental outputs represent promising results for further development of data-driven prediction models using machine learning techniques to determine filters end-of-service life. Furthermore, the proposed system would collect relevant data for real-time monitoring of workers' breathing conditions and respirator usage, helping to improve occupational safety and health in the workplace.

Transient decrease in sound tolerance levels following hearing deprivation in normal-hearing subjects.

Objective: To determine the circadian influence on sound sensitivity produced by temporal hearing deprivation in healthy normal human subjects. Design: Participants underwent bilateral earplugging before completion of anthropometry, the author's developed questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Inventory, pure tone audiometry (PTA), stapedial reflex thresholds (SRT), distortion products otoacoustic emissions input/output (DPOAE-I/O), and uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs). Afterward, the participants were randomly divided into group A, starting at 8:00 a.m. and finishing at 8:00 p.m., and group B, starting at 4:00 p.m. and ending at 4:00 a.m. Serum cortisol levels and audiological test results were obtained at the beginning and end of the session and 24-h free urinary cortisol levels were measured. Study sample: Thirty healthy volunteers. Results: PTA was 2.68 and 3.33 dB HL in groups A and B, respectively, with no statistical difference between them. ULLs were significantly lower in group A compared to group B, with an average of 8.1 dB SPL in group A and 3.3 dB SPL in group B (p < 0.0001). A SRT shift was observed in group A, with no difference in group B, and a night shift in DPOAE-I/O in group B. Conclusions: Reduced loudness tolerance is demonstrated during daytime hearing deprivation in contrast to nighttime; this may be due to increased central gain in the awake cortex.

Use of recommended personal protective equipment among Brazilian health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest health crises in the world and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is significant measures to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. However, PPE needs to be used properly by healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of PPE among Brazilian health professionals and associated factors during a period of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2020. For data collection, the respondent-driven sampling technique was used, adapted for social media, with a link to an online survey form. RESULTS: The study considered 12,086 Brazilian health professionals. Most (69%) used PPE recommended for the care of patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19. Factors associated with the use of PPE were: working in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or in a field hospital, receiving training, being provided with sufficient, high-quality PPE by the workplace and being an odontologist compared to nursing professionals. For procedures that generate aerosols in the context of COVID-19, 54.1% of them used the recommended PPE, the associated factors were: being married or in a stable relationship compared to a single/divorced professional, working in an ICU, being offered training, providing sufficient, high-quality PPE, and being an odontologist compared to nursing professionals. CONCLUSIONS: For the care of patients with COVID-19, 69% of health professionals used PPE properly, and several factors interfered with the use of this equipment.

As manifestações de segunda vítima de evento adverso: uma análise dos profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público de Minas Gerais / The manifestations of the second victim of an adverse event: an analysis of nursing professionals from a public hospital in Minas Gerais

Introdução: A assistência à saúde pode resultar em eventos adversos (EA) que atingem diretamente a saúde do paciente e sua experiência no cuidado à saúde, podendo causar mortes, sequelas definitivas e temporárias, sofrimento psíquico aos pacientes, a seus familiares e aos profissionais de saúde, além de elevar o custo assistencial. Dentre os problemas relacionados à ocorrência dos EA estão os prejuízos sofridos pelos profissionais de saúde que se envolvem em um EA, denominados na literatura como "segunda vítima". Estes indivíduos experimentam efeitos psicológicos profundos, como raiva, culpa, inadequação, depressão e suicídio, devido a falhas reais ou percebidas. Objetivo: Compreender as manifestações dos profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital frente a ocorrência de EA e a relação com o fenômeno da segunda vítima. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e explicativo, com métodos quantitativos. O instrumento utilizado foi o questionário Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC), acrescido por questões para definição do perfil da população e para caracterização dos EA baseados no sistema de notificação de eventos adversos (Notivisa) da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. A população foi composta por 203 profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos na assistência direta aos pacientes de um hospital geral, público, de alta relevância para o atendimento da população da região noroeste de Minas Gerais. Resultados: A amostra foi predominante feminina (85%), com idade média de 40,7 anos, sendo 74% técnicos de enfermagem, 25% enfermeiros e 1% auxiliares de enfermagem. Relataram ter se envolvido em pelo menos um EA nos últimos dois anos, 60% dos profissionais entrevistados. Destes, a maioria foi com dano leve (47%) e sem danos (24%). Informaram também que 75% dos eventos foram notificados ao Núcleo de Risco. A maior parte dos profissionais (55%) que se envolveu em um EA apresentou pelo menos um tipo de manifestação física e/ou psicológica. Ansiedade foi a manifestação mais relatada (24%). Se consideramos os casos em que o EA causou dano moderado, grave ou óbito (n = 36), apenas 22% dos profissionais se mostraram indiferentes, os demais apresentaram ansiedade (33%), irritação (25%), insônia (5%), perda de apetite (5%), dificuldade em retornar a rotina (5%) e, dentre outras (28%), preocupação, frustração, medo, indignação e maior atenção no trabalho. Três profissionais (3%) relataram ter sido necessário buscar assistência emocional especializada. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo, em conformidade com o que a literatura apresenta sobre esta problemática, demonstrou o quão deletéria e impactante para um profissional de saúde pode ser a experiência do fenômeno da segunda vítima. Esses efeitos podem ser agravados se na instituição de saúde predomina uma cultura da punição e repreensão pelas falhas cometidas.

Introduction: Health care can result in adverse events that directly affect patients' health and their experience in health care, and can cause deaths, permanent and temporary sequelae, psychological distress to patients, their families and health professionals, in addition to raising costs of medical assistance services. Among the ills related to the occurrence of adverse events are the losses suffered by health professionals who are involved in an adverse event, referred to in the literature as "second victim". These individuals experience profound psychological effects, such as anger, guilt, inadequacy, depression, and suicide, due to real or perceived flaws. Objective: to identify the manifestations, in the face of the occurrence of an adverse event, of nursing professionals in a hospital and their relationship with the phenomenon of the second victim. Method: a cross-sectional and explanatory study was carried out, using quantitative methods. The instrument used was the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire (HSOPSC). Questions to define the population profile and to characterize adverse events based on the Notivisa adverse event notification system of Anvisa (National Health Surveillance Agency) were added. The population consisted of 203 nursing professionals involved in direct assistance to patients at a general, public hospital, of high relevance for the care of the population of the northwest region of Minas Gerais. Results: The sample was predominantly female (85%), with an average age of 40.7 years, with 74% nursing technicians, 25% nurses and 1% nursing assistants. 60% (n. 119) of the professionals reported to have been involved in at least 1 adverse event in the last 2 years. Of these, the majority were with slight damage (47%) and without damage (24%). They also reported that 75% of the events were notified to the Risk Center. Most professionals (55%) who were involved in an adverse event presented at least one type of physical and/or psychological manifestation. Anxiety was the most reported manifestation (24%). If we consider the cases in which the adverse event caused moderate, severe or death damage (n. 36), only 22% of the professionals were indifferent; other professionals showed anxiety (33%), irritation (25%), insomnia (5%), loss of appetite (5%), difficulty in returning to routine (5%) and other experiences (28%), worry, frustration, fear, indignation and greater attention at work. Three professionals (3%) reported that they needed to seek specialized emotional assistance. Conclusions: The results of this study, in accordance with what the literature on this issue presents, demonstrate how harmful and impactful for a health professional can be the experience of the phenomenon of the second victim. These effects can be aggravated if a culture of punishment and reprimand for failures prevails in the health Institution.

Ultraviolet-C Light-emitting Device Against Microorganisms in Beauty Salons.

Background: Ultraviolet light in the UV-C band is also known as germicidal radiation, and it is widely used for decontamination and disinfection of environments, water, and food. The ultraviolet source transfers electromagnetic energy from a mercury arc lamp to an organism's genetic material. When UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it destroys the cell's ability to reproduce, through a physical and not chemical process. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of a new UV-C generating device (Asepsis) against clinically important microorganisms that may be present in beauty centers. Methods: We present here a set of tests performed on tools easy to find in beauty salons (hair-brushes, nail pliers, makeup brushes, and, due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, face mask samples). They were individually contaminated with bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus), fungi (Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur), and the Chikungunya virus. Different times of exposure were evaluated (1, 3, and 5 minutes). Results: There was notable reduction in the microbial load in every test, in comparison with control groups. Best results were observed on face mask samples, while the makeup brush showed less reduction, even with longer periods of exposure. Conclusions: Beauty salons present a risk of infections due to microbial exposure. The device tested can efficiently inactivate, in a short time, microorganisms contaminating most tools found in this setting. The device also showed promising results against enveloped virus.

Characterization and general health conditions of workers in a Chilean industrial area: a worrying reality.

Introduction: Within the occupational field, changes in the characteristics of work have revealed risks associated with static, repetitive work and litle physical activity, which together with individual health conditions of workers can trigger diseases and musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives: To obtain a preliminary characterization of workers in an industrial area, including their health and working conditions. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, developed with 69 men who worked in the industrial area of Viña del Mar, Chile. A clinical and occupational evaluation was carried out with the application of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire as well as the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. Results: The following risk factors were identified: 53.6% of the workers were smokers, 92.8% presented low levels of physical activity, and 70.3% reported feeling pain in body segments that were physically required during their work tasks. Among all workers, 63% were overweight according to their body mass index and 62% presented high systolic pressure. Pain was mostly detected in the spine, and it was slightly associated with forklif operation by older workers (t-test p < 0.05). Conclusions: Workers were in the presence of cardiovascular and occupational risks. It is necessary to promote timely education and training on health conditions and to evaluate risks associated with machinery operation in order to prevent work-related pain.

Introdução: No âmbito ocupacional, as mudanças no estilo de trabalho têm mostrado riscos associados ao trabalho estático, repetitivo e à pouca atividade física, fatores que, somados às condições individuais de saúde dos trabalhadores, podem favorecer o aparecimento de doenças e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. Objetivos: Obter uma caracterização preliminar dos trabalhadores da indústria, incluindo a saúde e as condições de trabalho. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 69 homens que trabalham na indústria de Viña del Mar, Chile. Realizaram-se avaliação clínica e ocupacional e aplicaram-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física juntamente com o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Resultados: Identificaram-se os seguintes fatores de risco: 53,6% dos trabalhadores era tabagista, 92,8% apresentava baixo nível de atividade física, 70,3% declarou sentir dor em segmentos corporais necessários à realização de tarefas do trabalho. Dos trabalhadores, 63% tinha sobrepeso, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal, e 62% apresentava pressão sistólica alta. As dores foram detectadas principalmente na coluna vertebral e estavam ligeiramente associadas à operação de empilhadeira por trabalhadores mais velhos (teste t p < 0,05). Conclusões: Os trabalhadores encontravam-se diante de riscos cardiovasculares e ocupacionais. É necessário promover educação e treinamento adequados em relação às condições de saúde e avaliar os riscos associados à operação de equipamentos, a fim de evitar dores relacionadas ao trabalho.

Systematic review of occupational hazards at postharvest grain operations.

INTRODUCTION: Agriculture stands out in relation to the high number of occupational incidents and diseases. In this sense, grains postharvest operations, such as receiving, precleaning, drying, storage and shipping the grains, are highlighted in the number of injuries and fatalities. AIM: To identify and extract qualitative and quantitative data related to the main occupational hazards present in grains postharvest operations at preprocessing and storage facilities. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out in the databases of Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science for papers published between 1980 and 2019. The abstract should have described a study related to any occupational hazard (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and mechanical) and at least one of the occupational hazards should be related to any postharvest operations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: In total, 42% of 38 analysed papers were published between 2015 and 2019. Three journals were responsible for 45% of publications related to occupational hazards present in grains postharvest operations. The most part of analysed publications related to confined spaces, grain entrapment, machine entanglement and falls hazards are related to Purdue University's Agricultural Safety and Health Program which applied research in occupational safety at grains postharvest. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of standardised internationals can collaborate to reduce occupational risks in grain storage units. It is suggested the development of monitoring technologies to obtain real-time information on noise, dust, gases and heat in postharvest operations and equipment. The use of intelligent algorithms can create prevention mechanisms for possible occupational risks and avoid injuries to employees.

Risk Factors for Working in Confined Spaces: Contributions for Psychosocial Assessment / Fatores de Risco no Trabalho em Espaços Confinados: Contribuições para a Avaliação Psicossocial / Factores de Riesgo en el Trabajo en Espacios Confinados: Contribuciones para la Evaluación Psicosocial

Abstract The recommendation of standards for companies supports the safety of workers. This study aimed to describe the psychosocial risk factors perceived by personnel that work in confined spaces. Qualitative study, conducted via interviews with 50 employees. Data were processed using the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires software, with a descending hierarchical classification. The psychosocial risk management model identified five risk dimensions and described the interface between the categories of work context and content: interpersonal relationships (29.58%), task planning (23.50%), role in the organization (17.83%), home-work interface (15.10%), and workload and work pace (13.97%). The risk factors identified from the workers'' perspective allow reviewing psychosocial assessment, management practices, and the advancement of scientific knowledge, essential to rethink current legislation and mental health care for professionals that work in confined spaces.

Resumo As normas regulamentadoras oferecem diretrizes às empresas para execução do trabalho, inclusive para a área de segurança. O objetivo foi descrever fatores de risco psicossocial percebidos por trabalhadores atuantes em espaços confinados. Estudo qualitativo, conduzido por meio de entrevistas com 50 trabalhadores. Os dados foram processados, segundo classificação hierárquica descendente, pelo software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. O modelo de gestão de riscos psicossociais, identificou cinco dimensões de risco distribuídas nas categorias de contexto e conteúdo do trabalho: relacionamento interpessoal (29,58%), planejamento de tarefas (23,50%), papel na organização (17,83%), interface casa-trabalho (15,10%) e carga e ritmo de trabalho (13,97%). Os fatores de risco identificados, na perspectiva dos trabalhadores, possibilitam a revisão de práticas de avaliação psicossocial, gestão e o avanço no conhecimento científico, importantes para subsidiar tomadas de decisão para o cuidado à saúde mental de profissionais atuantes em espaços confinados.

Resumen Las normas de reglamentación contienen lineamientos de ejecución de trabajo para las empresas, incluso para el área de seguridad. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los factores de riesgo psicosocial percibidos por los trabajadores que actúan en espacios confinados. Este estudio es cualitativo, en que se aplicaron entrevistas a 50 trabajadores. Los datos fueron procesados, según la clasificación jerárquica descendiente, por el programa Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. El modelo de gestión de riesgos psicosociales identificó cinco dimensiones de riesgo, distribuidas en las categorías de contexto y contenido del trabajo: relación interpersonal (29,58%); planificación de tareas (23,5%); papel en la organización (17,83%); interface casa-trabajo (15,1%); y carga y ritmo de trabajo (13,97%). Los factores de riesgo identificados por los trabajadores posibilitan la revisión de prácticas de evaluación psicosocial, gestión y avance en el conocimiento científico, importantes elementos para repensar la toma de decisión en la atención a la salud mental de profesionales que actúan en espacios confinados.

Limiting factors of face shield use for health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2, a highly transmissible and pathogenic viral infection, and was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Three months later, it became a severe pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To identify scientific evidence on the use of face shields by health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic period. METHOD: An integrative literature review of articles obtained from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science databases was undertaken. For the search, controlled, non-controlled descriptors and specific keywords: "face shield," "fluid resistance procedure," "respiratory infections," "healthcare workers," "COVID-19," "aerosols," and "personal protection infection" were used. RESULTS: The sample comprised seven studies. The available evidence has shown that face shields do not have a defined standard for their production-their effectiveness depends on the quality of the visor, structure, and fixation system. They must be used as adjuvants to other personal protective equipment (PPE), and their isolated use is not recommended due to the fragilities of peripheral face sealing, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Due to the shortage of this equipment, domestic face shields can be indicated if they meet production requirements, based on scientific evidence for their efficient use.

Intensidad del trabajo de conocimiento en la gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo / Intensity of the knowledge work in the occupational health and safety management activities

Introducción: La mejor gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo es la que practica la prevención; su eficacia se basa en conocimientos especializados para la evaluación de riesgos y la búsqueda de buenas soluciones. De ahí que el éxito dependa de la comprensión de la intensidad de conocimiento que requiere cada vez más esta tarea. Objetivo: Analizar la intensidad de trabajo de conocimiento que demanda la gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo en una empresa. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Empresa Nacional de Análisis y Servicios Técnicos durante el periodo en que se realizó la investigación para la acreditación de su sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo por la NC ISO 45001. Se evaluó la intensidad de trabajo de conocimiento a partir de la descomposición del trabajo en tareas, las que se evaluaron según las dimensiones de: calificación requerida, autonomía, innovación, intensidad de información, interdependencias y variabilidad de las situaciones. Se calculó la intensidad total, el aporte de cada tarea y de cada dimensión. Resultados: La dimensión más demandante fue la intensidad de información, tanto por lo referido a aspectos tecnológicos como a aspectos médicos y legales. Las tareas con más demanda de intensidad de conocimiento fueron la identificación de peligros y evaluación de riesgos, la capacitación de los trabajadores y la relacionada con la realización y análisis de chequeos médicos. Conclusiones: La efectividad de la gestión de la salud y seguridad en las empresas requiere de apoyos informáticos que respondan a sus necesidades e intercambios sistemáticos interdisciplinares entre ingenieros, psicólogos y médicos dedicados a la salud y seguridad ocupacional(AU)

Introduction: The best management of work safety and health is the practice of prevention; its efficiency is based in specialized knowledge for the assessment of risks and the search of good solutions. Therefore, the success depends on the comprehension of the knowledge intensity that this task requires. Objective: Analyze the intensity of the knowledge work that demands the management of safety and health in the functions of a company. Methods: The study was carried out in the National Company of Analysis and Technical Services during the period when it was performed the research for the accreditation of their Occupational health and safety management system by the NC ISO 45001. It was assessed the intensity of knowledge work from the division of the work in tasks, which were assessed according to the dimensions: required calification, autonomy, innovation, intensity of information, interdependencies and variability of the situations. It was calculated the overall intensity, the contribution of each task and of each dimension. Results: The most demanding dimension was the intensity of information, because of the technological aspects as well as due to the medical and legal aspects. The tasks with most demand of knowledge intensity were: the identification of dangers and assessment of risks, the training of workers, and the one related with the conduction and analysis of medical checkings. Conclusions: The effectiveness of health and safety's management in companies requires informatics supports that actually respond to their needs, and interdisciplinary systematic exchanges among engineers, psychologists and physicians devoted to occupational health and security(AU)

Factores psicosociales del personal de una organización educativa y su relación con desgaste psíquico / Psychosocial Factors in Workers of an Educational Organization and their Relationship with Psychic Exhaustion

Resumen. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores psicosociales percibidos por los trabajadores en una organización pública de educación superior y su relación con el desgaste psíquico. Método. La investigación fue transversal, participaron 292 trabajadores y se utilizó una batería que evalúa las dimensiones: Contexto de Trabajo, Contenido de Trabajo y Factores Individuales, como variables independientes y Desgaste Psíquico como variable dependiente. Resultados. La percepción de los participantes resultó favorable en más del 80%. Las dimensiones psicosociales indicaron una correlación media, positiva y estadísticamente significativa con el Desgaste Psíquico, consistente con los análisis Odds Ratio. Factores Individuales fue la dimensión de mayor influencia acorde con el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple, seguida de Contenido de Trabajo.

Abstract. Objective. To evaluate the psychosocial factors perceived by workers in a higher education public organization and their relationship with the psychic exhaustion. Method. Research was cross-sectional, 292 workers participated and it was used a test battery to evaluate the dimensions: Work Context, Work Content and Individual Factors, as independent variables and Psychic Exhaustion as a dependent variable. Results. Perception of the participants was favorable by more than 80%. Psychosocial dimensions indicated a medium, positive and statistically significant correlation with the Psychic Exhaustion, consistent with Odds Ratio analysis. Individual Factors was the dimension with the greatest influence according to the multiple linear regression model, followed by Work Content.

Reaching "hard to reach" workers: Evaluating approaches to disseminate worker safety information via the Mexican consular network.

Mexican immigrants suffer a disproportionately large number of work-related injuries and deaths given their share of the workforce. Barriers of language, culture, and mistrust are often cited as factors that complicate efforts to reach these workers with occupational safety and health (OSH) interventions. By partnering with the Mexican government and its consulate network in the United States, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were able to assess the impact of four different information dissemination approaches (posters, passively distributed brochures, actively distributed brochures, and video kiosks) in Spanish in a five-phase study. Exit interviews conducted with Mexicans seeking consular services indicated that while nearly all respondents considered OSH to be of importance, significant differences in impact measures, such as noticing the materials and liking of content, were found when comparing the different approaches. Despite these differences, even the least effective approaches were noticed by large numbers of individuals and significantly increased their stated behavioral intentions regarding OSH. Considering all materials together, significantly more participants reported liking the materials (p < 0.001) than did not, learning something new (p < 0.01), trusting the information (p < 0.05), intending to seek out additional OSH information (p < 0.01), and intending to speak to their bosses about OSH (p < 0.05). These findings contribute to building an evidence base for moving research knowledge into practice, which is an essential, but often overlooked, element of occupational safety and health research, particularly among workers from underserved communities.

Analysis of the implementation of occupational safety and health standards at manufacturing companies in the city of Valledupar.

Introduction: Occupational safety and health is a process that requires the adoption of measures that guarantee the physical, social and mental wellness of a person, under normative parameters that must be met, supervised, and controlled. Objectives: To diagnose occupational safety and health conditions at manufacturing companies in the city of Valledupar, Colombia. Methods: The study focused on the development of a diagnosis on occupational health and safety conditions at manufacturing companies, based on the application of two instruments which focused mainly on identifying socioeconomic conditions of workers and determining the compliance status of the minimum occupational health and safety standards. Results: According to the determined socioeconomic conditions of the workers participating in the study, it was found that, on average, the companies are complying with only 23% of all the requirements established in the resolution 0312 of 2019. Conclusions: Seventy percent of workers affirm that their companies are not taking any action to implement safety and health procedures at work.

Severe occupational accidents reported at a sentinel unit from 2008 to 2018.

Introduction: Occupational accidents are a major public health problem. In addition to damages to workers' health, they are also associated with economic and social losses. Since 2004, this type of accident has become of mandatory reporting through the Notifiable Diseases Information System. However, underreporting still reaches high levels. Objectives: To identify and describe data on severe occupational accidents reported at an Occupational Health Unit. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study based on data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Occupational accidents that occurred from 2008 to 2018 in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and reported by the Occupational Health Unit, located in Hospital do Trabalhador in Curitiba. Results: Overall, 7,396 occupational accidents were reported, and most workers evolved with temporary disability (86%). The most frequently affected occupations were related to the area of construction industry (3.4%); however, it is worth highlighting the significant absence of this information in the reports (16.4%). Upper limbs were the most affected body region (42.5%). Conclusions: The report of occupational accidents has significantly improved in the last years, but underreporting remains a significant issue and there is a gap in data about the accident circumstances. Therefore, this study aimed to generate data to assist in the development of policies for the promotion and care of workers' health, in addition to being used for comparison in future statistics.