Association of anaesthesia provider sex with perioperative complications: a two-centre retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that surgeon sex is associated with differential patient outcomes. Whether this also applies to anaesthesia providers is unclear. We hypothesised that female sex of the primary anaesthesia provider is associated with lower risk of perioperative complications. METHODS: The first case for all adult patients undergoing anaesthesia care between 2008 and 2022 at two academic healthcare networks in the USA was included in this retrospective cohort study. The primary exposure was the sex of the anaesthesia provider who spent the most time in the operating theatre during the case. The primary outcome was intraoperative complications, defined as hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <55 mm Hg for ≥5 cumulative minutes) or hypoxaemia (oxygen saturation <90% for >2 consecutive minutes). The co-primary outcome was 30-day adverse postoperative events (including complications, readmission, and mortality). Analyses were adjusted for a priori defined confounders. RESULTS: Among 364,429 included patients, 57,550 (15.8%) experienced intraoperative complications and 55,168 (15.1%) experienced adverse postoperative events. Care by female compared with male anaesthesia providers was associated with lower risk of intraoperative complications (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-0.97, P<0.001), which was magnified among non-trainees (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.82-0.87, P-for-interaction <0.001). Anaesthesia provider sex was not associated with the composite of adverse postoperative events (aOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.98-1.02, P=0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Care by a female anaesthesia provider was associated with a lower risk of intraoperative complications, which was magnified among non-trainees. Future studies should investigate underlying mechanisms.

Strategies, Facilitators, and Barriers in Managing Academic Occupational Disruptions: Implications for Occupational Therapy Education.

Background: Higher education was gravely affected by the pandemic which caused academic occupational disruptions and affected students. Challenges in successful engagement in occupations influence the health and well-being of the individual. Consequently, it is vital for occupational therapist (OT) educators to be informed on how to manage academic occupational disruptions to minimize its occurrence, mitigate its impact, and support students' academic occupations. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the strategies, facilitators, and barriers in managing academic occupational disruptions encountered by Filipino OT educators. Methods: Respondents were ninety (90) Filipino OT educators coming from the different HEIs in the Philippines offering BSOT who completed an online cross-sectional survey. A 4-point Likert-scale was used to determine the strategies, facilitators, and barriers in managing academic occupational disruptions. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Results: Respondents often (M = 2.95, SD = 0.94) utilize strategies for managing academic occupational disruptions, highlighting scheduling of synchronous and asynchronous sessions to balance online workload as the most utilized strategy. Respondents often (M = 3.00, SD = 0.70) encounter facilitators of managing academic occupational disruptions, citing flexibility of the school in adapting existing courses based on the context of delivery as the most common facilitator. Respondents sometimes (M = 2.19, SD = 0.95) encounter barriers to managing academic occupational disruptions, indicating need to work for income as the top barrier. Conclusion: Despite the utilization of strategies and presence of facilitators in managing academic occupational disruptions, Filipino OT educators still encountered barriers. Psychosocial support and needs were also highlighted across strategies, facilitators, and barriers in managing academic occupational disruptions. This prompts for further sustainable development of OT competence to inform occupational therapy educators on how to minimize academic occupational disruptions, to mitigate its impact, and to support students' academic occupations.

Interventions to decrease health students' stigma toward schizophrenia: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is heavily stigmatized among health professionals. Given that health professional students are future members of the workforce and will provide care for people with schizophrenia, it is essential to implement interventions aimed at reducing stigma among this group. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize existing literature on interventions to decrease schizophrenia stigma among health professional students, and to determine the possible gaps in the literature. DESIGN: Nine electronic databases and gray literature were searched, including PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and Google on 5 May 2023. Two researchers independently conducted data screening, data extraction, and assessed study risks. A most updated search was also done on 22 May 2024. The Cochrane risk of bias tool version 2 for randomized trials and Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies were used to assess the studies' risk of bias. Data synthesis and analysis were conducted by two reviewers using a narrative approach. Reporting adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. RESULTS: This review included twenty-one studies with 2520 health professional students. The majority of included studies were non-randomized controlled trials (38 %) and pre-post studies (52 %). Most of the included studies were conducted in the United States (24 %). The participants in ten (48 %) studies were medical students. The number of intervention sessions ranged from one to 13, with an average of three. Seven (33 %) studies had an intervention duration of less than four weeks and 16 (76 %) studies had no follow-up. Various scales were used to assess the outcomes of schizophrenia stigma. Only two studies (10 %) indicated the intervention's ineffectiveness, with the majority of interventions led by psychiatry department faculty and individuals with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies (90 %) utilized various approaches, including face-to-face or online education, direct contact with individuals with schizophrenia, or a combination thereof, to diminish stigma among health professional students. However, none addressed cultural and empathy factors in their intervention designs, and the included studies lacked theoretical guidance. The review only comprised English quantitative studies with significant heterogeneity, with 17 studies (81 %) displaying serious or high risk of bias, limiting comprehensive discussions. These findings offer valuable insights for future systematic review. Tweetable abstract Studies on reducing health professional students' schizophrenia stigma need to address cultural and empathy factors.

The 6 degrees of curriculum integration in medical education in the United States

Despite explicit expectations and accreditation requirements for integrated curriculum, there needs to be more clarity around an accepted common definition, best practices for implementation, and criteria for successful curriculum integration. To address the lack of consensus surrounding integration, we reviewed the literature and herein propose a definition for curriculum integration for the health professions education audience. We further believe that health professions education is ready to move beyond "horizontal" (one-dimensional) and "vertical" (two-dimensional) integration and propose a model of "six degrees of curriculum integration" to expand the two-dimensional concept for future designs of health professions programs and best prepare learners to meet the needs of patients. These six degrees include: interdisciplinary, timing and sequencing, instruction and assessment, incorporation of basic and clinical sciences, knowledge and skills-based competency progression, and graduated responsibilities in patient care. We encourage medical educators to look beyond two-dimensional integration to best prepare physicians of the future.

Comparative accuracy of ChatGPT-4, Microsoft Copilot and Google Gemini in the Italian entrance test for healthcare sciences degrees: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are emerging educational tools for students in healthcare science. However, assessing their accuracy is essential prior to adoption in educational settings. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of predicting the correct answers from three AI chatbots (ChatGPT-4, Microsoft Copilot and Google Gemini) in the Italian entrance standardized examination test of healthcare science degrees (CINECA test). Secondarily, we assessed the narrative coherence of the AI chatbots' responses (i.e., text output) based on three qualitative metrics: the logical rationale behind the chosen answer, the presence of information internal to the question, and presence of information external to the question. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional design was performed in September of 2023. Accuracy of the three chatbots was evaluated for the CINECA test, where questions were formatted using a multiple-choice structure with a single best answer. The outcome is binary (correct or incorrect). Chi-squared test and a post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction assessed differences among chatbots performance in accuracy. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A sensitivity analysis was performed, excluding answers that were not applicable (e.g., images). Narrative coherence was analyzed by absolute and relative frequencies of correct answers and errors. RESULTS: Overall, of the 820 CINECA multiple-choice questions inputted into all chatbots, 20 questions were not imported in ChatGPT-4 (n = 808) and Google Gemini (n = 808) due to technical limitations. We found statistically significant differences in the ChatGPT-4 vs Google Gemini and Microsoft Copilot vs Google Gemini comparisons (p-value < 0.001). The narrative coherence of AI chatbots revealed "Logical reasoning" as the prevalent correct answer (n = 622, 81.5%) and "Logical error" as the prevalent incorrect answer (n = 40, 88.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Our main findings reveal that: (A) AI chatbots performed well; (B) ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Copilot performed better than Google Gemini; and (C) their narrative coherence is primarily logical. Although AI chatbots showed promising accuracy in predicting the correct answer in the Italian entrance university standardized examination test, we encourage candidates to cautiously incorporate this new technology to supplement their learning rather than a primary resource. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not required.

Health science students' preparedness for climate change: a scoping review on knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change (CC) is a global public health issue, and the role of health professionals in addressing its impact is crucial. However, to what extent health professionals are prepared to deal with CC-related health problems is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health students about the CC. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review through systematic searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Proquest, and EBSCO. We included original scientific research with no language or time restrictions. Two authors independently reviewed and decided on the eligibility of the studies, then performed data extraction. RESULTS: 21 studies were included, with a total of 9205 undergraduate nursing, medical, pharmacy, and public health students mainly. Most health science students (> 75%) recognized human activities as the main cause of CC. However, they perceived a lack of knowledge on how to address CC. Moreover, we found inadequate coverage or limited development of CC in related curricula that may contribute to incomplete learning or low confidence in the theoretical and practical concepts of students. CONCLUSION: The findings of our scoping review suggest that while health sciences students possess a general understanding of CC, there is a significant gap in their knowledge regarding its specific health impacts. To address this gap, there is a need for targeted education and training for future health care professionals that emphasizes the health effects of CC.

Stemming the Tide: The Proactive Role of Allied Health Therapy in Parkinson's Disease.

Motor and nonmotor symptoms occur in early Parkinson's disease (PD), or even in the prodromal stage. Many of these symptoms can be addressed by allied health therapies, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and psychological therapies. However, referrals to these services early in the disease are low. We provide a review summarizing the efficacy of proactive allied health interventions on motor and nonmotor symptoms and daily function in prodromal and early disease. We also highlight areas for additional research and provide recommendations to improve care for individuals with early PD within each discipline. We recognize the overlapping roles of the allied health disciplines and support integrated or transdisciplinary care beginning soon after diagnosis to help stem the tide in the progression of PD symptoms and disability.

Many people with Parkinson's disease start having symptoms years before their diagnosis. These symptoms can affect movement, communication, mood, work, and other aspects of daily life. Allied health therapies can be used soon after diagnosis, or even when diagnosis is suspected, to address these challenges proactively. This article reviews the roles of physical, occupational, speech, and psychological therapies. We highlight interventions for early Parkinson's disease that are strongly supported by research, such as exercise and self-management.

Exploring levels of empathy and assertiveness in final year physiotherapy students during clinical placements.

Empathy and assertiveness are two essential soft skills for any healthcare professional's competence and ethical development. It has been shown that empathy can be influenced throughout the training of a future healthcare professional, particularly during the clinical placement period. This research aims to assess fourth-year physiotherapy students' empathic and assertive development before and after clinical placement. A longitudinal observational study was conducted with fourth-year physiotherapy students during the academic year 2022/2023. A preliminary assessment of empathy and assertiveness levels was carried out before the start of the clinical placement and at the end of the placement using the Individual Reactivity Index to assess empathy and the Rathus Test to assess assertiveness. The results show a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in both the empathy subscales of perspective-taking and empathic-concern between the pre- and postassessment, as well as an inverse correlation between the empathy subscale of personal distress and assertiveness. It is concluded that students show adequate results in empathy and assertiveness. However, there is some influence of clinical practice on the development of empathy, and future intervention studies need to be considered. Furthermore, students with higher levels of assertiveness have lower levels of personal distress, suggesting that assertiveness is closely related to empathy.

Defining the complexities of an occupational pattern-A concept analysis and theoretical validation.

BACKGROUND: The concept of an occupational pattern in occupational therapy and occupational science has evolved with varying definitions, ranging from activity patterns to patterns of daily occupation. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the concept of occupational pattern, develop an updated definition of the concept, and theoretically validate the concept's definition. METHOD: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used, where both theoretical frameworks and peer-reviewed scientific literature were searched and synthesized to clarify and define the concept. Furthermore, seven occupational therapists theoretically validated the concept. FINDINGS: The analysis included forty-nine references from various research contexts and theoretical perspectives. The synthesis yielded a conceptualization of the concept of occupational pattern, outlining it into three overarching categories: 'content in an individual's occupational pattern', 'designing an occupational pattern', and 'balancing the occupational pattern'. IMPLICATIONS: An updated operational definition of the multifaceted concept of an occupational pattern now exists, with practical implications for enhancing the education of occupational therapy students and guiding the utilization of the concept. Moreover, it holds significance for instrument development and outcome measurement in research; especially in lifestyle intervention studies within the field of occupational therapy.

Disparities in sleep duration and quality by industry of employment and occupational class among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate disparities in the work-sleep relationship between Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) and non-Hispanic (NH)-White populations. METHODS: Using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 20,828) in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated prevalence of short sleep duration (<7 hours) among NHPIs (10%) and NH-Whites for each of 7 employment industry categories and 3 occupational classes. Mean age was 41 ± 0.5years for NHPIs and 49 ± 0.2years for NH-Whites. Women comprised 52% of both groups. RESULTS: NHPIs were more likely than NH-Whites to report short sleep duration across all industry of employment categories (except for food and accommodation services) and occupational classes. The disparity was widest among NHPI and NH-White workers in the "professional/management" industry category, with NHPIs having higher prevalence of very short (<6 hours; 20% vs. 7%) and short sleep (30% vs. 22%) durations and lower prevalence of recommended sleep duration (45% vs. 68%) and waking up feeling rested (53% vs. 67%). Among the occupational classes, the NHPI-White disparity was widest among participants who held support service occupations. Although professionals had the lowest and laborers had the highest prevalence of short sleep among the three occupational classes in both NHPI and NH-White groups, short sleep duration prevalence was higher among NHPI professionals (35%) than NH-White laborers (33%). NH-White workers across industry and occupational classes had higher sleep medication use prevalence compared to NHPI workers. CONCLUSIONS: The work environment via occupation type may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in short sleep. Further investigations are warranted.

Social representations of breastfeeding in health science students: A first step to strengthening their training.

AIM: This study aims to describe the social representations of breastfeeding among Mexican health science students. BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon involving biological, affective and sociocultural aspects. Its definition includes diverse beliefs, attitudes, traditions and myths. Being aware of the connections between biological and sociocultural concepts in the social representations of breastfeeding in health science students may facilitate our comprehension of their attitudes/behaviors towards breastfeeding. DESIGN: A qualitative study was carried out based on the structuralist approach of the social representations theory. METHODS: Data were collected with free-listing questionnaires with breastfeeding as an inducer word among a random sample of nutrition, medical and nursing undergraduate students (n=124). The analyses used were similitude/meanings of words, prototypical and categorical analyses. RESULTS: The findings suggest that the structure of the social representation is composed of breastfeeding essentials (baby, mother, & milk), affective (attachment, love & link), biological (nutrition, breasts, & health) and sociocultural elements (taboo, responsibility, & economic). Only instrumental elements are found in the nucleus, whereas biological, affective and sociocultural elements are observed in the peripheries. Moreover, emerging thematic categories such as the "affective bond" and "feeding" introduced additional dimensions, thereby emphasizing the complexity and richness of the social representation of breastfeeding in the context of health science students. CONCLUSIONS: The structure of the social representation of breastfeeding among some Mexican undergraduate health science students focuses on the instrumental aspects, emphasizing essential elements. However, they downplay more scientifically oriented elements specific to their academic training. These findings, when extrapolated to different contexts, present an opportunity that could assist the development of tailored and culturally adapted educational strategies to strengthen breastfeeding training for health students. This approach can significantly contribute to enhancing breastfeeding promotion in society by addressing practical, scientific and language-inclusive aspects in the training of health professionals.

Occupational balance and stroke impact among community-dwelling stroke survivors 65 years or older: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational balance has been investigated in different populations but less in stroke survivors. Previous studies have focussed on occupational balance among stroke survivors of working age (15-64 years of age), showing they did not perceive they had occupational balance. There is, therefore, a lack of knowledge of how older stroke survivors perceive their occupational balance. The aims of this study were to describe occupational balance in community-dwelling stroke survivors 65 years or older and to investigate if there were any associations between their perceived stroke impact and occupational balance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 58 stroke survivors, with a median age of 75 years at stroke onset and a median time since stroke onset of 11 months. The participants were recruited from a local stroke register and answered questionnaires on occupational balance and stroke impact. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, correlations and logistic regression. RESULTS: The participants had a median score of 29 (min 12 to max 33), indicating a very high occupational balance, a low stroke impact, and a good recovery (median 82.5; min 0 to max 100). An association between participation and occupational balance (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.23) was found. CONCLUSION: The stroke survivors perceived a low stroke impact and a high occupational balance. It is possible that older community-dwelling stroke survivors, of whom many have retired, juggle less occupations leaving them with more time to engage in those occupations they want to, leading to a better occupational balance.

Considering occupational performance during recovery of distal radius fracture: A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Distal radius fracture (DRF) is one of the most common upper extremity fractures treated by hand therapists and can lead to chronic physical impairment and reduced occupational performance. This scoping review aimed to reveal what is currently known about occupational performance following DRF and to explore if and how occupational performance is defined and considered in the research. METHODS: This review was guided by the PRISMA-Scoping review and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. Relevant databases were searched, and studies that addressed occupation performance in adult participants following DRF were included. The findings were summarised according to the components of occupational performance (person, occupation, and environment), and quality was measured using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: Forty-three articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. All of the studies discussed at least two components of occupational performance, while 25 recognised all three. The consideration of occupational performance was dominated by biomechanical issues associated with the person component (i.e. range of motion, strength). There was some acknowledgement of the psychosocial aspects of the person and, to a lesser extent, the environment, as well as the impact of both on return to occupational performance. CONCLUSION: Despite occupational performance being at the core of occupational therapy theory, its consideration within the context of research on DRF appears to be focussed on the person component of occupational performance and on biomechanical issues. Further research is recommended to determine how much this reflects current clinical practice and if a more comprehensive consideration of occupational performance will improve rates of recovery following DRF. CONSUMER AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT: As part of the protocol development for this review, consumers and stakeholders were consulted. They provided feedback on clarity and importance of the research questions. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: A distal radius fracture happens when you break the bone on the thumb side of your wrist. This type of injury often occurs when you fall and land on an outstretched hand. It is one of the more common injuries that hand therapists see in their practice. For some people, recovering from this fracture can take a long time and come with a lot of pain, difficulty moving, and emotional stress. These problems can make it hard to do everyday things like driving, cooking, or getting dressed. It can also affect both paid and unpaid work as well as leisure and social activities, making life more difficult for everyone involved. The findings from this review suggest that the current research usually focuses on how the body physically heals from this type of injury, but it does not pay as much attention to the emotional and social impact on healing. Also, it does not always discuss the activities that are important to the person, or the environment where they live, work, and socialise. This may show a gap in the research regarding our full comprehension of recovery from distal radius fractures. Taking a broader view and approach to recovery, considering a person's emotions, social life, environment, and daily activities, could help people recover fully and get back to their previous life routines and roles after this type of injury.

Exploring the determinants of student midwives' wellbeing during their studies: A qualitative study.

PROBLEM: Student wellbeing is a global concern in the aftermath of the COVID pandemic. Students in healthcare often are exposed to academic, clinical, and psychosocial factors of stress, in particularly student midwives, as they are exposed to other people's intimate life experiences. The aim of this study was to identify factors which help and hinder student midwives in their studies. BACKGROUND: Midwifery students in the Netherlands must complete 35-50 % of their bachelor's degree with placements in community and hospital-based maternity care. METHODS: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted, using the Job-Demands-Resources model. Data were collected through semi-structured individual and group interviews with Bachelor student midwives from the Netherlands. FINDINGS: During coursework students found the high workload and lack of recovery time demanding. During placements, their sense of being constantly assessed, having to be available on call and being away from home were experienced as demands. The relationships with teachers as supportive. Support from their placement supervisors and peers were also resourceful if available and positive. In other cases, peer pressure and grand expectations from supervisors were demanding. Personal demands were setting ambitious standards and feeling alone during their placements, and personal resources were positive attitude towards to becoming a midwife. DISCUSSION: The academic programme for student midwives seemed highly demanding, with a stark difference between the learning environment in the faculty coursework and in the placements. Positive support from placement supervisors in a culture that values learning and development, can contribute to student midwives' socialization into midwifery.

Dependence of Successful Airway Management in Neonatal Simulation Manikins on the Type of Supraglottic Airway Device and Providers' Backgrounds.

Supraglottic airway devices such as laryngeal masks and i-gels are useful for airway management. The i-gel is a relatively new device that replaces the air-inflated cuff of the laryngeal mask with a gel-filled cuff. It remains unclear which device is more effective for neonatal resuscitation. We aimed to evaluate the dependence of successful airway management in neonatal simulators on the device type and providers' backgrounds. Ninety-one healthcare providers performed four attempts at airway management using a laryngeal mask and i-gel in two types of neonatal manikins. The dependence of successful insertions within 16.7 s (75th percentile of all successful insertions) on the device type and providers' specialty, years of healthcare service, and completion of the neonatal resuscitation training course was assessed. Successful insertion (p = 0.001) and insertion time (p = 0.003) were associated with using the i-gel vs. laryngeal mask. The providers' backgrounds were not associated with the outcome. Using the i-gel was associated with more successful airway management than laryngeal masks using neonatal manikins. Considering the limited effect of the provider's specialty and experience, using the i-gel as the first-choice device in neonatal resuscitation may be advantageous. Prospective studies are warranted to compare these devices in the clinical setting.

The gender wage gap among health care workers across educational and occupational groups.

Women perform 77% of health care jobs in the United States, but gender inequity within the health care sector harms women's compensation and advancement in health care jobs. Using data from 2003 to 2021 of the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS), we measured women's representation and the gender wage gap in health care jobs by educational level and occupational category. We found, descriptively, that women's representation in health care occupations has increased over time in occupations that require a master's or doctoral/professional degree (eg, physicians, therapists), while men's representation has increased slightly in nursing occupations (eg, registered nurses, LPNs/LVNs, aides, and assistants). The adjusted wage gap between women and men is the largest among workers in high-education health care (eg, physicians, advanced practitioners) but has decreased substantially over the last 20 years, while, descriptively, the gender wage gap has stagnated or grown larger in some lower education occupations. Our policy recommendations include gender equity reviews within health care organizations, prioritizing women managers, and realigning Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement policies to promote greater gender equity within and across health care occupations.

Application and demonstration of meso-activity exposure factors to advance estimates of incidental soil ingestion among agricultural workers.

BACKGROUND: Soil is an understudied and underregulated pathway of chemical exposure, particularly for agricultural workers who cultivate food in soils. Little is known about how agricultural workers spend their time and how they may contact soil while growing food. Exposure factors are behavioral and environmental variables used in exposure estimation. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to derive exposure factors describing how growers engage in different tasks and use those factors to advance the use of time-activity data to estimate soil ingestion exposures among agricultural workers. METHODS: We administered a meso-activity-based, season-specific soil contact activity questionnaire to 38 fruit and vegetable growers. We asked growers to estimate the frequency and duration of six meso-activities and describe how they completed them. We used questionnaire data to derive exposure factors and estimate empirical and simulated exposures to a hypothetical contaminant in soil via incidental ingestion using daily, hourly, and hourly-task-specific ingestion rates. RESULTS: We generated exposure factors characterizing the frequency and duration of six meso-activities by season, and self-reported soil contact, glove use, and handwashing practices by meso-activity and season. Seasonal average daily doses (ADDs) were similar across all three forms of ingestion rates. No consistent patterns regarding task-specific contributions to seasonal or annual ADDs were observed.

Occupations and careers within organizations: Do organizations facilitate unequal wage growth?

Recent research suggests that occupations and organizations intersect during the formation of wage inequality. Using administrative data from the Netherlands, I investigate whether workers who are employed in different occupations experience unequal wage growth when staying in an organization. Results reveal that workers in professional and managerial positions realize larger wage growth than workers who work initially in lower-status occupations. After six years of staying at the same organization, predicted wage growth rates vary between 5.44% for production workers and 10.18% for technical professionals. The findings indicate that occupations compound present and future wage advantages at the organizational level. I test whether occupational sorting across organizations with differing pay quality mediates part of the occupation-based heterogeneity in wage growth. The results show that occupational sorting is marked but that sorting explains only up to around 8% of inequality in firm-internal wage growth between different occupational classes in the Dutch labor market.

Qualidade de sono e saúde mental de universitários da área da saúde durante a covid-19 / Sleep quality and mental health of university students in healthcare during COVID-19 / Calidad del sueño y salud mental de estudiantes universitarios en el ámbito salud durante el covid-19

Em universitários, comprometimentos na qualidade de sono e na saúde mental estão relacionados com maior disfunção diurna e menor desempenho acadêmico. O contexto causado pela covid-19 prejudicou a qualidade de sono e a saúde mental de diversos grupos populacionais. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar essas variáveis em estudantes universitários matriculados em diferentes cursos da área da saúde durante a referida pandemia. Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de sono e saúde mental de estudantes universitários da área da saúde durante a pandemia da covid-19, bem como investigar possíveis correlações entre os referidos aspectos nessa população. Trata-se de estudo transversal que empregou um formulário eletrônico contendo tanto perguntas para caracterização da amostra quanto questionários específicos. O índice de qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) foi empregado para avaliar a qualidade de sono. Já o questionário de saúde geral (QSG-12) e a escala hospitalar de ansiedade e depressão (HAD) para avaliar, respectivamente, o bem-estar psicológico e ansiedade e depressão. 324 estudantes da área da saúde participaram deste estudo. Entre eles, 87.3% apresentaram uma qualidade de sono pobre (≥ 5), 74.1% apresentaram prejuízo na saúde mental e 73.7% apresentaram quadro de ansiedade possível ou provável. Além disso, evidenciou-se correlação moderada positiva entre os valores do PSQI, do QSG-12 e da escala HAD. Nesse contexto, estudos são necessários para investigar opções terapêuticas capazes de atenuar esses impactos.

In university students, sleep quality and mental health impairments are related to greater daytime dysfunction and lower academic performance. COVID-19 has harmed the quality of sleep and mental health of several population groups. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the quality of sleep and mental health of university students enrolled in health courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate the quality of sleep and mental health of university students in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate possible correlations between the aforementioned aspects in this population. An electronic form containing questions to characterize its sample and other specific questionnaires were used in this cross-sectional study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality and the General Health Questionnaire (QSG-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) were used to evaluate psychological well-being, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Overall, 324 health students participated in this study. Of these, 87.3% of students had poor sleep quality (≥ 5), 74.1% had impaired mental health, and 73.7% had possible or probable anxiety. Furthermore, the PSQI, QSG-12, and HAD scale values showed a moderately positive correlation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, university students in healthcare experienced significant losses in their sleep quality and mental health. In this context, studies must investigate therapeutic options to mitigate these impacts.

Las alteraciones en la calidad del sueño y la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios se relacionan con una mayor disfunción diurna y menor rendimiento académico. El contexto provocado por el covid-19 ha perjudicado la calidad del sueño y la salud mental de varios grupos de la población. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para evaluar la calidad del sueño y la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios matriculados en diferentes carreras de salud durante la pandemia del covid-19. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del sueño y la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios en el campo de la salud durante la pandemia del covid-19, así como investigar posibles correlaciones entre los aspectos antes mencionados en esta población. Se trata de un estudio transversal que utilizó un formulario electrónico que contenía preguntas para caracterizar la muestra y cuestionarios específicos. Se utilizó el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburg (PSQI) para evaluar la calidad del sueño. El Cuestionario de Salud General (CSG-12) y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) se utilizaron para evaluar, respectivamente, el bienestar psicológico y la ansiedad y depresión. En este estudio participaron 324 estudiantes del campo de la salud. De estos, el 87,3% de los estudiantes tenía mala calidad del sueño (≥ 5), el 74,1% presentaban problemas de salud mental y el 73,7% tenía posible o probable ansiedad. Además, hubo una correlación positiva moderada entre los valores de las escalas PSQI, CSG-12 y HADS. Durante la pandemia del covid-19, los estudiantes universitarios del campo de la salud experimentaron pérdidas significativas en su calidad de sueño y salud mental. En este contexto, son necesarios estudios que investiguen opciones terapéuticas capaces de mitigar estos impactos.