Characterization of odor-active volatile compounds of jambolan [Syzgium cumini (L.) Skeels] wine.

Volatile constituents in jambolan [Syzgium cumini (L.) Skeels] wine were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The composition of the jambolan wine included 52 esters, 20 terpenes, 13 alcohols, 12 acids, 11 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 4 oxides, and 5 miscellaneous compounds. Aroma extract dilution analysis and odor activity units were used for the determination of odor-active compounds. A total of 19 odor-active compounds were found as odor-active volatiles, from which (E)-ß-ionone, phenylacetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl benzoate were the most important. The similar results of the GC-O and OAV approaches suggests that HS-SPME-GC-O could be used as a fast and simple tool to quality control of the jambolan wine aroma.

Aromatic profile of Canaiolo nero wines in Santa Catarina highlands, Brazil / Perfil aromático de vinhos Canaiolo Nero em regiões de altitude de Santa Catarina

Highlands are a new frontier to produce fine wines in the Southern region of Brazil (27º 12" 24" S, 51º 06" 96" W, 1211 m altitude) and has presented specific oenological characteristics with a good adaptation of some varieties, among them, Canaiolo nero. To characterize the wines of this region, during the 2012 and 2014 harvests the volatile compounds were determined through the MHS-SPME-GC-MS technique. The grapes were harvested, and samples analyzed in triplicate. The positive identification of the volatile compounds was performed by comparing the experimentally obtained mass spectrum and retention index with the reference spectra and retention indices available in the literature. Four consecutive extractions were used for quantitative evaluation to avoid a matrix effect. Odor activity value was calculated from the perception threshold for each evaluated compound. The mean soluble solids content was 21.55o Brix, and total acid content was 81.0 meq L-1; the mean weight of the clusters was 176 g, and the productivity was 2.2 tons per hectare (espalier 1.5 m × 3.0 m). Thirty-one volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the analyzed samples. The major components were the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (38.364 µg L-1), and the esters diethyl succinate (6.357 µg L-1) and ethyl acetate (2.005 µg L-1); and the compound of class C6, 1-hexanol (3.2 µg L-1). Odor activity values showed the compounds that contribute the most to the aroma of the analyzed wines, highlighting ethyl isovalerate (OAV 394.38), ethyl hexanoate (OAV 9.22), ethyl cinnamate (OAV 8.62) ethyl isobutanoate (OAV 5.59), β-damascenone (OAV 2.44), hexanoic acid (OAV 4.03), octanoic acid (OAV 3.64) and isoamyl acetate (OAV 3.01). These results showed the aroma characteristics of Santa Catarina wines of the Canaiolo nero variety, especially fruity aromas of apple, green apple, strawberry, plum and banana; and floral aroma of violet and roses.(AU)

As regiões de altitude elevada são uma nova fronteira para a produção de vinhos finos no Sul do Brasil (27º12"24" S, 51º06"96" W, 1211 m de altitude) por apresentar características enológicas diferenciadas com uma boa adaptação de algumas variedades, entre elas Canaiolo Nero. Para caracterizar os vinhos desta região, durante as colheitas 2012 e 2014 foram determinados os compostos voláteis por meio da técnica de MHS-SPME-GC-MS. As uvas foram colhidas, as amostras analisadas em triplicada e a identificação positiva dos voláteis foi realizada comparando o espectro de massa e o índice de retenção experimentalmente obtidos com os espectros de referência e os índices de retenção disponíveis na literatura. Para a avaliação quantitativa foram utilizadas quatro extrações consecutivas, para evitar o efeito da matriz e o valor da atividade do odor foi calculado a partir do limiar de percepção para cada composto avaliado. Os sólidos solúveis médios foram 21,55 Brix e acidez total de 81,0 meq L-1; o peso médio dos cachos foi de 176 g e a produtividade de 2,2 toneladas por hectare (espaldeira - 1,5 m x 3,0 m). Um total de 31 voláteis foram identificados e quantificados nas amostras analisadas. Os principais componentes foram os ésteres álcool 2-feniletanol (38,364 g L-1), succinato de dietilo (6,357 g L-1) e acetato de etilo (2,005 g L-1); e o composto da classe C6, 1-hexanol (3,2 μg L-1). Os valores da atividade do odor mostraram os compostos de maior contribuição para o aroma dos vinhos analisados, destacando o isovalerato de etila (OAV 394,38), o hexanoato de etila (OAV 9,22), o isobutanoato de etila e cinamato de etila (OAV 8,62) (OAV 5,59), β-damascenona ( OAV 2,44), ácido hexanóico (OAV 4,03), ácido octanóico (OAV 3,64) e acetato de isoamila (OAV 3,01). (AU)

Aromatic profile of Canaiolo nero wines in Santa Catarina highlands, Brazil / Perfil aromático de vinhos Canaiolo Nero em regiões de altitude de Santa Catarina

Highlands are a new frontier to produce fine wines in the Southern region of Brazil (27º 12" 24" S, 51º 06" 96" W, 1211 m altitude) and has presented specific oenological characteristics with a good adaptation of some varieties, among them, Canaiolo nero. To characterize the wines of this region, during the 2012 and 2014 harvests the volatile compounds were determined through the MHS-SPME-GC-MS technique. The grapes were harvested, and samples analyzed in triplicate. The positive identification of the volatile compounds was performed by comparing the experimentally obtained mass spectrum and retention index with the reference spectra and retention indices available in the literature. Four consecutive extractions were used for quantitative evaluation to avoid a matrix effect. Odor activity value was calculated from the perception threshold for each evaluated compound. The mean soluble solids content was 21.55o Brix, and total acid content was 81.0 meq L-1; the mean weight of the clusters was 176 g, and the productivity was 2.2 tons per hectare (espalier 1.5 m × 3.0 m). Thirty-one volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the analyzed samples. The major components were the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (38.364 µg L-1), and the esters diethyl succinate (6.357 µg L-1) and ethyl acetate (2.005 µg L-1); and the compound of class C6, 1-hexanol (3.2 µg L-1). Odor activity values showed the compounds that contribute the most to the aroma of the analyzed wines, highlighting ethyl isovalerate (OAV 394.38), ethyl hexanoate (OAV 9.22), ethyl cinnamate (OAV 8.62) ethyl isobutanoate (OAV 5.59), β-damascenone (OAV 2.44), hexanoic acid (OAV 4.03), octanoic acid (OAV 3.64) and isoamyl acetate (OAV 3.01). These results showed the aroma characteristics of Santa Catarina wines of the Canaiolo nero variety, especially fruity aromas of apple, green apple, strawberry, plum and banana; and floral aroma of violet and roses.

As regiões de altitude elevada são uma nova fronteira para a produção de vinhos finos no Sul do Brasil (27º12"24" S, 51º06"96" W, 1211 m de altitude) por apresentar características enológicas diferenciadas com uma boa adaptação de algumas variedades, entre elas Canaiolo Nero. Para caracterizar os vinhos desta região, durante as colheitas 2012 e 2014 foram determinados os compostos voláteis por meio da técnica de MHS-SPME-GC-MS. As uvas foram colhidas, as amostras analisadas em triplicada e a identificação positiva dos voláteis foi realizada comparando o espectro de massa e o índice de retenção experimentalmente obtidos com os espectros de referência e os índices de retenção disponíveis na literatura. Para a avaliação quantitativa foram utilizadas quatro extrações consecutivas, para evitar o efeito da matriz e o valor da atividade do odor foi calculado a partir do limiar de percepção para cada composto avaliado. Os sólidos solúveis médios foram 21,55 Brix e acidez total de 81,0 meq L-1; o peso médio dos cachos foi de 176 g e a produtividade de 2,2 toneladas por hectare (espaldeira - 1,5 m x 3,0 m). Um total de 31 voláteis foram identificados e quantificados nas amostras analisadas. Os principais componentes foram os ésteres álcool 2-feniletanol (38,364 g L-1), succinato de dietilo (6,357 g L-1) e acetato de etilo (2,005 g L-1); e o composto da classe C6, 1-hexanol (3,2 μg L-1). Os valores da atividade do odor mostraram os compostos de maior contribuição para o aroma dos vinhos analisados, destacando o isovalerato de etila (OAV 394,38), o hexanoato de etila (OAV 9,22), o isobutanoato de etila e cinamato de etila (OAV 8,62) (OAV 5,59), β-damascenona ( OAV 2,44), ácido hexanóico (OAV 4,03), ácido octanóico (OAV 3,64) e acetato de isoamila (OAV 3,01).