Dynamic survival analysis: Modelling the hazard function via ordinary differential equations.

The hazard function represents one of the main quantities of interest in the analysis of survival data. We propose a general approach for parametrically modelling the dynamics of the hazard function using systems of autonomous ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This modelling approach can be used to provide qualitative and quantitative analyses of the evolution of the hazard function over time. Our proposal capitalises on the extensive literature on ODEs which, in particular, allows for establishing basic rules or laws on the dynamics of the hazard function via the use of autonomous ODEs. We show how to implement the proposed modelling framework in cases where there is an analytic solution to the system of ODEs or where an ODE solver is required to obtain a numerical solution. We focus on the use of a Bayesian modelling approach, but the proposed methodology can also be coupled with maximum likelihood estimation. A simulation study is presented to illustrate the performance of these models and the interplay of sample size and censoring. Two case studies using real data are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed approach and to highlight the interpretability of the corresponding models. We conclude with a discussion on potential extensions of our work and strategies to include covariates into our framework. Although we focus on examples of Medical Statistics, the proposed framework is applicable in any context where the interest lies in estimating and interpreting the dynamics of the hazard function.

Ejecución de gasto público por fuente de financiamiento en la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo / Execution of public expenditure by financing source in the Yunguyo Health Network Directorate / Execução de despesas públicas por fonte de financiamento na Diretoria da Rede de Saúde de Yunguyo

El estudio tuvo por finalidad explicar de qué manera se correlaciona la ejecución de gasto público y la fuente de financiamiento de la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo del periodo 2013 al 2023, Perú. Se optó por un diseño metodológico no experimental, longitudinal, cuantitativo y contraste Rho de Spearman. Los resultados identificaron que la ejecución de gasto público se correlaciona significativa y positivamente con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos ordinarios [rho (11) =0.77; p < 0.001], con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos directamente recaudados [rho (11) =0.83; p < 0.001] y, con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos determinados [rho (11) =0.74; p < 0.001]. Se concluye que, ejecutar eficazmente las intervenciones priorizadas por la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo están ligadas a los lineamientos del Presupuesto Público y normatividad del sector con transparencia.

The purpose of the study was to explain how the execution of public spending and the source of financing of the Yunguyo Health Network Directorate are correlated from the period 2013 to 2023, Peru. A non-experimental, longitudinal, quantitative methodological design and Spearman's Rho contrast was chosen. The results identified that the execution of public spending is significantly and positively correlated with the source of financing through ordinary resources [rho (11) =0.77; p < 0.001], with the source of financing being directly raised resources [rho (11) =0.83; p < 0.001], and with the source of financing for determined resources [rho (11) =0.74; p < 0.001]. It is concluded that, effectively executing the interventions prioritized by the Yunguyo Health Network Directorate are linked to the guidelines of the Public Budget and regulations of the sector with transparency

O objetivo do estudo foi explicar como a execução dos gastos públicos e a fonte de financiamento da Diretoria da Rede de Saúde Yunguyo estão correlacionadas no período de 2013 a 2023, Peru. Optou-se por um desenho metodológico não experimental, longitudinal, quantitativo e contraste Rho de Spearman. Os resultados identificaram que a execução dos gastos públicos está significativa e positivamente correlacionada com a fonte de financiamento através de recursos ordinários [rho (11) =0,77; p < 0,001], sendo a fonte de financiamento recursos captados diretamente [rho (11) =0,83; p < 0,001], e com a fonte de financiamento de determinados recursos [rho (11) =0,74; p < 0,001]. Conclui-se que a execução eficaz das intervenções priorizadas pela Direção da Rede de Saúde Yunguyo está vinculada às diretrizes do Orçamento Público e à regulamentação do setor com transparência

Ejecución de gasto público por fuente de financiamiento en la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo

El estudio tuvo por finalidad explicar de qué manera se correlaciona la ejecución de gasto público y la fuente de financiamiento de la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo del periodo 2013 al 2023, Perú. Se optó por un diseño metodológico no experimental, longitudinal, cuantitativo y contraste Rho de Spearman. Los resultados identificaron que la ejecución de gasto público se correlaciona significativa y positivamente con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos ordinarios [rho (11)=0.77; p < 0,001], con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos directamente recaudados [rho (11)=0.83; p < 0,001] y, con la fuente de financiamiento por recursos determinados [rho (11)=0.74; p < 0,001]. Se concluye que, ejecutar eficazmente las intervenciones priorizadas por la Dirección de Red de Salud Yunguyo están ligadas a los lineamientos del Presupuesto Público y normatividad del sector con transparencia.

The purpose of the study was to explain how the execution of public spending and the source of financing of the Yunguyo Health Network Directorate are correlated from the period 2013 to 2023, Peru. A non-experimental, longitudinal, quantitative methodological design and Spearman's Rho contrast was chosen. The results identified that the execution of public spending is significantly and positively correlated with the source of financing through ordinary resources [rho (11) =0.77; p < 0.001], with the source of financing being directly raised resources [rho (11) =0.83; p < 0.001], and with the source of financing for determined resources [rho (11) =0.74; p < 0.001]. It is concluded that, effectively executing the interventions prioritized by the Yunguyo Health Network Directorate are linked to the guidelines of the Public Budget and regulations of the sector with transparency.

O objetivo do estudo foi explicar como a execução dos gastos públicos e a fonte de financiamento da Diretoria da Rede de Saúde Yunguyo estão correlacionadas no período de 2013 a 2023, Peru. Optou-se por um desenho metodológico não experimental, longitudinal, quantitativo e contraste Rho de Spearman. Os resultados identificaram que a execução dos gastos públicos está significativa e positivamente correlacionada com a fonte de financiamento através de recursos ordinários [rho (11) =0,77; p < 0,001], sendo a fonte de financiamento recursos captados diretamente [rho (11) =0,83; p < 0,001], e com a fonte de financiamento de determinados recursos [rho (11) =0,74; p < 0,001]. Conclui-se que a execução eficaz das intervenções priorizadas pela Direção da Rede de Saúde Yunguyo está vinculada às diretrizes do Orçamento Público e à regulamentação do setor com transparência.

On a deterministic mathematical model which efficiently predicts the protective effect of a plant extract mixture in cirrhotic rats.

In this work, we propose a mathematical model that describes liver evolution and concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in a group of rats damaged with carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride was employed to induce cirrhosis. A second groups damaged with carbon tetrachloride was exposed simultaneously a plant extract as hepatoprotective agent. The model reproduces the data obtained in the experiment reported in [Rev. Cub. Plant. Med. 22(1), 2017], and predicts that using the plants extract helps to get a better natural recovery after the treatment. Computer simulations show that the extract reduces the damage velocity but does not avoid it entirely. The present paper is the first report in the literature in which a mathematical model reliably predicts the protective effect of a plant extract mixture in rats with cirrhosis disease. The results reported in this manuscript could be used in the future to help in fighting cirrhotic conditions in humans, though more experimental and mathematical work is required in that case.

Strength and Microstructure Assessment of Partially Replaced Ordinary Portland Cement and Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement with Pozzolans and Spent Coffee Grounds.

Supplementary cementitious materials are considered a viable and affordable way to reduce CO2 emissions from the cement industry's perspective since they can partially or nearly entirely replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC). This study compared the impact of adding spent coffee grounds (SCGs), fly ash (FA), and volcanic ash (VA) to two types of cement: OPC and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA). Cement samples were characterized using compressive strength measurements (up to 210 days of curing), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, and hydration temperature measurements. In all the studied systems, the presence of SCGs reduced compressive strength and delayed the hydration process. CSA composite cement containing 3.5% SCGs, 30% FA, and 30% VA showed compressive strength values of 20.4 MPa and 20.3 MPa, respectively, meeting the minimum requirement for non-structural applications. Additionally, the results indicate a formation of cementitious gel, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) in the OPC-based composite cements, and calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) as well as ettringite in the CSA-based composite cements.

A symmetric version of the Euler equations by using Generalized Bernoulli Method.

The aim of this article is to show a way to extend the usefulness of the Generalized Bernoulli Method (GBM) with the purpose to apply it for the case of variational problems with functionals that depend explicitly of all the variables. Moreover, after expressing the Euler equations in terms of this extension of GBM, we will see that the resulting equations acquire a symmetric form, which is not shared by the known Euler equations. We will see that this symmetry is useful because it allows us to recall these equations with ease. The presentation of three examples shows that by applying GBM, the Euler equations are obtained just as well as it does the known Euler formalism but with much less effort, which makes GBM ideal for practical applications. In fact, given a variational problem, GBM establishes the corresponding Euler equations by means of a systematic procedure, which is easy to recall, based in both elementary calculus and algebra without having to memorize the known formulas. Finally, in order to extend the practical applications of the proposed method, this work will employ GBM with the purpose to apply it for the case of solving isoperimetric problems.

Mechanisms of persistence and impact of ordinary heterotrophic organisms in aerobic granular sludge.

The stability of granules, contaminant removal and microbial structure of an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process were investigated with a focus on ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHOs). Long-term stable granules and high removals of COD (97 %), NH4+ (98 %), P (85 %) and total N (77 %) were achieved. Sequencing analyses identified 6.6 % of phosphorus-accumulating organisms in the sludge, concordant with the observed bio-P removal capacity. However, OHOs were the most abundant bacteria in the sludge (70-93 %) without resulting in unstable aggregates. Under current dogmas of microbial competition in activated sludge, it seemed contradictory that OHOs could persist in the long term in the AGS where COD was depleted beginning in the anaerobic phase. Microbial analyses showed that OHOs could survive in granules by micropredation, proteolysis, fermentation and EPS consumption. Heterotrophic-nitrification/ aerobic-denitrification was an active pathway in the AGS. These findings contribute to a better understanding of microbial competition in AGS and its stability.

Compound truncated Poisson gamma distribution for understanding multimodal SAR intensities.

In recent years, many works have addressed the proposal of new probability models by theoretic and applied reasons. Specifically, mixture models have been indicated to describe phenomena whose resulting data impose high flexibility. One drawback of these tools is the high number of parameters involved, which implies hard inference procedures. To outperform this gap, we propose a new model that is able to describe multimodal behaviors with only three parameters, called compound truncated Poisson gamma (CTrPGa) distribution. Some properties of the CTrPGa law are derived and discussed: hazard, characteristic and cumulative functions and ordinary moments. Beyond, moment estimation, maximum likelihood estimation (via the expectation maximization algorithm) and empirical characteristic function methods for CTrPGa parameters are furnished. The first of them may be reduced to solve one nonlinear equation, which facilitates its use. We perform a simulation analysis to compare the performance of the three estimation methods studied. Moreover, since the gamma distribution and its mixture versions are commonly used to characterize synthetic aperture radar (SAR) intensities, we perform some real experiments with SAR imagery. The results present evidence that our model is a reasonable assumption that can be taken into account in the pre-processing step of such images.

Spatial variability of the stability of cohesive soil aggregates under conservation practices / Variabilidade espacial da estabilidade dos agregados de solo coeso sob práticas conservacionistas

The knowledge and characterization of aggregate stability are relevant to select adequate management and to avoidits degradation. Thus, this studyaimed to characterize the spatial variability of aggregate stability in cohesive soilsunder crop conservation systems. The experiment was performed intwo different areas of soybean production: no-tillage System (NTS) and livestock farming integration system (LFI), In each production area, a sampling mesh composed of 50 collection points, with a regular spacing of 40 m, at 0.00-0.20 mdepth, wascarried out. The results were expressed as a percentage of aggregates retained in sieves 2; 1; 0.5 and 0.25 mm, the values obtained were used to calculate the Mean Geometric Diameter (MGD) and Mean Weight Diameter (MWD). In the LFI system, which had a strong degree of spatial dependence (DSD), the attributes showed a moderate DSD, except for MWD. Generally, the reachedvalues of the attributes in the LFI system were lower than those found in the NTS system, showing less variability in the management system with no-tillage. Spatial distribution of the kriging maps demonstrated the LFI system leading to the formation of larger aggregates in the soil when compared to ones to the same attributes in the NTS. All attributes showed a strong to moderatespatial dependence. The soil managed with the LFI system revealed greater aggregate stability when compared to the NTS, which in turn presented less spatial variability than the LFI system and shows a more homogeneous soil.(AU)

O conhecimento e a caracterização da estabilidade dos agregados são relevantes para selecionar um manejo adequado e evitar sua degradação. Portanto, este estudoteve como objetivo caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da estabilidade de agregados em solos coesos sob sistemas de conservação de culturas. O experimento foi conduzido em duas áreas distintas de produção de soja: sistema de plantio direto (NTS) e sistema de integração pecuária (LFI). Foi realizada uma amostragem de 50 pontos de coleta, com espaçamento regular de 40 m, na profundidade de 0,00-0,20 m, em cada área de produção.Os resultados foram expressos como porcentagem de agregados retidos nas peneiras 2; 1; 0,5 e 0,25 mm, os valores obtidos foram utilizados para calcular o Diâmetro Médio Geométrico (DMM) e o Diâmetro Peso Médio (DMM). No sistema LFI, que possuía alto grau de dependência espacial (DDS), os atributos apresentaram um DSD moderado, exceto para MWD. De maneira geral, os valores de escopo dos atributos no sistema LFI foram inferiores aos encontrados no sistema NTS, apresentando menor variabilidade no sistema de manejo do plantio direto. A distribuição espacial dos mapas de krigagem mostrou que o sistema LFI leva à formação de agregados maiores no solo em comparação com outros com os mesmos atributos no NTS. Todos os atributos apresentaram dependência espacial de forte a moderada. O solo manejado com o sistema LFI revelou maior estabilidade dos agregados em relação ao NTS, que por sua vez apresentou menor variabilidade espacial do que o sistema LFI e apresenta um solo mais homogêneo.(AU)

Mathematical Model of HIV/AIDS Considering Sexual Preferences Under Antiretroviral Therapy, a Case Study in San Juan de Pasto, Colombia.

While several studies on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the homosexual and heterosexual population have demonstrated substantial advantages in controlling HIV transmission in these groups, the overall benefits of the models with a bisexual population and initiation of antiretroviral therapy have not had enough attention in dynamic modeling. Thus, we used a mathematical model based on studying the impacts of bisexual behavior in a global community developed in the PhD thesis work of Espitia (2021). The model is governed by a nonlinear ordinary differential equation system, the parameters of which are calibrated with data from the cumulative cases of HIV infection and AIDS reported in San Juan de Pasto in 2019. Our model estimations show which parameters are the most influential and how to modulate them to decrease the HIV infection.

Ovipositional Reproduction of the Dengue Vector for Identifying High-Risk Urban Areas.

Identification and classification of high-risk areas for the presence of Aedes aegypti is not an easy task. To develop suitable methods to identify this areas is an essential task that will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of control measures and to optimize the use of resources. The objectives of this study were to identify high- risk areas for the presence of Ae. aegypti using mosquito traps and household visits to identify breeding sites; to identify and validate aspects of the remote sensing images that could characterize these areas; to evaluate the relationship between this spatial risk classification and the occurrence of Ae. aegypti; and provide a methodology to the health and control vector services and prioritize these areas for development of control measure. Information about the geographical coordinates of these traps will enable us to apply the kriging spatial analysis tool to generate maps with the predicted numbers of Ae. aegypti. Satellite images were used to identify the characteristic features the four areas, so that other areas could also be classified using only the sensing remote images. The developed methodology enables the identification of high-risk areas for Ae. aegypti and for the occurrence of Dengue, as well as Zika fever and Chikungunya fever using only sensing remote images. These results allow health and vector control services to prioritize these areas for developing surveillance and control measures. The use of the available resources can be optimized and potentially promote a decrease in the expected incidences of these diseases, particularly Dengue.

Effect of Ornamental Stone Waste Incorporation on the Rheology, Hydration, Microstructure, and CO2 Emissions of Ordinary Portland Cement.

The ornamental stone industry generates large amounts of waste thus creating environmental and human health hazards. Thus, pastes with 0-30 wt.% ornamental stone waste (OSW) incorporated into ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were produced and their rheological properties, hydration kinetics, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The CO2 equivalent emissions related to the pastes production were estimated for each composition. The results showed that the paste with 10 wt.% of OSW exhibited similar yield stress compared to the plain OPC paste, while pastes with 20 and 30 wt.% displayed reduced yield stresses up to 15%. OSW slightly enhanced the hydration kinetics compared to plain OPC, increasing the main heat flow peak and 90-h cumulative heat values. The incorporation of OSW reduced the 1-, 3-, and 28-days compressive strength of the pastes. Water absorption results agreed with the 28 days compressive strength results, indicating that OSW increased the volume of permeable voids. Finally, OSW incorporation progressively reduced the CO2 emission per m3 of OPC paste, reaching a 31% reduction for the highest 30 wt.% OSW content. Overall, incorporating up to 10 wt.% with OSW led to pastes with comparable fresh and hardened properties as comported to plain OPC paste.

Pandemic fatigue impact on COVID-19 spread: A mathematical modelling answer to the Italian scenario.

The COVID-19 outbreak has generated, in addition to the dramatic sanitary consequences, severe psychological repercussions for the populations affected by the pandemic. Simultaneously, these consequences can have related effects on the spread of the virus. Pandemic fatigue occurs when stress rises beyond a threshold, leading a person to feel demotivated to follow recommended behaviours to protect themselves and others. In the present paper, we introduce a new susceptible-infected-quarantined-recovered-dead (SIQRD) model in terms of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE). The model considers the countermeasures taken by sanitary authorities and the effect of pandemic fatigue. The latter can be mitigated by fear of the disease's consequences modelled with the death rate in mind. The mathematical well-posedness of the model is proved. We show the numerical results to be consistent with the transmission dynamics data characterising the epidemic of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy in 2020. We provide a measure of the possible pandemic fatigue impact. The model can be used to evaluate the public health interventions and prevent with specific actions the possible damages resulting from the social phenomenon of relaxation concerning the observance of the preventive rules imposed.

Moisture Distribution during Water Absorption of Ordinary Portland Cement Mortars Obtained with Low-Field Unilateral Magnetic Resonance.

Moisture distribution in cement-based materials is important from the durability point of view. In the present study, a portable three-magnet array with an elliptical surface radio frequency coil was used to undertake magnetic resonance measurements of moisture content in ordinary Portland cement mortar and concrete samples. Measurements along the length of the samples during capillary water absorption produced moisture content profiles that were compared with reference profiles acquired using a magnetic resonance imaging instrument. Profiles obtained with the three-magnet array were similar in shape and in penetration depth to those acquired with magnetic resonance imaging. The correlation coefficient between the moisture content measured with both techniques was r2 = 0.97. Similar values of saturated permeability of the mortars with identical w/c ratio were computed with the Hydrus 1D software based on the moisture content profiles. Additionally, inverse Laplace transformation of the signal decays provided the water-filled pore size distribution in saturated and unsaturated regions of the samples. The three-magnet array was successfully used to acquire nuclear magnetic resonance signal from a concrete sample, which was not possible with the magnetic resonance imaging instrument using the single-point imaging technique.

Modeling the Relationship Between Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and Disease Severity in Secondary Dengue Infection.

Sequential infections with different dengue serotypes (DENV-1, 4) significantly increase the risk of a severe disease outcome (fever, shock, and hemorrhagic disorders). Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the severity of the disease: (1) antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and (2) original T cell antigenic sin. In this work, we explored the first hypothesis through mathematical modeling. The proposed model reproduces the dynamic of susceptible and infected target cells and dengue virus in scenarios of infection-neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibody competition induced by two distinct serotypes of the dengue virus during secondary infection. The enhancement and neutralization functions are derived from basic concepts of chemical reactions and used to mimic binding to the virus by two distinct populations of antibodies. The analytic study of the model showed the existence of two equilibriums: a disease-free equilibrium and an endemic one. Using the concept of the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], we performed the asymptotic stability analysis for the two equilibriums. To measure the severity of the disease, we considered the maximum value of infected cells as well as the time when this maximum is reached. We observed that it corresponds to the time when the maximum enhancing activity for the infection occurs. This critical time was calculated from the model to be a few days after the occurrence of the infection, which corresponds to what is observed in the literature. Finally, using as output [Formula: see text], we were able to rank the contribution of each parameter of the model. In particular, we highlighted that the cross-reactive antibody responses may be responsible for the disease enhancement during secondary heterologous dengue infection.

Assessing the effects of diagnostic sensitivity on schistosomiasis dynamics.

Schistosomiasis is a parasite infection that affects millions of people around the world. It is endemic in 13 different states in Brazil and responsible for increasing morbidity in the population. One of its main characteristics is a heterogeneous distribution of worm burden in the human population, which makes the diagnosis difficult. We aimed to investigate how the sensitivity of the diagnostic method may contribute to successful control interventions against infections in a population. In order to do that, we present an ordinary differential equations model that considers three levels of worm burden in the human population, a snail population, and a miracidium reservoir. Through a steady-state analysis and its local stability, we show how this worm-burden heterogeneity can be responsible for the persistence of infection, especially due to reinfection in the highest level of worm burden. The analysis highlights sensitive diagnosis, besides treatment and sanitary improvements, as a key factor for schistosomiasis transmission control.

Uma relação possível entre os inclassificáveis e a modernidade líquida / A possible relationship between the unclassifiable and liquid modernity / Una posible relación entre los inclassificables y la modernidad neta

A psicanálise muito se ocupou de compreender as sociedades e sujeitos que a compõem, e, disto, Freud desenvolveu as três estruturas clínicas. Contudo, foi com Lacan que a psicose foi mais explorada teórica e clinicamente. Depois, com Miller e a "formalização" do termo "psicose ordinária", em 1998, há também os "inclassificáveis", que escapam destas estruturas. Na sociologia, Bauman cria o termo "Modernidade Líquida", para se referir a este tempo de desbussolamento do sujeito, de escape e perda de referencial, que nos motivou a discutir, teoricamente, quais as relações entre essa modernidade e as estruturas psíquicas existentes e reconhecidas pela psicanálise Freud-lacaniana. Tal discussão foi realizada através de revisão bibliográfica das obras de Freud, Lacan, Miller e Bauman, resultando no entendimento de que as formas de gozo se multiplicaram e seu valor simbólico para o sujeito se estilhaçou; aquilo que era a regra, hoje é mais um dos desvios dos sintomas.

Psychoanalysis was very concerned with understanding the societies and subjects that compose it, and, from this, Freud developed the three clinical structures. However, However, with Lacan psychosis started to be more explored theoretically and clinically. Then, with Miller and the "formalization" of the term "ordinary psychosis", in 1998, there are also the "unclassifiable", who escape these structures. In sociology, Bauman coined the term "Liquid Modernity", to refer to this time of subject disbussing, of escape and loss of reference, which motivated us to discuss, theoretically, which relationships are between this modernity and the existing psychic structures and recognized by Freud-Lacanian psychoanalysis. Carried out through a bibliographic review from Freud, Lacan, Miller and Bauman's work, which results in the, resulting in the understanding that the forms of jouissance multiplied and their symbolic value for the subject shattered; what used to be the rule, today is yet another symptom deviation.

El psicoanálisis se preocupó mucho por comprender las sociedades y los sujetos que lo componen y, a partir de ello, Freud desarrolló las tres estructuras clínicas. Sin embargo, fue con Lacan que la psicosis se exploró más teórica y clínicamente. Luego, con Miller y la "formalización" del término "psicosis ordinaria", en 1998, también están los "inclasificables", que escapan a estas estructuras. En sociología, Bauman acuñó el término "Modernidad líquida", para referirse a este tiempo de discusión de sujetos, de escape y pérdida de referencia, que nos motivó a discutir, teóricamente, cuáles son las relaciones entre esta modernidad y las estructuras psíquicas existentes y reconocido por el psicoanálisis freud-lacaniano. Dicha discusión se llevó a cabo mediante una revisión bibliográfica de las obras de Freud, Lacan, Miller y Bauman, dando como resultado la comprensión de que las formas de goce se multiplicaron y su valor simbólico para el sujeto se hizo añicos; lo que solía ser la regla, hoy es otra desviación de síntoma.

Spatio-temporal groundwater arsenic distribution in Central Mexico: implications in accumulation of arsenic in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) agrosystem.

In the present work, a spatio-temporal study of arsenic (As) concentration in groundwater and its impact in barley uptake is presented. The impact of As on barley is studied through the determination of its bioaccumulation in the soil-plant system, As uptake, as well as a correlation between As concentration in water and its temperature in the groundwater. For the groundwater, spatial and temporal variability of As concentration in central Mexico was determined through a geostatistical analysis using ordinary kriging. The results show that the variability of As in the ground water is correlated with its temperature (R2 > 0.83). The As accumulation in the structures of plant follows the order root > leaf > ear in concentration. The bioaccumulation factor BAFT suggests that As is mobilized to the aerial parts of the barely for both As concentrations used in the irrigation water. However, for As concentration lower than 25 µg L-1, the BAFT is lower than 0.57, suggesting that the amount of As in root is the same as that contained in the aerial parts; whereas, for higher As concentrations (from 170 to 250 µg L-1), the BAFT is around 0.92, indicating that the As is mainly contained in root. The spatial distribution of As concentration trend in groundwaters along the time is the same, which means high As concentration areas remain in the same groundwaters and these areas are presenting the highest water temperature. These results shall contribute to understand the bioaccumulation of As in barley and the As spatial variability in central Mexico.

Geostatistical modeling of "lethal coconut palm crown atrophy", a new disease in the State of Pará / Modelagem geoestatística da "Atrofia Letal da Coroa Coqueiro", uma nova doença no Estado do Pará

'Lethal Coconut Palm Crown Atrophy' (LCCA) is a rapidly spreading disease in Brazil, capable of quickly killing coconut trees and threatening the commercial exploration of this plant. The objective of this work was to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of LCCA in green dwarf coconut commercial plantation areas, located the municipality of Santa Izabel, mesoregion of Northeastern Pará, Brazil. Surveys were carried out at monthly intervals between January 2014 and December 2018, checking for plants with LCCA-characteristic symptoms. Geostatistics was applied to perform spatial-temporal disease estimates based on semivariogram modeling and preparation of ordinary kriging maps. These spatial estimates are conducted through interpolations that characterize data variability in the area. The spherical model yielded the best fit to the spatial distribution of the disease, as it presented the best coefficient of determination (R²), with the range varying between 14m and 45m. The Spatial Dependence Index (SDI) was moderate in the evaluations carried out between 2014 and 2017 (in the 0.26-0.64 range), but not in 2018, when it was strong (0.23). The values of the clustering intensity of LCCA-symptomatic plants were estimated in nonsampled points. The spherical fit model of the data indicates an aggregated distribution pattern, shown by aggregation patches in the plantation, graded by values of dissemination intensity. The kriging maps allowed the observation that the disease expands between plants in the same line, suggesting the possibility of the presence of a short-range vector.(AU)

A 'Atrofia Letal da Coroa do Coqueiro' (ALCC) é uma doença de rápida disseminação no Brasil, capaz de matar os coqueiros rapidamente e ameaçar a exploração comercial da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o padrão de distribuição espacial e temporal de ALCC em áreas de plantio comercial de coco anão verde, localizadas no município de Santa Izabel, mesorregião do Nordeste do Pará, Brasil. As pesquisas foram realizadas em intervalos mensais entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2018, verificando se havia plantas com sintomas característicos da ALCC. A geoestatística foi aplicada para realizar estimativas espaço-temporais de doenças com base na modelagem de semivariogramas e na preparação de mapas de krigagem comuns. Essas estimativas espaciais são realizadas por meio de interpolações que caracterizam a variabilidade dos dados na área. O modelo esférico apresentou o melhor ajuste à distribuição espacial da doença, pois apresentou o melhor coeficiente de determinação (R²), com amplitude variando entre 14m e 45m. O Índice de Dependência Espacial (SDI) foi moderado nas avaliações realizadas entre 2014 e 2017 (na faixa de 0,26-0,64), mas não em 2018, quando era forte (0,23). Os valores da intensidade de agrupamento de plantas sintomáticas ALCC foram estimados em pontos não amostrados. O modelo de ajuste esférico dos dados indica um padrão de distribuição agregado, mostrado por manchas de agregação na plantação, graduadas por valores de intensidade de disseminação. Os mapas de krigagem permitiram observar que a doença se expande entre plantas na mesma linha, sugerindo a possibilidade da presença de um vetor de curto alcance.(AU)

Validation of a yellow fever vaccine model using data from primary vaccination in children and adults, re-vaccination and dose-response in adults and studies with immunocompromised individuals.

BACKGROUND: An effective yellow fever (YF) vaccine has been available since 1937. Nevertheless, questions regarding its use remain poorly understood, such as the ideal dose to confer immunity against the disease, the need for a booster dose, the optimal immunisation schedule for immunocompetent, immunosuppressed, and pediatric populations, among other issues. This work aims to demonstrate that computational tools can be used to simulate different scenarios regarding YF vaccination and the immune response of individuals to this vaccine, thus assisting the response of some of these open questions. RESULTS: This work presents the computational results obtained by a mathematical model of the human immune response to vaccination against YF. Five scenarios were simulated: primovaccination in adults and children, booster dose in adult individuals, vaccination of individuals with autoimmune diseases under immunomodulatory therapy, and the immune response to different vaccine doses. Where data were available, the model was able to quantitatively replicate the levels of antibodies obtained experimentally. In addition, for those scenarios where data were not available, it was possible to qualitatively reproduce the immune response behaviours described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Our simulations show that the minimum dose to confer immunity against YF is half of the reference dose. The results also suggest that immunological immaturity in children limits the induction and persistence of long-lived plasma cells are related to the antibody decay observed experimentally. Finally, the decay observed in the antibody level after ten years suggests that a booster dose is necessary to keep immunity against YF.