Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico.

Ceramic objects account for over 90% of the cultural material recovered from archaeological sites in the Caribbean. However, little research has been conducted on molecular evidence for past food production from these same vessels. Forty ceramic sherds from Isla de Mona have been analysed by GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS in order to address questions surrounding foodways in the Greater Antilles prior to and post European arrival. We evaluate evidence for dietary changes to illuminate aspects of cultural exchange between Indigenous populations and the first generations of Spanish colonists. Here, we show that plant residues are found in a variety of pottery forms, with some evidence for non-ruminant and ruminant fats. The dearth of marine biomarkers is curious given the volume of fish bones found in archaeological contexts on Isla de Mona and may offer evidence for spit-roasting, pit-roasting, or the use of a 'barbacoa' to cook fish on the island. The ubiquity of plant residues in a variety of pottery forms may relate to the large-scale cultivation and export of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y.

Physicochemical and bacterial changes during composting of vegetable and animal-derived agro-industrial wastes.

This study investigates the impact of different agro-industrial organic wastes (i.e., sugarcane filter cake, poultry litter, and chicken manure) on the bacterial community and their relationship with physicochemical attributes during composting. Integrative analysis was performed by combining high-throughput sequencing and environmental data to decipher changes in the waste microbiome. The results revealed that animal-derived compost stabilized more carbon and mineralized a more organic nitrogen than vegetable-derived compost. Composting enhanced bacterial diversity and turned the bacterial community structure similar among all wastes, reducing Firmicutes abundance in animal-derived wastes. Potential biomarkers indicating compost maturation were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota phyla, Chryseolinea genus and Rhizobiales order. The waste source influenced the final physicochemical attributes, whereas composting enhanced the complexity of the microbial community in the order of poultry litter > filter cake > chicken manure. Therefore, composted wastes, mainly the animal-derived ones, seem to present more sustainable attributes for agricultural use, despite their losses of C, N, and S.

Ethyl Butanoate, Constituent of Cassava Wastewater Volatiloma, a Potential Soil Fumigant Against Meloidogyne Javanica.

As a result of more restrictive legislation regarding the use of pesticides, over the last two decades, the demand for new soil fumigants has increased. These compounds can come from a variety of sources, including organic residues. In this study, we identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma a molecule with potential to be developed as a new fumigant nematicide. Cassava wastewater (20 mL) releases volatile compounds toxic to Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2), causing J2 mortality up to 89%. Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, eight compounds were identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma, with alcohols being the major class. The compounds ethyl butanoate and butyric acid identified in cassava wastewater volatiloma were selected for in vitro nematicidal activities and substrate fumigation tests. The lethal concentration predicted LC50-48 hr values (effective doses to kill 50% of M. javanica J2 population after 48 h of exposure) were 172.6 µg ∙ mL - 1 and 301.2 µg ∙ mL - 1 for butyric acid and ethyl butanoate, respectively. In a pot assay, the application of butyric acid and ethyl butanoate as a soil fumigant, at a dose of 0.5 mL ∙ kg - 1 substrate, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased M. javanica infectivity and reproduction compared to the negative control (water). However, ethyl butanoate proved to be a more efficient soil fumigant (P < 0.05) than butyric acid, as its application reduced the number of galls and eggs to the level of the commercial fumigant Dazomet. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of ethyl butanoate as a soil fumigant against M. javanica.

Ecotoxicological effects of untreated pig manure from diets with or without growth-promoting supplements on Eisenia andrei in subtropical soils.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of untreated pig manure from diets incorporating growth-promoting supplements (antibiotics and Zn oxide) on the survival and reproduction of Eisenia andrei earthworms. The tested manures were obtained from four different groups of pigs fed with four different diets: CS, a diet based on corn and soymeal; TR, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%); CSa, a diet based on corn and soymeal + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide; and TRa, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%) + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide. The study used two soils representative of the Southern region of Brazil (Oxisol and Entisol). In general, there were no significant differences between the different manures tested in each soil. However, there were differences in the toxicity manure on E. andrei between the soils, and the magnitude of this effect was dependent on the applied dose. In Oxisol, LC50 values were higher than 80 m3 ha-1, and EC50 varied from 9 to 27 m3 ha-1. In Entisol, the LC50 values were below the lowest dose tested (< 25 m3 ha-1), and EC50 remained around 5 m3 ha-1. It may be possible that the effects observed were attributed to an excess of nitrogen, copper, and zinc, promoted by the addition of the untreated manure and how these factors interacted with soil type.

Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.

Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.(AU)

El compostaje, una alternativa para el aprovechamiento de residuos orgánicos en las centrales de abastecimiento / Composting, an alternative for the use of organic residues In the supply centers / Compostagem, uma alternativa para o uso de resíduos orgânicos no suprimento central

Resumen La pérdida de alimentos a lo largo de la cadena de suministro se ha convertido en un tema de gran interés en el mundo, debido a que afecta la seguridad alimentaria de la sociedad. Uno de estos eslabones de la cadena de distribución de alimentos son las centrales de abasto local, donde diariamente se pierden importantes cantidades de alimentos especialmente por carencia de protocolos de poscosecha. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en analizar la pérdida de alimentos en la central de abastos del municipio de Acacias, Colombia y evaluar el sistema de compostaje como alternativa de gestión ambiental. Se realizó mediante el método de cuarteo la estimación de la cantidad y tipo de residuos desperdiciados, que posteriormente se sometieron al proceso de compostaje donde se evaluó la calidad del producto. En conclusión, los residuos orgánicos son un problema ambiental que requiere de alternativas como el compostaje, que permite reducir la cantidad y aprovechar el contenido nutricional de la fracción orgánica, generando subproductos con alto valor agregado.

Abstract The loss of food along the supply chain has become a topic of great interest in the world, because this affect to the food security of society. One of these stages in the food distribution chain are the local supply centers, where important quantities of food are often lost, especially due to the lack of post-harvest protocols. The objective of this study was to analyze the loss of food in the supply center of the municipalities of Acacias, Colombia and evaluate the composting system as an alternative for environmental management. It was carried out by means of the quartering method the estimation of the quantity and type of residues lost, and subsequently, the composting process, where the quality of the product is evaluated. In conclusion, organic residues is an environmental problem that requires alternatives such as composting, which allows to reduce the amount and take advantage of the nutritional content of organic matter, generating by-products with high added value.

Resumo A perdida de alimentos ao longo da cadeia de fornecimento converteu-se em um tema de grande interesse no mundo, como isto afeta a segurança alimentar da sociedade. Um destes elos da cadeia de distribuição de alimentos são as centrais de abastecimento locais, onde diariamente se perdem importantes quantidades de alimentos especialmente por carência de protocolos de pós-colheita. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar a perdida de alimentos na central de abastecimento do município de Acacias, Colômbia e avaliar o sistema de compostagem como alternativa de gerenciamento ambiental. Realizou-se mediante o método de cuarteo a estimativa da quantidade e tipo de resíduos perdidos, que posteriormente se submeteram ao processo de compostagem onde se avaliou a qualidade do produto. Em conclusão, os resíduos orgânicos são um problema ambiental que requer de alternativas como o compostagem, que permite reduzir a quantidade e aproveitar o conteúdo nutricional da fração orgânica, gerando subprodutos com alto valor agregado.

Crop residues activity against the free-living stages of small ruminant nematodes / Atividade de resíduos de culturas contra os estágios de vida livre de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes

Abstract The nematicidal effect of different organic materials was evaluated in order to develop a non-chemical alternative soil treatment for control of the free-living stages of small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. The selected organic materials were residues from the juice industry of acerola, cashew, grape, guava, papaya and pineapple, as well as castor residue from the biodiesel industry. LC90 results showed that pineapple residue was the most efficient inhibitor of larval development, followed by castor, grape, cashew, acerola, guava and papaya. Castor residue was also a good source of nitrogen and was used in a greenhouse experiment to prevent larval development in contaminated goat faeces that was deposited in pots containing the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) or Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). Castor residue caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction (85.04%) in Paiaguás grass contamination (L3.dry mass-1) and a reduction of 17.35% in Massai grass contamination (P > 0.05), with an increase in the biomass production of Massai (251.43%, P < 0.05) and Paiaguás (109.19%, P > 0.05) grasses. This strategy, called Econemat®, with good results in vitro shows to be promising on pasture increasing phytomass production.

Resumo O efeito nematicida de diferentes materiais orgânicos foi avaliado, com o objetivo de desenvolver um tratamento alternativo não químico do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Os materiais orgânicos selecionados foram resíduos da indústria de suco de acerola, caju, uva, goiaba, mamão e abacaxi, além do resíduo de mamona da indústria de biodiesel. Os resultados da LC90 mostraram que o resíduo de abacaxi foi o mais eficiente inibidor do desenvolvimento larval, seguido pela mamona, uva, caju, acerola, goiaba e mamão. O resíduo de mamona também se mostrou uma boa fonte de nitrogênio, sendo usado em experimento em casa de vegetação para prevenir o desenvolvimento larval em fezes contaminadas, depositadas em vasos, contendo as gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) ou Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). O resíduo de mamona reduziu (85,04%) significativamente (P < 0,05) a contaminação no capim-Paiaguás (L3.dry massa-1), 17,35% no capim Massai (P> 0,05), e aumentou a produção de biomassa das gramíneas Massai (251,43%, P <0,05) e Paiaguás (109,19%, P> 0,05). Essa estratégia, chamada Econemat®, com bons resultados in vitro, mostra-se promissora nas pastagens aumentando a produção de fitomassa.

Ionic speciation and risks associated with agricultural use of industrial biosolid applied in Inceptisol.

The evaluation of the chemical leaching potential from soils amended with biosolid is of extreme importance for environmental safety of agricultural use of these residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the polluting potential and possible risks associated with the agricultural use of biosolids generated by the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber and resin industry through ionic speciation and analysis of the activity of chemical species present in the leached solution from Inceptisol treated with rates 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, and 144 Mg ha-1 on dry basis. The experiment was conducted in a lysimeter and the treatments with three replications were distributed at random. Chemical leaching was made by application of CaC12 0.01 mol L-1 solutions in a volume fourfold higher than the water retention capacity of the soil, divided into five leaching events: 210, 245, 280, 315, and 350 days of incubation. Chemical species concentrations in collected leachates were used for ionic speciation by geochemical software Visual MINTEQA2 version 4.0. Impact factor of chemical species was calculated as the ratio between maximum concentration in the leach solution in the treated soil and control. Dissolved organic carbon had strong influence on Pb+2 and Cu+2 leaching, but these elements in free or complexed forms presented low activities in solution. Leaching of NO3-, Zn+2, and Na+ represents the main environmental risk of agricultural use of this residue. However, these risks can be minimized if technical criteria and critical limits for the agronomic use of biosolids were observed.

Crop residues activity against the free-living stages of small ruminant nematodes / Atividade de resíduos de culturas contra os estágios de vida livre de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes

The nematicidal effect of different organic materials was evaluated in order to develop a non-chemical alternative soil treatment for control of the free-living stages of small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. The selected organic materials were residues from the juice industry of acerola, cashew, grape, guava, papaya and pineapple, as well as castor residue from the biodiesel industry. LC90 results showed that pineapple residue was the most efficient inhibitor of larval development, followed by castor, grape, cashew, acerola, guava and papaya. Castor residue was also a good source of nitrogen and was used in a greenhouse experiment to prevent larval development in contaminated goat faeces that was deposited in pots containing the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) or Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). Castor residue caused a significant (P 0.05) reduction (85.04%) in Paiaguás grass contamination (L3.dry mass-1) and a reduction of 17.35% in Massai grass contamination (P > 0.05), with an increase in the biomass production of Massai (251.43%, P 0.05) and Paiaguás (109.19%, P > 0.05) grasses. This strategy, called Econemat®, with good results in vitro shows to be promising on pasture increasing phytomass production.(AU)

O efeito nematicida de diferentes materiais orgânicos foi avaliado, com o objetivo de desenvolver um tratamento alternativo não químico do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Os materiais orgânicos selecionados foram resíduos da indústria de suco de acerola, caju, uva, goiaba, mamão e abacaxi, além do resíduo de mamona da indústria de biodiesel. Os resultados da LC90 mostraram que o resíduo de abacaxi foi o mais eficiente inibidor do desenvolvimento larval, seguido pela mamona, uva, caju, acerola, goiaba e mamão. O resíduo de mamona também se mostrou uma boa fonte de nitrogênio, sendo usado em experimento em casa de vegetação para prevenir o desenvolvimento larval em fezes contaminadas, depositadas em vasos, contendo as gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) ou Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). O resíduo de mamona reduziu (85,04%) significativamente (P 0,05) a contaminação no capim-Paiaguás (L3.dry massa-1), 17,35% no capim Massai (P> 0,05), e aumentou a produção de biomassa das gramíneas Massai (251,43%, P 0,05) e Paiaguás (109,19%, P> 0,05). Essa estratégia, chamada Econemat®, com bons resultados in vitro, mostra-se promissora nas pastagens aumentando a produção de fitomassa.(AU)

Enzymatic dynamics into the Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) gut during vermicomposting of coffee husk and market waste in a tropical environment.

Epigeic worms modify microbial communities through their digestive processes, thereby influencing the decomposition of organic matter in vermicomposting systems. Nevertheless, the enzyme dynamics within the gut of tropically adapted earthworms is unknown, and the enzymes involved have not been simultaneously studied. The activities of 19 hydrolytic enzymes within three different sections of the intestine of Eisenia fetida were determined over a fasting period and at 24 h and 30, 60, and 90 days of vermicomposting, and data were evaluated by multivariate analyses. There were found positive correlations between the maximal activity of glycosyl hydrolases and one esterase with the anterior intestine (coincident with the reduction of hemicellulose in the substrate) and the activity of the protease α-chymotrypsin with posterior intestine. The results suggest that activities of enzymes change in a coordinated manner within each gut section, probably influenced by selective microbial enzyme enrichment and by the availability of nutrients throughout vermicomposting.

Poultry litter and swine compost as nutrients sources in millet / Cama de aves e composto de suínos como fonte de nutrientes na cultura do painço

Poultry and pork farming are typical activities of small farms in southern Brazil. This production plays an important social and economic role in many of these areas as it is often the main income source. The swine compost has emerged as an alternative to reduce the volume of swine wastewater, which is transformed into a residue that can be easily transported and applied with less environment prejudice. However, there is no information in literature regarding the use of this compound as a source of nitrogen in grain crops. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate poultry litter and swine compost as organic sources of nitrogen for the millet crop. The experiment was conducted in the years of 2013 and 2014 in southern Brazil, in no-tillage systems in a Hapludox soil. The treatments were: control (without nitrogen); poultry litter (PL), swine compost (SC) and mineral fertilization (NPK). The use of poultry litter resulted in better averages for almost all evaluated variables. Although the swine compost did not express results as good as the crop treated with poultry litter, the crop in which the swine compound was applied presented better results for some plant parameters than the chemical fertilizer treatment, which shows that these two residues can be viable alternatives for nitrogen fertilization in millet cultivations.

A criação de aves e suínos são atividades típicas de pequenas propriedades na região sul do Brasil e representam um papel importante sob o ponto de vista social e econômico, pois em muitas dessas unidades são as principais geradoras de receita. O composto de suínos tem surgido como alternativa que reduz o volume de dejeto liquido de suínos, e o transforma em um resíduo de fácil transporte e aplicação e menor impactante ao meio ambiente. Porém, não existe na literatura informações quanto a utilização desse composto de suínos como fonte de nitrogênio em culturas produtores de grãos. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a cama de frango e o composto de suínos como fontes orgânicas de nitrogênio na cultura do painço. O trabalho foi conduzido nos anos de 2013 e 2014 na região Sul do Brasil, em sistema plantio direto em um Hapludox soil. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: Testemunha (sem nitrogênio); Cama de aves (CA), Composto de suínos (CS) e Adubação mineral (NPK). A cama de aves foi a que mais impactou positivamente para quase todas as variáveis analisadas. Já o composto de suínos foi inferior a cama de aves, porém para alguns parâmetros de planta igual ou superior a própria adubação química mostrando que esse dois resíduos podem substituir totalmente a adubação mineral nitrogenada na cultua do painço.

Zinc, copper and manganese availability in soils treated with alkaline sewage sludge from Paraná state (Brazil) / Disponibilidade de Zn, Cu e Mn em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto alcalinizado do estado do Paraná (Brasil)

ABSTRACT In Paraná, most of the sludge generated in sewage treatment plants is subjected to the prolonged alkaline stabilization process. Although it is known that the alkaline sewage sludge contains micronutrients such as Zn, Cu and Mn, little is known about the availability of these elements in soils treated with this type of sewage sludge. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of alkaline sewage sludge from Paraná on Zn, Cu and Mn availability in soils. Twenty sewage treatment plants were selected throughout Paraná, where alkaline sewage sludge and the most representative agricultural soil of the each region were collected. Each soil was incubated for 60 days with alkaline sewage sludge rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1) from their region. Subsequently, Zn, Cu and Mn availability was determined using the Mehlich-1 extractant. The alkaline sewage sludge increased Zn availability and decreased Mn availability in most soils. Cu showed intermediate results, with increased availability, primarily in medium texture soils and decrease in most of the clayey soils. In soils with pH close to ideal for the plant growth, the alkaline sewage sludge rate should be carefully calculated so that there is no excessive increase in the pH and Zn, Cu and Mn imbalance.

RESUMO No Paraná, a maioria do lodo de esgoto gerado em estações de tratamento é submetida ao processo de estabilização alcalina prolongada. Embora seja conhecido que o lodo de esgoto alcalinizado contém micronutrientes como Zn, Cu e Mn, pouco se conhece sobre a disponibilidade desses elementos em solos tratados com esse tipo de lodo de esgoto. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de lodos de esgoto alcalinizados do estado do Paraná sobre a disponibilidade de Zn, Cu e Mn no solo. Foram selecionadas vinte estações de tratamento de esgoto ao longo do Paraná, onde foram coletadas amostras de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado e amostras do solo agrícola mais representativo da região. Cada solo foi incubado por 60 dias com doses de lodo de esgoto (0, 10, 20, 40, e 80 Mg ha-1) da sua região. Posteriormente, foi determinada a disponibilidade de Zn, Cu e Mn no solo usando o extrator Mehlich-1. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado ao solo aumentou a disponibilidade de Zn e diminuiu a disponibilidade de Mn na maioria dos solos. Já o Cu apresentou resultados intermediários, com aumento de disponibilidade basicamente em solos de textura média e com diminuição para a maioria dos solos muito argilosos. Em solos com pH próximo ao ideal para o cultivo agrícola, a dose de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado deve ser cuidadosamente calculada para que não ocorra o aumento excessivo do pH e desbalanço nos teores de Zn, Cu e Mn.

Ecotoxicological effects of pig manure on Folsomia candida in subtropical Brazilian soils.

The effects of pig manure, from diets incorporating veterinary pharmaceuticals, on survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida were evaluated. Manures derived from the following diets: corn and soymeal (CS); 85% CS diet+15% wheat meal (TR); CS diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (CSa); TR diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (TRa). Manures were tested in two subtropical soils representative of southern (Oxisol and Entisol). Despite the antibiotics no significant differences were found between the four manures within each soil. However, strong differences were found on the toxicity between soils. In Oxisol, LC50 values were around 100m(3)ha(-1), and EC50 values around 80m(3)ha(-1). In Entisol these were much lower, with LC50 values oscillating around 20m(3)ha(-1) and EC50 values between 10-15m(3)ha(-1). The observed toxicity on both soils was attributed to excess of nitrogen, Cu and Zn in the highest doses. The strong difference between soils could be explained by soil properties, namely CEC, organic matter, and clay contents that were lower in Entisol, indicating a poor ability to retain contaminants increasing their availability in soil. Results suggest that the application of these residues should be regulated not only using a volume-based criterion, but should incorporate data on soil properties, complemented by an ecotoxicological assessment.

Phosphatase activity and its relationship with physical and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of filter cake and cattle manure.

BACKGROUND: Recycling of phosphorus (P) from organic residues (ORs) is important to develop environmentally friendly agriculture. The use of this P source depends on phosphatase enzymes, which can be affected by a chain of parameters during maturation of ORs. In this study the phosphatase activity levels throughout vermicomposting of filter cake (FC) and cattle manure (CM) were correlated with different physical and chemical parameters in an effort to increase the knowledge about recycling of P from ORs. RESULTS: FC presented higher total nitrogen content (TNC), total organic carbon (TOC), humic acid (HA) content, water-soluble P (WSP), phosphatase activities and nanopore volume than CM during vermicomposting. Decreases in TOC of CM resulted from carbohydrate mineralization, which was not observed for FC. CM showed increased hydrophobic index during vermicomposting while FC showed a slight decrease. CONCLUSION: Phosphatase activities correlated positively with TOC, pH and WSP and negatively with HA content for both vermicomposts. Nanopore volume was negatively correlated with phosphatase activities for FC but not for CM. No correlations between hydrophobicity and phosphatase activities were found for FC. Increased hydrophobicity throughout vermicomposting of CM could be partially associated with decreases in phosphatase levels.

Composting of marine fish residues and rice husk / Compostagem de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz

The objective of this study was to evaluate two proportions of marine fish residues and rice hulls on both the efficiency of composting process and the final quality of compost. Two treatments were tested: T1 3kg of rice husks and 1kg of marine fish residues; and T2 3 kg of rice husks and 3kg of marine fish residues. The following analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process: biomass temperature, moisture, ash, pH, mineralization index of compost, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and the total concentration of organic matter, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and polynomial regression and the averages were compared by SNK test at 5%. The results showed that rice husks provided immature composts at the end of 90 days of composting. Therefore, they should not be used as a structuring agent if the goal is to producing organic fertilizer. The structuring agent may be reused a larger number of times for composting of residues of marine fish, allowing that a higher proportion suffer decomposition through composting. The composting process is a technological efficient alternative to the decomposition of marine fish residues.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar duas proporções de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz na eficiência do processo de compostagem e na qualidade final do composto. Foram comparados dois tratamentos: T1 3kg de casca de arroz e 1kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e T2 3 kg de casca de arroz e 3 kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. A eficiência do processo de compostagem foi avaliada através das análises de temperatura da biomassa, umidade, cinzas, pH, índice de mineralização do composto, relação carbono/nitrogênio e os teores totais de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, carbono, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newman Keuls a 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a casca de arroz proporcionou compostos imaturos ao final de 90 dias de compostagem, não devendo ser utilizada como agente de estruturação quando o objetivo for produzir fertilizante orgânico. O agente de estruturação pode ser reutilizado um maior número de vezes na compostagem dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho, permitindo que uma maior proporção seja decomposta através da compostagem. O processo de compostagem é uma alternativa tecnológica eficiente para a decomposição dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho.

Compostagem de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate two proportions of marine fish residues and rice hulls on both the efficiency of composting process and the final quality of compost. Two treatments were tested: T1 3kg of rice husks and 1kg of marine fish residues; and T2 3 kg of rice husks and 3kg of marine fish residues. The following analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process: biomass temperature, moisture, ash, pH, mineralization index of compost, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and the total concentration of organic matter, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and polynomial regression and the averages were compared by SNK test at 5%. The results showed that rice husks provided immature composts at the end of 90 days of composting. Therefore, they should not be used as a structuring agent if the goal is to producing organic fertilizer. The structuring agent may be reused a larger number of times for composting of residues of marine fish, allowing that a higher proportion suffer decomposition through composting. The composting process is a technological efficient alternative to the decomposition of marine fish residues.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar duas proporções de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz na eficiência do processo de compostagem e na qualidade final do composto. Foram comparados dois tratamentos: T1 3kg de casca de arroz e 1kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e T2 3 kg de casca de arroz e 3 kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. A eficiência do processo de compostagem foi avaliada através das análises de temperatura da biomassa, umidade, cinzas, pH, índice de mineralização do composto, relação carbono/nitrogênio e os teores totais de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, carbono, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newman Keuls a 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a casca de arroz proporcionou compostos imaturos ao final de 90 dias de compostagem, não devendo ser utilizada como agente de estruturação quando o objetivo for produzir fertilizante orgânico. O agente de estruturação pode ser reutilizado um maior número de vezes na compostagem dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho, permitindo que uma maior proporção seja decomposta através da compostagem. O processo de compostagem é uma alternativa tecnológica eficiente para a decomposição dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho.

Composting of marine fish residues and rice husk / Compostagem de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz

The objective of this study was to evaluate two proportions of marine fish residues and rice hulls on both the efficiency of composting process and the final quality of compost. Two treatments were tested: T1 3kg of rice husks and 1kg of marine fish residues; and T2 3 kg of rice husks and 3kg of marine fish residues. The following analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process: biomass temperature, moisture, ash, pH, mineralization index of compost, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and the total concentration of organic matter, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and polynomial regression and the averages were compared by SNK test at 5%. The results showed that rice husks provided immature composts at the end of 90 days of composting. Therefore, they should not be used as a structuring agent if the goal is to producing organic fertilizer. The structuring agent may be reused a larger number of times for composting of residues of marine fish, allowing that a higher proportion suffer decomposition through composting. The composting process is a technological efficient alternative to the decomposition of marine fish residues.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar duas proporções de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz na eficiência do processo de compostagem e na qualidade final do composto. Foram comparados dois tratamentos: T1 3kg de casca de arroz e 1kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e T2 3 kg de casca de arroz e 3 kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. A eficiência do processo de compostagem foi avaliada através das análises de temperatura da biomassa, umidade, cinzas, pH, índice de mineralização do composto, relação carbono/nitrogênio e os teores totais de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, carbono, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newman Keuls a 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a casca de arroz proporcionou compostos imaturos ao final de 90 dias de compostagem, não devendo ser utilizada como agente de estruturação quando o objetivo for produzir fertilizante orgânico. O agente de estruturação pode ser reutilizado um maior número de vezes na compostagem dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho, permitindo que uma maior proporção seja decomposta através da compostagem. O processo de compostagem é uma alternativa tecnológica eficiente para a decomposição dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho.(AU)

Compostagem de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate two proportions of marine fish residues and rice hulls on both the efficiency of composting process and the final quality of compost. Two treatments were tested: T1 3kg of rice husks and 1kg of marine fish residues; and T2 3 kg of rice husks and 3kg of marine fish residues. The following analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process: biomass temperature, moisture, ash, pH, mineralization index of compost, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and the total concentration of organic matter, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and polynomial regression and the averages were compared by SNK test at 5%. The results showed that rice husks provided immature composts at the end of 90 days of composting. Therefore, they should not be used as a structuring agent if the goal is to producing organic fertilizer. The structuring agent may be reused a larger number of times for composting of residues of marine fish, allowing that a higher proportion suffer decomposition through composting. The composting process is a technological efficient alternative to the decomposition of marine fish residues.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar duas proporções de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz na eficiência do processo de compostagem e na qualidade final do composto. Foram comparados dois tratamentos: T1 3kg de casca de arroz e 1kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e T2 3 kg de casca de arroz e 3 kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. A eficiência do processo de compostagem foi avaliada através das análises de temperatura da biomassa, umidade, cinzas, pH, índice de mineralização do composto, relação carbono/nitrogênio e os teores totais de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, carbono, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newman Keuls a 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a casca de arroz proporcionou compostos imaturos ao final de 90 dias de compostagem, não devendo ser utilizada como agente de estruturação quando o objetivo for produzir fertilizante orgânico. O agente de estruturação pode ser reutilizado um maior número de vezes na compostagem dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho, permitindo que uma maior proporção seja decomposta através da compostagem. O processo de compostagem é uma alternativa tecnológica eficiente para a decomposição dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho.

Formação de mudas de alface em bandejas preenchidas com diferentes substratos / Formation of lettuce seedlings in trays filled with different substrates

O presente trabalho foi conduzido no Setor de Olericultura e Experimentação da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), no município de Alfenas - MG, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a formação de mudas de alface em bandejas preenchidas com diferentes substratos. Os materiais usados para compor os substratos foram a cama de suínos com base de maravalha (M), cama de suínos com base de palha de café (C), húmus de minhoca (H) e os substratos comerciais Nutriorg® e Plantmax®. O uso puro destes substratos e várias misturas possibilitaram a formação de 18 substratos que constituiram os tratamentos. O arranjo experimental foi o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. As mudas de alface formadas foram da cultivar Regina. A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de isopor com 128 células, preenchidas com os substratos em estudo, sendo cada unidade experimental formada por 64 células. A condução do experimento foi dentro de uma estrutura de proteção de 85 m2, modelo capela, com cobertura de plástico transparente de 100 micra de espessura, aditivada contra raios ultravioletas. Aos 30 dias do semeio, foram colhidas dez plântulas, ao acaso, dentro de cada unidade experimental, para avaliar o número de folhas e a altura das plantas. Também foram avaliadas as massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e massas fresca e seca da raiz. Concluiu-se que o substrato T1 ­M reuniu as melhores características para a formação de mudas de alface em bandejas de isopor de 128 células.

Formation of lettuce seedlings in trays filled with different substrates This study was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Experimentation at the University José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS) in Alfenas-MG, Brasil in order to evaluate the formation of lettuce seedlings in trays filled with different substrates. The materials used to compose the substrates were pig bed base with wood shavings (M), pig bed with base coffee straw (C), earthworm humus (H) and commercial substrates Nutriorg® and Plantmax® The use of these pure substrates and various mixtures permitted the formation of 18 substrates that constituted the treatments. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three replications. The lettuce seedlings were formed with the lettuce cultivar Regina. The seeds were sown in trays with 128 cells filled with the substrates under study. Each experimental unit was compost of 64 cells. The conduct of the experiment was within a protective structure of 85 m2, model chapel with transparent plastic cover 100 microns thickness, additives against ultraviolet rays. After 30 days of sowing, ten seedlings were harvested randomly within each experimental unit for evaluating the number of leaves and the plant height. It was also evaluated the fresh and dry mass of aerial part and fresh and dry mass of root. It was concluded that the substrate T1 ­ M met the best features for the formation of lettuce seedlings in trays of 128 cells.