Associations of motor neuron disease research productivity and socioeconomic factors in Southeast Asia: a bibliometric analysis / Associações entre produtividade em pesquisa sobre doenças do neurônio motor e fatores socioeconômicos no sudeste asiático: uma análise bibliométrica

ABSTRACT Background: Scientific productivity on motor neuron disease (MND) research has been hypothesized to be low in Southeast Asia (SEA). Objective: To investigate the scientific productivity of SEA countries on MND and the associations between research metric indices and various country-specific socioeconomic parameters. Methods: We searched electronic databases for relevant articles from SEA on MND from the earliest indexed record to June 30, 2020. We obtained the following research productivity indices: bibliometric (number of publications in journals with impact factor (IF) and Scopus citations) and altmetric indices (PlumX metrics). We also collected data from published literature and reliable sources on the following socioeconomic variables: population, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, %GDP allocated for research and development (R&D) and the number of neurologists per country. Results: We included 196 articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis studies comprised the majority of the articles (n = 112; 57.1%). The top three countries in terms of the numbers of publications in journals with IF and in PlumX metrics were Singapore (n = 129), Malaysia (n = 26), and Thailand (n = 18). GDP per capita, %GDP for R&D and number of neurologists per one million population had strong positive correlations with the bibliometric and altmetric indices. Conclusions: This study highlights that although the scientific productivity of MND research in SEA has been low, it is continuously growing. This also emphasizes the imperative to improve economic indices and the number of neurologists in SEA to enhance scientific output on MND.

Resumo Antecedentes: A produtividade científica em pesquisa sobre doenças do neurônio motor (DNM) tem sido considerada baixa no sudeste asiático. Objetivo: Investigar a produtividade científica sobre DNM em países do sudeste asiático e as associações entre os índices métricos de pesquisa e vários parâmetros socioeconômicos específicos de cada país. Métodos: Foram consultadas bases de dados eletrônicas em busca de artigos relevantes sobre DNM provenientes do sudeste asiático, partindo do registro indexado mais antigo até 30 de junho de 2020. Obtivemos os seguintes índices de produtividade em pesquisa: bibliométrico (número de publicações em periódicos com fator de impacto (FI) e citações na base Scopus) e índices altmétricos (métrica PlumX). Também coletamos dados da literatura publicada e fontes confiáveis ​​sobre as seguintes variáveis ​​socioeconômicas: população, produto interno bruto (PIB), PIB per capita, % do PIB alocada para pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P & D) e o número de neurologistas por país. Resultados: Selecionamos 196 artigos que atenderam aos nossos critérios de inclusão. Estudos sobre esclerose lateral amiotrófica representaram a maioria dos artigos (n = 112; 57,1%). Os três principais países em termos de número de publicações em periódicos com FI e em métricas PlumX foram Cingapura (n = 129), Malásia (n = 26) e Tailândia (n = 18). O PIB per capita, a % do PIB para P & D e o número de neurologistas por um milhão de habitantes tiveram fortes correlações positivas com os índices bibliométricos e altmétricos. Conclusões: Embora a produtividade científica em pesquisa sobre DNM no sudeste asiático ainda seja baixa, este estudo mostra que ela vem crescendo continuamente. Isto também enfatiza a necessidade de melhorar os índices econômicos e o número de neurologistas na região para aumentar a produção científica sobre o assunto.

Effectiveness of the facial mask (non-woven) in the population to prevent coronavirus infections: A systematic review / Eficácia da máscara facial (TNT) na população para prevenção de infecções por coronavírus: Revisão sistemática

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-woven face masks for the prevention of respiratory diseases (MERS CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) in the population. Methods: search in Medline, Embase, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library, Trip databases. It also seeks to complement Google Scholar, Rayyan and medRxiv. No filters related to date, language or publication status were applied. Titles and abstracts were screened, and later, full texts were evaluated. Results: three studies were included: a randomized cluster clinical trial and two systematic reviews. The clinical trial indicates the potential benefit of medical masks to control the source of infection for clinical respiratory disease. In one of the systematic reviews, it was not possible to establish a conclusive relationship between the use of the mask and protection against respiratory infection. Finally, another systematic review has shown that masks are effective in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses. Conclusion: Evidence points to the potential benefit of standard non-woven face masks. For the current pandemic scenario due to COVID 19, education on the appropriate use of masks, associated with individual protection measures, is recommended.

Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia das máscaras padrão de tecido (TNT) para a prevenção de doenças respiratórias (MERS CoV, SARS-CoV e SARS-CoV-2) na população. Métodos: busca nas bases de dados Medline, Embase, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library, Trip. Também busca complementar no Google Acadêmico, Rayyan e medRxiv. Não foram aplicados filtros relacionados a dados, idioma ou status de publicação. Títulos e resumos foram rastreados, e posteriormente textos completos foram usados. Resultados: foram incluídos três estudos: um ensaio clínico randomizado tipo cluster e duas análises sistemáticas. O ensaio clínico indica o benefício potencial de máscaras médicas para o controle da fonte de infecção, para a doença respiratória clínica.Em uma das revisões sistemáticas, não foi possível definir uma relação conclusiva entre o uso da Máscara e proteção contra a infecção respiratória. Por fim, outra revisão sistemática demonstrou que máscaras são usadas na prevenção da propagação de vírus respiratórios. Conclusão: Como indicado para o benefício potencial das máscaras padrão TNT. Para o cenário atual de pandemia por COVID 19, recomenda-se a educação sobre o uso adequado de máscaras, relacionadas a medidas individuais de proteção.

Eficácia da máscara facial (TNT) na população para a prevenção de infecções por coronavírus: revisão sistemática / Effectiveness of the use of non-woven face mask to prevent coronavirus infections in the general population: a rapid systematic review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a eficácia das máscaras faciais padrão tecido não tecido (TNT) para a prevenção de doenças respiratórias (MERS CoV, SARS-CoV e SARS-CoV-2) na população. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados Medline, Embase, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library, Trip. Também busca complementar no Google Acadêmico, Rayyan e medRxiv. Não foram aplicados filtros relacionados a data, idioma ou status de publicação. Títulos e resumos foram rastreados e, posteriormente, textos completos foram avaliados. Foram incluídos três estudos: um ensaio clínico randomizado tipo cluster e duas revisões sistemáticas. O ensaio clínico indica benefício potencial de máscaras médicas para controle da fonte de infecção, para a doença respiratória clínica. Em uma das revisões sistemáticas, não foi possível estabelecer relação conclusiva entre uso da máscara e proteção contra infecção respiratória. Por fim, outra revisão sistemática demonstrou que máscaras são eficazes na prevenção da propagação de vírus respiratórios. As evidências apontam para benefício potencial das máscaras faciais padrão TNT. Para o cenário atual de pandemia por COVID 19, recomenda-se educação sobre uso adequado de máscaras, associado a medidas individuais de proteção.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of non-woven face masks for the prevention of respiratory infections (MERS CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the population. Methods: search in Medline, Embase, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library, Trip databases. Google Scholar, Rayyan and medRxiv were also consulted for complementary results. No filters related to date, language or publication status were applied. Titles and abstracts were screened, and later, full texts were evaluated. Results: three studies were included: a randomized cluster clinical trial and two systematic reviews. The clinical trial indicates a potential benefit of medical masks to control the source of clinical respiratory disease infection. In one of the systematic reviews, it was not possible to establish a conclusive relationship between the use of the mask and protection against respiratory infection. Finally, another systematic review indicated that masks are effective in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses. Conclusion: Evidence points to the potential benefit of standard non-woven face masks. For the current pandemic scenario of COVID-19, education on the appropriate use of masks associated with individual protection measures is recommended.

Condiciones de trabajo y de seguridad social en asociaciones de pequeños y medianos agricultores campesinos con prácticas de economía solidaria en tres municipios del oriente antioqueño, Colombia, 2015 / Conditions of working and social security in peasant communities with solidarity economy practices in three municipalities in eastern Antioquia, Colombia 2015 / Condições de trabalho e segurança social nas comunidades camponesas com práticas de economia solidária em três municípios do leste de Antioquia, Colômbia 2015

Resumen Introducción: En algunas asociaciones de pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios del oriente de Antioquia se identifican prácticas de economía solidaria y de producción agrícola que se han constituido en escenarios de resistencia y alternativas de trabajo para una población económica y socialmente vulnerable. La economía campesina fundamentada en el trabajo agrícola y las incertidumbres relacionadas con las transformaciones productivas que supone la cercanía del oriente antioqueño al Área Metropolitana son aspectos relevantes que deben considerarse a la hora de propender por el fortalecimiento de las organizaciones campesinas de la economía solidaria. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones de trabajo y de seguridad social de un grupo de pequeños y medianos agricultores del sector solidario, comprometidos con la seguridad alimentaria, en tres municipios del oriente de Antioquia. Metodología: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo transversal de 111 productores, asociados activos de diez asociaciones campesinas de economía solidaria, legalmente constituidas. Se recolectó información primaria mediante encuestas. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, laborales y de seguridad social. Resultados: 85,6 % de los asociados pertenecen a estratos bajos y son trabajadores independientes, con ingreso promedio de $296 000 mensual; el 72 % posee seguridad social en salud en régimen subsidiado; el 91 % presenta desprotección en riesgos laborales, y el 88,3 %, en pensiones. Conclusión: Los ingresos de estos colectivos de agricultores del sector solidario son inferiores al salario mínimo legal y al ingreso promedio de los trabajadores del campo colombiano; las desigualdades son protuberantes en relación con los ingresos del resto de trabajadores del país. La protección social supone retos para el Gobierno, en cuanto a incrementar la cobertura en pensiones y riesgos laborales.

Abstract Introduction: The agricultural-based solidarity economy practiced by rural communities in Eastern Antioqua, Colombia, has become a tool for resistance, as well as an alternative source of employment for a socially and economically vulnerable population. Economies based on agriculture and the uncertainties of the productive transformations derived from a community's proximity to Medellin metropolitan area, are important factors that should be taken into account when examining the potentials of a solidary economy. Objective: To analyze the working and social conditions of a group of small and medium-scale farmers, from 3 towns in Eastern Antioquia, who follow the solidarity economy and are committed to food security. Methodology: A descriptive, transversal study was carried out with 111 active producers belonging to 10 legally consolidated solidarity economy farmers associations. Primary data was gathered through polls and workshops. Variables in respondents sociodemographics, work and social security were analyzed based on the statistical measurements of frequency, proportion and central tendency. Results: 85.6% of respondents are independent workers and belong to a lower socioeconomical strata with a mean monthly income of COP 296.000; 72% have health insurance through the country's subsidized system; 91% work without occupational hazard insurance; 88.3% do not contribute to a pension fund. Discussion: Income of the surveyed population was found to be lower than both the legal minimum wage and average wages of workers in the same field; income inequalities are very pronounced compared to other Colombian workers; increasing pension enrollment and occupational hazard coverage are challenges the government continues to face.

Resumo Introdução: As comunidades camponesas do Leste de Antioquia praticam economia de solidariedade que foi constituída em cenários de resistência e alternativas trabalho para populacoes economica e socialmente vulneráveis. A economia baseada na agricultura e as incertezas associadas com as transformações produtivas colocadas pela sua proximidade à área metropolitana de Medellin, são fatores importantes a ter em conta para demonstrar as possibilidades que tem a economia solidária, através da abordagem com as experiências das comunidades. Objetivo: O objetivo foi analisar as condições de trabalho e segurança social de um grupo do setor de pequenos e medios agricultores, comprometidos com a segurança alimentar em três municípios do Leste de Antioquia. Metodologia: Um estudo descritivo transversal foi realizado em 111 produtores associados ativos de 10 associações camponesas de economia solidária, legalmente constituídas. As informações primárias foram coletadas por meio de pesquisas e workshops. Variáveis sociodemográficas, trabalhistas e de seguranca social foram analisadas. A análise foi feita com medidas estatísticas de frequência, proporção e tendência central. Resultados: 85,6% dos associados pertencem ao estrato baixo e são trabalhadores independentes com renda média de $ 296 mil pesos por mês; 72% têm segurança social em saúde em regime subsidiado; 91% tem falta de proteção nos riscos ocupacionais e 88,3% nas posibilidades de ter aposentadoria. Discussão: A renda é menor do que o salário mínimo legal da média dos trabalhadores no campo colombiano; as desigualdades são acentuadas em relação à renda do resto dos trabalhadores do país; na proteção social apresentam-se desafios para o governo para aumentar a cobertura em pensões e riscos ocupacionais.

Pharmacological and residual effects in randomized placebo-controlled trials. A structural causal modelling approach.

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing between pharmacological and residual effects, this paper considers the problem of causal assessment in the case of a particular model, namely a Sure Outcome of Random Events (SORE) model developed for the analysis of data from a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of a drug. METHOD: This model takes into account two kinds of observable effects, a therapeutic effect and a side-effect. For each observable effect, two latent factors are considered, i.e. a pharmacological (or explained) factor and a residual (or unexplained) one. RESULTS: The model presents a plausible mechanism generating the observed and latent outcomes, recursively decomposed into an ordered sequence of sub-mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of this model leads to a novel assessment of causality that evaluates the effect of latent variables and of the bias resulting from ignoring the structural features of the data generating process. This approach is illustrated by a numerical example, along with a case study based on a secondary analysis of real data.

A mudança da tendência de mortalidade causada por câncer gastrointestinal no Irã durante os anos 2006-2010 / The changing trend of mortality caused by gastrointestinal cancers in iran during the years 2006-2010

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancers are one of the most important causes of death in the world. According to their high incidence and mortality, gastrointestinal cancers have particular importance among other cancers. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the mortality change trends of gastrointestinal cancers in Iran. METHODS: This study was performed by analyzing the reported mortality data in 29 provinces of Iran in 2006-2010. Mortality trend of gastrointestinal cancers was drawn for both sexes in the study years and disaggregated by age groups and their frequency distribution. The WinPepi software was used for analysis. RESULTS: In the years 2006-2010, the mortality rate of, gastric, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancers, has significantly increased. Totally, gastrointestinal mortality is higher in men than women. Also, the results showed that by increasing age, death from these cancers also increased. CONCLUSION: The most important causes of death from gastrointestinal cancers were gastric, liver and colorectal cancers in Iran and because of their increasing trend in the country, performing preventive interventions for the cancers' risk factors is necessary.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer é uma das causas mais importantes de morte no mundo. De acordo com a sua alta incidência e mortalidade, o câncer gastrointestinal tem particular importância entre outros tipos de neoplasias. OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar as tendências de mudança de mortalidade de câncer gastrointestinal no Irã. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa analisando-se os dados de mortalidade relatados em 29 províncias do Irã entre 2006-2010. A tendência de mortalidade de câncer gastrointestinal foi delineada para ambos os sexos nos anos de estudo e desagregadas por grupos etários em sua distribuição de frequência. O software WinPepi foi usado para análise. RESULTADOS: Nos anos 2006-2010, a taxa de mortalidade por câncer gástrico, colorretal, de fígado e pancreático aumentou significativamente. A mortalidade por câncer gastrointestinal é maior nos homens do que nas mulheres e, além disso, os resultados mostraram que com o aumentar a idade, a morte causada por estes cânceres também aumentou. CONCLUSÃO: As causas mais importantes da morte entre cânceres de origem gastrointestinal no Irã foram o gástrico, o hepático e o colorretal e devido a sua tendência crescente no país, a realização de intervenções preventivas para os fatores de risco é necessária.

Experiencias y resultados preliminares sobre la nueva estrategia de idioma inglés para la educación superior en la Universidad de Oriente / Experiences and preliminary results on the new strategy of English language for higher education in Oriente University

Este trabajo tiene el propósito de evaluar la implementación de la nueva estrategia de idioma inglés en la educación superior desde su ejemplificación en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad de Oriente, lo que permite valorar las experiencias logradas, a partir de una dinámica formativa novedosa centrada en una participación más protagónica y comprometida de los estudiantes universitarios. Se tuvieron en cuenta concepciones teórico-metodológicas esenciales que permitieron la proyección exitosa del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con una visión de actualidad, basadas en el Marco Común de Referencia Europeo para las Lenguas. Además, en dicha propuesta estuvo presente el enfoque hermenéutico-dialéctico, que ha permitido sustentar la lógica desarrollada desde el tránsito de la observación, la comprensión, la explicación, hasta llegar a la interpretación.

This work has the purpose of evaluating the implementation of the new strategy of English language in higher education from its exemplification in the Languages Center of Oriente University, what allows to value the achieved experiences, starting from a novel training dynamics centered in a more leading and committed participation of the university students. Some essential theoretical-methodological conceptions were taken into account that allowed the successful projection of the teaching-learning process with a vision of the present time, based on the European Common Frame of Reference for Languages. Also, the hermeneutic-dialectical approach was present in this proposal that has allowed to sustain the logic developed from the transit of observation, understanding, explanation, up to interpretation.

Experiencias y resultados preliminares sobre la nueva estrategia de idioma inglés para la educación superior en la Universidad de Oriente / Experiences and preliminary results on the new strategy of English language for higher education in Oriente University

Este trabajo tiene el propósito de evaluar la implementación de la nueva estrategia de idioma inglés en la educación superior desde su ejemplificación en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad de Oriente, lo que permite valorar las experiencias logradas, a partir de una dinámica formativa novedosa centrada en una participación más protagónica y comprometida de los estudiantes universitarios. Se tuvieron en cuenta concepciones teórico-metodológicas esenciales que permitieron la proyección exitosa del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con una visión de actualidad, basadas en el Marco Común de Referencia Europeo para las Lenguas. Además, en dicha propuesta estuvo presente el enfoque hermenéutico-dialéctico, que ha permitido sustentar la lógica desarrollada desde el tránsito de la observación, la comprensión, la explicación, hasta llegar a la interpretación(AU)

This work has the purpose of evaluating the implementation of the new strategy of English language in higher education from its exemplification in the Languages Center of Oriente University, what allows to value the achieved experiences, starting from a novel training dynamics centered in a more leading and committed participation of the university students. Some essential theoretical-methodological conceptions were taken into account that allowed the successful projection of the teaching-learning process with a vision of the present time, based on the European Common Frame of Reference for Languages. Also, the hermeneutic-dialectical approach was present in this proposal that has allowed to sustain the logic developed from the transit of observation, understanding, explanation, up to interpretation(AU)

El exterminio del Movimiento Cívico del Oriente de Antioquia / The Extermination of the Civic Movement in the Eastern Region in Antioquia

Durante los años cincuenta y sesenta del siglo veinte se produjo en Colombia una gran migración de población rural hacia las ciudades, a causa de la atroz violencia que vivió el país en esa época, y por la atracción de trabajadores agrarios hacia el sector industrial productor de bienes básicos, que se expandió notoriamente en aquel momento. Esto provocó el aumento de la demanda de electricidad, por lo cual, las empresas de servicios públicos de Medellín, Bogotá y Cali diseñaron grandes proyectos de generación hidroeléctrica.

During the 1950's and the 1960's, a large rural migration to the cities took place in Colombia, as a result of the heinous acts of violence, which the country experienced in that time, and by the attraction of agricultural workers toward the industrial sector, which is the producer of commodities and which was spread notoriously in that moment. This led to the increase in the demand of electricity, for such a reason, the utility companies of Medellín, Bogota, and Cali, designed great projects of hydroelectric generation.

Tableta masticable de lecitina de soya: de subproducto a producto farmacéutico / Chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholine: from by-product to pharmaceutical product

En el Laboratorio Farmacéutico Oriente de Santiago de Cuba se acometió el desarrollo de una tableta masticable de lecitina de soya con fines de registro y ulterior producción, lo cual se realizó durante el bienio 2011-2013. Se utilizaron excipientes de calidad farmacéutica, los métodos analíticos de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos, edición 35/Formulario Nacional, edición 30 del 2012, así como la tecnología de granulación húmeda y compresión directa. La lecitina fue caracterizada como materia prima farmacéutica y la tableta desarrollada cumplió con los atributos de calidad establecidos, por lo cual se registró con estabilidad comprobada de 2 años. Se suministró valor agregado a esta sustancia, con riesgo potencial de acumulación para el medio ambiente, como producto farmacéutico nuevo en Cuba

The development of a chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholilne was undertaken in Oriente Pharmaceutical Laboratory from Santiago de Cuba with registration ends and subsequent production, that was carried out during the biennium 2011-2013. Excipients of pharmaceutical quality, the analytic methods of the United States Pharmacopoeia, edition 35/National Form, 2012 30th edition, as well as the technology of humid granulation and direct compression were used. Phosphatidylcholine was characterized as pharmaceutical raw material and the developed pill fulfilled the established quality attributes, reason why it was registered with 2 years proven stability. Added value was given to this substance, with potential risk of accumulation for the environment, as new pharmaceutical product in Cuba

Tableta masticable de lecitina de soya: de subproducto a producto farmacéutico / Chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholine: from by-product to pharmaceutical product

En el Laboratorio Farmacéutico Oriente de Santiago de Cuba se acometió el desarrollo de una tableta masticable de lecitina de soya con fines de registro y ulterior producción, lo cual se realizó durante el bienio 2011-2013. Se utilizaron excipientes de calidad farmacéutica, los métodos analíticos de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos, edición 35/Formulario Nacional, edición 30 del 2012, así como la tecnología de granulación húmeda y compresión directa. La lecitina fue caracterizada como materia prima farmacéutica y la tableta desarrollada cumplió con los atributos de calidad establecidos, por lo cual se registró con estabilidad comprobada de 2 años. Se suministró valor agregado a esta sustancia, con riesgo potencial de acumulación para el medio ambiente, como producto farmacéutico nuevo en Cuba(AU)

The development of a chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholilne was undertaken in Oriente Pharmaceutical Laboratory from Santiago de Cuba with registration ends and subsequent production, that was carried out during the biennium 2011-2013. Excipients of pharmaceutical quality, the analytic methods of the United States Pharmacopoeia, edition 35/National Form, 2012 30th edition, as well as the technology of humid granulation and direct compression were used. Phosphatidylcholine was characterized as pharmaceutical raw material and the developed pill fulfilled the established quality attributes, reason why it was registered with 2 years proven stability. Added value was given to this substance, with potential risk of accumulation for the environment, as new pharmaceutical product in Cuba(AU)

Molecular analysis of the CTNS gene in Jordanian families with nephropathic cystinosis.

OBJECTIVE: Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder that is characterised by the accumulation of the amino acid cystine in several body tissues due to a mutation in the CTNS gene, which encodes the cystinosin protein. The aim of this study was to sequence the coding exons of the CTNS gene in five different Jordanian families and one family from Sudan with nephropathic cystinosis. METHODS: Probands initially presented with Fanconi syndrome symptoms. An eye examination showed the accumulation of cystine crystals in the cornea by the age of 2 years, suggesting cystinosis. All of the coding exons and flanking intronic sequences and the promoter region of the CTNS gene were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and subjected to sequencing. RESULTS: None of the probands in this study carried the European 57-kb deletion in the CTNS gene. Seven variants in the coding and promoter sequence of the CTNS gene were identified in the probands of this study. Two of these variants were a CTNS mutation that was previously identified in a heterozygous genotype in two different patients of European descendant. The two mutations were c.829dupA in exon 10 and c.890G>A in exon 11. The proband of family 2 was compound-heterozygous for the two mutations. CONCLUSION: This study is the first molecular study of infantile nephropathic cystinosis in Jordan. We successfully identified the causative CTNS mutations in Jordanian families. The results provide a basis for the early detection of the disease using molecular tools in a highly consanguineous Jordanian population.

Optimal management of a multispecies shorebird flyway under sea-level rise.

Every year, millions of migratory shorebirds fly through the East Asian-Australasian Flyway between their arctic breeding grounds and Australasia. This flyway includes numerous coastal wetlands in Asia and the Pacific that are used as stopover sites where birds rest and feed. Loss of a few important stopover sites through sea-level rise (SLR) could cause sudden population declines. We formulated and solved mathematically the problem of how to identify the most important stopover sites to minimize losses of bird populations across flyways by conserving land that facilitates upshore shifts of tidal flats in response to SLR. To guide conservation investment that minimizes losses of migratory bird populations during migration, we developed a spatially explicit flyway model coupled with a maximum flow algorithm. Migratory routes of 10 shorebird taxa were modeled in a graph theoretic framework by representing clusters of important wetlands as nodes and the number of birds flying between 2 nodes as edges. We also evaluated several resource allocation algorithms that required only partial information on flyway connectivity (node strategy, based on the impacts of SLR at nodes; habitat strategy, based on habitat change at sites; population strategy, based on population change at sites; and random investment). The resource allocation algorithms based on flyway information performed on average 15% better than simpler allocations based on patterns of habitat loss or local bird counts. The Yellow Sea region stood out as the most important priority for effective conservation of migratory shorebirds, but investment in this area alone will not ensure the persistence of species across the flyway. The spatial distribution of conservation investments differed enormously according to the severity of SLR and whether information about flyway connectivity was used to guide the prioritizations. With the rapid ongoing loss of coastal wetlands globally, our method provides insight into efficient conservation planning for migratory species.

La televisión comunitaria en el oriente antioqueño: un ejercicio de construcción de tejido social y paz / The community television system in the eastern region in antioquia: an exercise of construction of the social fabric and peace

El presente artículo resultado de investigación, expone las diversas realidades que atraviesan los canales comunitarios del Oriente Antioqueño (Colombia). Para presentar los resultados el texto relaciona tres momentos: primero, aspectos jurídicos que en Colombia rigen la Televisión Comunitaria, normativas que ha regido a la televisión pública en el país y sus incidencias en el desarrollo de la televisión comunitaria local; dos, se ahonda en la necesidad de entender los modos de organización como asociaciones económicas y sus acciones colectivas (Actividades en Red) como estrategias co-operativas para el trabajo y tres, plantea el papel de la televisión comunitaria como órgano de expresión de las comunidades de esta subregión golpeada por la violencia, la exclusión y la impuesta llegada del desarrollo.

This current article, the result of a piece of research, introduces the various situations that the community channels, in the eastern region in Antioquia (Colombia), have to go through. In order to present the results, the text relates three moments: firstly, legal aspects governing the community television system, regulations that have controlled the public television in the country and its effects on the development of the local community television system; in Colombia; secondly, it delves into the need to understand modes of organization such as economic associations and their collective actions (Network Activities) as co-operative strategies for the work, and thirdly, it raises the role of the community television system as an organ of expression of the communities in this sub-region, struck by violence, exclusion, and the imposed arrival of development.

Seroprevalencia de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en bancos de sangre públicos del oriente de Venezuela / Trypanosoma cruzi infection seroprevalence at public blood banks in eastern Venezuela

Se evaluó la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos tipo IgG anti-Trypanosoma cruzi en tres bancos de sangre públicos del oriente Venezolano (estado Sucre: Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de AlcalᔠCumaná; Hospital “Santos Aníbal Dominicci” Carúpano; estado Monagas: Hospital “Núñez Tovar”, Maturín). Se evaluaron 1.301 sueros provenientes de donantes (rango de edad: 18 a 59 años), de ambos sexos. Quinientos dieciocho (n=518) procedieron del banco de sangre del Hospital de Cumaná, 281 del banco de sangre del Hospital de Carúpano y 502 del banco de sangre del Hospital de Maturín. El diagnóstico serológico fue realizado mediante la prueba de ELISA (EPI-ELISA) y como prueba confirmatoria la técnica de Western blot (TESA-blot). Para la evaluación de los resultados de las pruebas no concluyentes, se empleó una tercera prueba serológica (inmunofluorescencia indirecta: IFI). La seropositividad de anticuerpos tipo IgG anti-T. cruzi fue de 0,6% (8/1301 donantes) en los tres bancos de sangre evaluados. La seroprevalencia de infección por T. cruzi en los tres bancos de sangre públicos estudiados resultó baja; no obstante, se recomienda aplicar más de una prueba serológica para mejorar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas en los bancos de sangre de Venezuela.

The seroprevalence of IgG type anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies was evaluated at three public blood banks in Eastern Venezuela (Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de Alcala, Cumaná and Hospital “Santos Anibal Dominici”, Carúpano, Sucre State; and Hospital “Nuñez Tovar, Maturin, Monagas State). The evaluation included 1,301 serum samples obtained from donors (ages: 18-59 years, both sexes). Five hundred and eighteen (N=518) came from the blood bank at the Hospital in Cumaná, 281 from the blood bank at the Hospital in Carúpano, and 502 from the blood bank at the Hospital in Maturín. The serologic diagnosis was done by the ELISA test (EPI-ELISA) and as confirmation we used the Western blot test (TESA-blot). For the evaluation of non conclusive results we used a third serologic test (indirect immunoflourescence (IIF)). Seropositivity of IgG type anti-T. cruzi antibodies was 0.6% (8/1301 donors) from the 3 blood banks evaluated. T. cruzi infection seroprevalence at the 3 blood banks studied was low; nevertheless, it is recommended to apply more than one serologic test to improve the diagnosis of Chagas disease at Venezuelan blood banks.

Heidegger in Nishida Philosophy / Heidegger na Filosofia nishidiana

Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) was one of the introducers of phenomenology in Japan. However, for him, there were points of disagreement with the statements of philosophy. In his encounter with the writings of Heidegger, the author also presents points to itself unacceptable or, at least, unsatisfied. In this work, we chose some critical views of the philosophical stance of Heidegger, between 1925 and 1940. The presentation will focus the historicity of the existence, based on texts and how Nishida discusses Heidegger's position on this issue.(AU)

Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) foi um dos introdutores da fenomenologia no ambiente acadêmico japonês. No entanto, a partir de seu próprio ponto de vista, foram encontrados pontos de discordância com as afirmações da filosofia. Em seu encontro com os textos de Heidegger, o autor também detecta pontos que ele são inaceitáveis ou que o deixam insatisfeito. Neste trabalho, escolhemos algumas das críticas de Nishida à postura filosófica de Heidegger, entre 1925 e 1940. A apresentação terá como ponto central a historicidade da existência, focalizada a partir de textos de Nishida e o modo como problematiza a posição de Heidegger sobre esse tema.(AU)

Heidegger, Ostasien und Technologie / Heidegger, Oriente e Tecnologia / Heidegger, the East and Technology

Heidegger hat sich in seinem spãten Werk mit der planetarischen Hegemonie der modernen Technik beschãftigt, die immer einschneidender an der Definition unserer Gewohnheiten, Sprache und an den Horizonten der Erwartungen teilnimmt. Neben der Wiederaufnahme der metaphysischen Wege, die die Welt verwestlicht haben, und neben des In Frage Stellens der Essenz der derzeitigen Herrschaft, hat sich Heidegger einigen Nischen der Andersartigkeit zugewendet, die in der Lage sind, den Boden der technischen Objektivierung zum Beispiel für den Dialog mit einer bestimmten õstlichen Andersartigkeit zu nãhren. Genau in dieser Schwierigkeit sah er ein Versprechen. Eine grundlegende Frage: wenn sich, geopolitisch gesehen, der õstliche Teil an sich letztendlich verwestlicht hat, wie kõnnte uns dann die von Heidegger in Frage gestellte õstliche Andersartigkeit inmitten des technologischen Imperiums und mit der ihr eigenen Geschwindigkeit und Bestimungen die wahre Kraft der Verwandlung bieten?(AU)

In his later work, Heidegger discussed the global hegemony of modern technology, which has become increasingly incisive in the definition of our habits, language and horizons of expectation. In addition to revisit the metaphysical paths that westernized the world and to question the essence of the current domination, Heidegger also turned to some niches of alterity capable of irrigating the soil of technical reification, e.g., for the dialogue with some oriental alterity. It was precisely in the difficulty of this dialogue that he saw a promise. Bottom line: if the East itself, geopolitically speaking, eventually became westernized, how, amid the empire of technology, with its speed and peculiar framework, the eastern alterity interrogated by Heidegger could possibly offer us genuine sap of transformation?(AU)

Heidegger ocupou-se, em sua obra tardia, com a hegemonia planetária da técnica moderna, cada vez mais incisiva na definição dos nossos hábitos, linguagem e horizontes de expectativa. Além de repisar os caminhos metafísicos que ocidentalizaram o mundo, e de questionar a essência da atual dominação, voltou-se para alguns nichos de alteridade, capazes de irrigar o solo da objetificação técnica, por exemplo, para o diálogo com certa alteridade oriental. Precisamente na dificuldade desse diálogo ele enxergava uma promessa. Questão de fundo: se o próprio Oriente, geopoliticamente falando, acabou se ocidentalizando, de que modo, em meio ao império da tecnologia, com sua velocidade e enquadramento peculiares, a alteridade oriental interrogada por Heidegger poderia nos oferecer genuína seiva de transformação?(AU)

Heidegger, Ostasien und Technologie / Heidegger, the East and Technology / Heidegger, Oriente e Tecnologia

Heidegger hat sich in seinem späten Werk mit der planetarischen Hegemonie der modernen Technik beschäftigt, die immer einschneidender an der Definition unserer Gewohnheiten, Sprache und an den Horizonten der Erwartungen teilnimmt. Neben der Wiederaufnahme der metaphysischen Wege, die die Welt verwestlicht haben, und neben des In Frage Stellens der Essenz der derzeitigen Herrschaft, hat sich Heidegger einigen Nischen der Andersartigkeit zugewendet, die in der Lage sind, den Boden der technischen Objektivierung zum Beispiel für den Dialog mit einer bestimmten östlichen Andersartigkeit zu nähren. Genau in dieser Schwierigkeit sah er ein Versprechen. Eine grundlegende Frage: wenn sich, geopolitisch gesehen, der östliche Teil an sich letztendlich verwestlicht hat, wie könnte uns dann die von Heidegger in Frage gestellte östliche Andersartigkeit inmitten des technologischen Imperiums und mit der ihr eigenen Geschwindigkeit und Bestimungen die wahre Kraft der Verwandlung bieten?.

In his later work, Heidegger discussed the global hegemony of modern technology, which has become increasingly incisive in the definition of our habits, language and horizons of expectation. In addition to revisit the metaphysical paths that westernized the world and to question the essence of the current domination, Heidegger also turned to some niches of alterity capable of irrigating the soil of technical reification, e.g., for the dialogue with some oriental alterity. It was precisely in the difficulty of this dialogue that he saw a promise. Bottom line: if the East itself, geopolitically speaking, eventually became westernized, how, amid the empire of technology, with its speed and peculiar framework, the eastern alterity interrogated by Heidegger could possibly offer us genuine sap of transformation?.

Heidegger ocupou-se, em sua obra tardia, com a hegemonia planetária da técnica moderna, cada vez mais incisiva na definição dos nossos hábitos, linguagem e horizontes de expectativa. Além de repisar os caminhos metafísicos que ocidentalizaram o mundo, e de questionar a essência da atual dominação, voltou-se para alguns nichos de alteridade, capazes de irrigar o solo da objetificação técnica, por exemplo, para o diálogo com certa alteridade oriental. Precisamente na dificuldade desse diálogo ele enxergava uma promessa. Questão de fundo: se o próprio Oriente, geopoliticamente falando, acabou se ocidentalizando, de que modo, em meio ao império da tecnologia, com sua velocidade e enquadramento peculiares, a alteridade oriental interrogada por Heidegger poderia nos oferecer genuína seiva de transformação?.

Heidegger in Nishida Philosophy / Heidegger na Filosofia nishidiana

Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) was one of the introducers of phenomenology in Japan. However, for him, there were points of disagreement with the statements of philosophy. In his encounter with the writings of Heidegger, the author also presents points to itself unacceptable or, at least, unsatisfied. In this work, we chose some critical views of the philosophical stance of Heidegger, between 1925 and 1940. The presentation will focus the historicity of the existence, based on texts and how Nishida discusses Heidegger's position on this issue.

Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) foi um dos introdutores da fenomenologia no ambiente acadêmico japonês. No entanto, a partir de seu próprio ponto de vista, foram encontrados pontos de discordância com as afirmações da filosofia. Em seu encontro com os textos de Heidegger, o autor também detecta pontos que ele são inaceitáveis ou que o deixam insatisfeito. Neste trabalho, escolhemos algumas das críticas de Nishida à postura filosófica de Heidegger, entre 1925 e 1940. A apresentação terá como ponto central a historicidade da existência, focalizada a partir de textos de Nishida e o modo como problematiza a posição de Heidegger sobre esse tema.

Heidegger und das unausweichliche Gesprach mit dem ostasiatischen Denken / Heidegger e o inevitável diálogo como pensamento oriental / Heidegger and the inevitable dialogue with Eastern thought

A reflexão sobre o inevitável diálogo com o pensamento oriental expresso por Heidegger é instigante, considerando que nenhum outro filósofo na história do pensamento ocidental esteve, como ele, ao mesmo tempo tão distante e tão próximo do pensamento oriental. A distância percebe-se em suas recorrentes e categóricas afirmações de que a filosofia é um acontecimento eminentemente ocidental. A proximidade, não tão explícita quanto à distância, reside no fato de Heidegger ser o primeiro pensador ocidental que, no âmbito da filosofia, indica a abertura ao diálogo com o Oriente, como uma possível solução para questões que a metafísica ocidental não conseguiu solucionar. A ideia de abertura ao diálogo com o Oriente em Heidegger tem como referência direta o diálogo com o universo grego, o retorno ao início, que se torna central em seu pensamento a partir do final da década de 1930.(AU)

Heideggers Aussage über das „unausweichliche Gesprãch mit der ostasiatischen Welt" zeigt, dass für ihn das Gesprãch zwischen westlichem und õstlichem Denken noch kommen müsse. Das behauptete er im Jahre 1953, kurz bevor er mit dem japanischen Germanisten Tomio Tezuka einen Dialog führte, der als Grundlage für die Schrift Aus einem Gesprãch von der Sprache diente. Weiter gab es keine relevante Ãußerung über seine Beziehung zur ostasiatischen Welt mehr, die seine Ansicht über das Gesprãch als einer zukünftigen Angelegenheit relativieren würde. Seine intensiven Kontakte mit der õstlichen Welt bezeichnete er selbst nicht als ein Gesprãch, sondern als dessen Vorbereitung, die eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Anfang des abendlãndischen Denkens voraussetze. Die Reflexion über die Einflüsse und Übereinstimmungen zwischen Heidegger und dem ostasiatischen Denken ist anspornend und treffend, wenn man berücksichtigt, dass kein anderer Philosoph in der Geschichte des abendlãndischen Denkens so weit davon entfernt und zugleich so nah am ostasiatischen Denken war, wie Heidegger. Die Annãherungspunkte sind verstreut, aber die Distanzierungen ãußern sich in kategorischen Darlegungen Heideggers, die das Philosophieren als eine ausschließlich abendlãndische Erfahrung betrachten.(AU)

The reflection on the inevitable dialogue with Eastern thought expressed by Heidegger is intriguing, considering that no other philosopher in the history of Western philosophy has been so distant and yet so close to Eastern thought as he was. His distance is expressed by his repeated and categorical assertions that philosophy is essentially a Western experience. His closeness, which is less explicit, lies in the fact that Heidegger was the first Western thinker who, in the context of philosophy, mentions that openness to the dialogue with the East might provide solutions to issues that Western metaphysics has failed to solve. The idea of openness to the dialogue with the East in Heidegger has its direct reference in the dialogue with the Greek world, the return to the source, which becomes central in his thinking from the late 1930s.(AU)