Pre-analytical stability of selected biochemical analytes in serum of horses and oxen stored at -20°C.

BACKGROUND: Delays between blood collection and analysis are inevitable, and samples are always stored in the refrigerator. The current study aimed to evaluate the stability of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), total protein (TP), albumin and urea (URA) in horses and oxen after storage at -20°C. METHODS: Sera from apparently healthy 20 male horses and 20 oxen were obtained and aliquots of serum were divided into 3 portions. The first tube was used for baseline (T0) measurement of analyte values, whereas the other two tubes, T1 and T2, were stored at -20°C for 1 and 2 months, respectively, and analyte measurement was done. RESULTS: Results showed that the stability of TP (g/dL), URA (mg/dL) and TC (mg/dL) in oxen was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In horses, the stability of URA (mg/dL), TP (g/dL) and TG (mg/dL) were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Additionally, URA and TC in oxen exceed TEa following measurement at T2 and TG in horses following measurement at T1 and T2. CONCLUSION: Laboratories should consider the storage temperature and time for specific analytes among animals. Therefore, stability studies at various storage temperatures and times are recommended to fully validate the stability of the analytes.

Close Companions? A Zooarchaeological Study of the Human-Cattle Relationship in Medieval England.

Across medieval Europe, cattle commanded a major, if shifting, economic and social value, and their use for meat, milk, and traction is well established. Although the changing roles of cattle throughout this period may have influenced relationships between humans and cattle, this has been largely neglected in historical and zooarchaeological studies. Data from nearly 700 archaeological assemblages of animal remains have been used to provide an overview of the herd structures (age and sex) of cattle populations for England between AD 450 and 1400. These have been analysed alongside pathological and sub-pathological changes in over 2800 lower limb bones of cattle from seventeen archaeological sites to provide a better understanding of the use of cattle for ploughing, hauling, and carting. The findings were considered alongside historical documents and ethnographic evidence to chart changing human-cattle relationships. Results indicate that human-cattle relations varied with changing economic, agricultural, and social practices. From the mid-fifth century, cattle were a form of portable wealth, however, by the mid-ninth century, they were perceived as a commodity with monetary value. From this period, close human-cattle bonds are likely to have been widespread between plough hands and working animals. Such bonds are may have diminished with the increasing number of young beef cattle kept to supply the urban population from the mid-eleventh century.

The sustainability of changes in agricultural technology: The carbon, economic and labour implications of mechanisation and synthetic fertiliser use.

New agricultural technologies bring multiple impacts which are hard to predict. Two changes taking place in Indian agriculture are a transition from bullocks to tractors and an associated replacement of manure with synthetic fertilisers. This paper uses primary data to model social, environmental and economic impacts of these transitions in South India. It compares ploughing by bullocks or tractors and the provision of nitrogen from manure or synthetic urea for irrigated rice from the greenhouse gas (GHG), economic and labour perspective. Tractors plough nine times faster than bullocks, use substantially less labour, with no significant difference in GHG emissions. Tractors are twice as costly as bullocks yet remain more popular to hire. The GHG emissions from manure-N paddy are 30 % higher than for urea-N, largely due to the organic matter in manure driving methane emissions. Labour use is significantly higher for manure, and the gender balance is more equal. Manure is substantially more expensive as a source of nutrients compared to synthetic nutrients, yet remains popular when available. This paper demonstrates the need to take a broad approach to analysing the sustainability impacts of new technologies, as trade-offs between different metrics are common.

Componentes principais das características de carcaças de bovinos anelorados e fontes de variação em lesões / Principal components of carcass characteristics in zebu cattle and variation factors for injuries

Objetivou-se levantar e avaliar os componentes principais das características de carcaças de bovinos anelorados e fontes de variação em lesões. Utilizou-se um banco de dados com informações de 15.002 carcaças de bovinos anelorados. As variáveis levantadas foram peso da carcaça quente, conformação da carcaça, escore de gordura subcutânea, condição sexual, número de dentes incisivos, lesões e distância percorrida da propriedade rural ao abatedouro. Também foi considerado o sistema de terminação dos bovinos por meio da comunicação pessoal do técnico responsável pelo rebanho. Para entender o relacionamento das variáveis descritas, utilizaram-se a correlação dos componentes principais e as variáveis originais, os planos fatoriais, o círculo unitário, a análise de cluster e testes não-paramétricos. O escore de gordura subcutânea, a condição sexual, o peso da carcaça quente, o número de dentes e a propriedade rural, compuseram 68,26% da variação total. A conformação das carcaças e o sistema de terminação explicaram uma baixa parcela da variabilidade. As variáveis: propriedade rural (distância percorrida), número de dentes incisivos, sistema de terminação e escore de gordura subcutânea, influenciaram o número de carcaças com lesões. A condição sexual, o peso da carcaça quente e a conformação da carcaça não alteraram a proporção de carcaças com lesões.

This study was made in order to evaluate the principal components of carcass characteristics in Zebu cattle and variation factors for injuries. We used a database with information from 15,002 carcasses of Zebu cattle. The variables studied were hot carcass weight, carcass conformation, fat thickness score, sexual condition, number of teeth, injuries and distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse. We also raised the finishing system of cattle through information obtained from the technician responsible for the herd. To understand the relationship of the variables, we used the correlation of the principal components and original variables, the factorial plans, the unit circle, cluster analysis and non-parametric tests. The fat thickness score, sexual condition, hot carcass weight, the number of teeth, and farm comprised 68.26% of the total variability. The carcasses conformation and the finishing system explained a low proportion of the variability. Variables as farm, number of teeth, finishing system and fat thickness score influenced the number of injuried carcasses. The sexual condition, hot carcass weight and carcass conformation did not change the proportion of injuried carcasses.