ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of school varicella and varicella public health emergency event (PHEE) in Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of varicella in schools. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the reported PHEE of varicella in students and varicella in schools in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2020. Results From 2018 to 2020, a total of 69,391 cases of varicella were reported in students in Yunnan Province, accounting for 71.48% (69 391 / 97 080) of the total cases in the province, and the annual average reported incidence rate was 255.56/100 000 (69 391/27.1522 million). The time distribution of the incidence showed double peaks, which were from May to July (26.48%) and October to January of the following year (53.88%). The incidence rates of different schools from high to low were 301.74/100 000 for primary schools (34 816/11.538 3 million), 250.43/100 000 for kindergarten (11 526/4.6024 million), 202.74/100 000 for middle school (16 779/8.276 1 million), and 119.07/100 000 for others (3 257/2.735 4 million). The age distribution was mainly concentrated in 5-9 years old, accounting for 39.81% (27 625/69 391). Varicella PHEE accounted for 25.64% (180/702）of the province's PHEE in the same period, school varicella PHEE accounted for 100% of varicella PHEE, and the attack rate was 3.38% (6 566/194 260). The sources of reported varicella PHEE were hospitals 45.40% (58/123), epidemic analysis 36.78% (44/123), schools 13.22% (15/123), and others 4.60% (6/123). Conclusion The incidence of varicella in schools in Yunnan Province is high, which is harmful to students. PHEE reported in rural schools are relatively lagging behind. On the basis of doing two doses of varicella vaccination, emergency prevention should be focused on epidemic seasons, lower grade schools and rural schools. The source of infection shall be controlled and managed in time to prevent the outbreak of the epidemic. It is recommended that varicella should be included in the management of Class C infectious diseases.
ABSTRACT
Human speech shares a 3-8-Hz theta rhythm across all languages [1-3]. According to the frame/content theory of speech evolution, this rhythm corresponds to syllabic rates derived from natural mandibular-associated oscillations [4]. The underlying pattern originates from oscillatory movements of articulatory muscles [4, 5] tightly linked to periodic vocal fold vibrations [4, 6, 7]. Such phono-articulatory rhythms have been proposed as one of the crucial preadaptations for human speech evolution [3, 8, 9]. However, the evolutionary link in phono-articulatory rhythmicity between vertebrate vocalization and human speech remains unclear. From the phonatory perspective, theta oscillations might be phylogenetically preserved throughout all vertebrate clades [10-12]. From the articulatory perspective, theta oscillations are present in non-vocal lip smacking [1, 13, 14], teeth chattering [15], vocal lip smacking [16], and clicks and faux-speech [17] in non-human primates, potential evolutionary precursors for speech rhythmicity [1, 13]. Notably, a universal phono-articulatory rhythmicity similar to that in human speech is considered to be absent in non-human primate vocalizations, typically produced with sound modulations lacking concomitant articulatory movements [1, 9, 18]. Here, we challenge this view by investigating the coupling of phonatory and articulatory systems in marmoset vocalizations. Using quantitative measures of acoustic call structure, e.g., amplitude envelope, and call-associated articulatory movements, i.e., inter-lip distance, we show that marmosets display speech-like bi-motor rhythmicity. These oscillations are synchronized and phase locked at theta rhythms. Our findings suggest that oscillatory rhythms underlying speech production evolved early in the primate lineage, identifying marmosets as a suitable animal model to decipher the evolutionary and neural basis of coupled phono-articulatory movements.
Subject(s)
Callithrix/physiology , Theta Rhythm/physiology , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Voice/physiology , Animals , Female , Male , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Perillae Herba has been traditionally used for the sedation in the oriental countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether Perillae Herba ethanol extract (PHEE) enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors in animals. In addition, the possible mechanisms are demonstrated. PHEE (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. p.o.) reduced the locomotor activity in mice. PHEE reduced sleep latency and augmented the total sleep time in pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep in mice. Furthermore, the number of sleeping mice treated with sub-hypnotic pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.) increased. PHEE (50 mg/kg. p.o.) decreased the sleep/wake cycles and wakefulness, and increased total sleeping time and NREM sleep in electroencephalogram (EEG) of rats. In addition, PHEE (0.1, 1.0 and 10 µg/ml) increased the intracellular Cl⁻ level through the GABA receptors in the hypothalamus of rats. Moreover, the protein of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was overexpressed by PFEE. It was found that PHEE enhanced pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through GABA(A)-ergic transmissions.
