Dietary Habits and Gaming Behaviors of Portuguese and Brazilian Esports Players.

As the esports industry grows, marketing campaigns for fast food, soft drinks, alcoholic and energy drinks, and dietary supplements at related events intensify. Portuguese and Brazilian esports players' dietary patterns remain unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the dietary and gaming habits of esports players. We applied an anonymous, open online survey to a convenience sample of esports players that included the PREDIMED and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. The survey was shared through email and social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Discord, WhatsApp, and Twitch. The sample (n = 579) was predominantly male (91.4%), averaged 26.1 (SD = 7.0) years, and 25.9 (SD = 5.5) kg/m2. Most reported a weak (53.7%) adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Almost a third (32.3%) consumed dietary supplements. Our sample presented a low adhesion to the Mediterranean dietary pattern, low consumption of fruit and vegetables, and high consumption of fast food, red and processed meat, soft drinks, and dietary supplements, including caffeine-based supplements. Dietary supplement consumption was related to a higher adhesion to the Mediterranean diet, and a higher level of professionalization and internet gaming disorder correlated with a lower adhesion. In conclusion, we infer that Portuguese and Brazilian esports players follow an unbalanced diet.

Factores bioquímicos asociados a la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea / Biochemical factors associated with adherence to a Mediterranean Diet

Introducción: Existen evidencias respecto a la relación inversa, entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el desarrollo de padecimientos crónicos como enfermedad coronaria, síndrome metabólico y diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar los factores bioquímicos asociados a la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, en pacientes atendidos en un centro médico peruano. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 209 pacientes atendidos en un centro médico de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó el cuestionario PREDIMED para medir la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Se indagó la correlación entre el puntaje de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y las covariables, edad, sexo, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperglicemia en ayunas y diagnóstico nutricional. Se utilizaron modelos lineales generales. Resultados: De 209 participantes, la mayoría fueron hombres (79,9 por ciento) y la mediana de edad fue de 31 años. El 20,2 por ciento tenía obesidad, quienes presentaron alteraciones en triglicéridos, fueron el 29,1 por ciento, colesterol (21,7 por ciento) y glicemia en ayunas (26,8 por ciento). En cuanto al puntaje del PREDIMED, la media fue de 4,6 puntos. Se encontró que la hiperglicemia en ayunas (Coef. = -2,08) tuvo asociación negativa con el puntaje de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Conclusión: La adherencia al patrón de dieta mediterránea es baja, y se correlaciona de forma negativa con hallazgos de hiperglicemia en los participantes evaluados (AU)

Introduction: There is evidence regarding the inverse relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the development of chronic conditions such as coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Objective: To determine the factors associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients attended in a Peruvian medical center. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study in 209 patients attended at a medical center in Lima, Peru. The PREDIMED questionnaire was used to measure adherence to Mediterranean diet. Correlation between the Mediterranean diet adherence score and the covariates, age, sex, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, fasting hyperglycemia and nutritional diagnosis was investigated. General linear models were used. Results: Of 209 participants, the majority were male (79.9 %) and the median age was 31 years. The 20.2 percent had obesity, those who presented alterations in triglycerides were 29.1 percent, cholesterol (21.7 percent) and fasting glycemia (26.8 percent). As for the PREDIMED score, the mean was 4.6 points. It was found that fasting hyperglycemia (Coef. = -2.08) had a negative association with the Mediterranean diet adherence score. Conclusion: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern is low, and is negatively correlated with hyperglycemia findings in the participants evaluated(AU)

Patrón de dieta pro-vegetariana y mortalidad general / Pro-vegetarian dietary pattern and all-cause mortality

Vegetarian diets have been associated with a reduced mortality. Since a pure vegetarian diet might not be easily embraced by many individuals, consuming preferentially plant-based foods would be a more easily understood message. A pro-vegetarian food pattern (FP) emphasizing preference for plant-based foods might reduce all-cause mortality. In the PREDIMED cohort we followed 7,216 participants (57% women, mean age 67 years old) at high cardiovascular risk for a median of 4.8 years. Diet was assessed yearly through a validated 137-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Fruit, vegetables, nuts, cereals, legumes, olive oil and potatoes consumption were positively considered while animal fats, eggs, fish, dairy products and meat or meat products consumption were negatively considered. Energy-adjusted quintiles were used to assign points to build the Pro-vegetarian FP (range: 12 to 60 points). There were 323 deaths during follow-up (76 from cardiovascular disease, 130 from cancer, 117 for non-cancer, non-cardiovascular causes) and were confirmed by reviewing medical records and verification in the National Death Index. We observed that among omnivorous subjects at high cardiovascular risk, better conformity with a FP that emphasized plant-derived foods was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality.

Las dietas vegetarianas se han asociado con una menor mortalidad. Dado que una dieta vegetariana pura no puede ser llevada a cabo fácilmente por la mayoría de personas, consumir alimentos preferentemente de origen vegetal sería un mensaje más moderado y asequible. Un patrón de dieta pro-vegetariana, con preferencia por los alimentos vegetales podría reducir la mortalidad total. En la cohorte PREDIMED seguimos a 7.216 participantes (57 % mujeres, edad media de 67 años) con alto riesgo cardiovascular durante una media de 4,8 años. Se valoró la dieta con un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos validado de 137 ítems que fue administrado al inicio del estudio y repetido anualmente. El consumo de frutas, verduras, frutos secos, cereales, legumbres, aceite de oliva y patatas se valoró positivamente y el consumo de grasas animales, huevos, pescado, lácteos y productos cárnicos se valoró negativamente. Se calcularon quintiles ajustados por energía (rango de 12 a 60 puntos). Hubo 323 muertes durante el seguimiento (76 por causas cardiovasculares y 130 por cáncer) confirmadas mediante la revisión de historias clínicas y por comprobación en el Índice Nacional de Defunciones. Se observó que entre individuos omnívoros con alto riesgo cardiovascular, el seguimiento de una dieta pro-vegetariana se asoció con un menor riesgo de mortalidad por cualquier causa.

Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts reduces waist circumference and shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in subjects at high cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE: The PREDIMED trial showed that Mediterranean diets supplemented with either extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced incident cardiovascular events compared to a control diet. Consumption of both supplemental foods has been associated with reduced LDL-cholesterol, but it is unknown whether they can shift lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern. We investigated changes in adiposity and lipoprotein subfractions after consumption of the PREDIMED diets. METHODS: In a PREDIMED sub-cohort (n = 169), lipoprotein subclasses (particle concentrations and size) were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline and after intervention for 1 year. RESULTS: Participants allocated to the Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts showed significant reductions from baseline of waist circumference (mean [95% CI]; -5 cm [-7; -3]) and concentrations of medium-small (-27 nmol/l [-46; -8]) and very small LDL (-111 nmol/l [-180; -42]); decreased LDL particle number (a nuclear magnetic resonance-specific measurement) (-98 nmol/l [-184; -11]); and an increase of large LDL concentrations (54 nmol/l [18; 90]), with a net increase (0.2 nmol/l [0.1; 0.4]) of LDL size. The Mediterranean diets with olive oil and nuts increased large HDL concentrations (0.6 µM [0.0; 1.1] and 1.0 µM [0.4; 1.5], respectively). Compared to the other two intervention groups, participants in the nut-enriched diet showed significantly reduced waist circumference (p ≤ 0.006, both) and increased LDL size (p < 0.05, both). CONCLUSION: Lipoprotein subfractions are shifted to a less atherogenic pattern by consumption of Mediterranean diets enriched with nuts. The results contribute mechanistic evidence for the reduction of cardiovascular events observed in the PREDIMED trial.