Effects of the Pelotas (Brazil) Peace Pact on violence and crime: a synthetic control analysis.

Background: City-led interventions are increasingly advocated to achieve the UN's Sustainable Development Goal to reduce violence for all. We used a new quantitative evaluation method to examine whether a flagship programme, called the "Pelotas Pact for Peace" (the Pacto), has been effective in reducing violence and crime in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. Methods: We used synthetic control methodology to assess the effects of the Pacto from August 2017 to December 2021, and separately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcomes included monthly rates of homicide and property crime, and yearly rates of assault against women and school drop-out. We constructed synthetic controls (counterfactuals) based on weighted averages from a donor pool of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. Weights were identified using pre-intervention outcome trends and confounders (sociodemographics, economics, education, health and development, and drug trafficking). Findings: The Pacto led to an overall 9% reduction in homicide and 7% reduction in robbery in Pelotas. These effects were not uniform across the full post-intervention period as clear effects were only seen during the pandemic period. A 38% reduction in homicide was also specifically associated with the criminal justice strategy of Focussed Deterrence. No significant effects were found for non-violent property crimes, violence against women, and school dropout, irrespective of the post-intervention period. Interpretation: City-level interventions that combine public health and criminal justice approaches could be effective in tackling violence in Brazil. Continued monitoring and evaluation efforts are increasingly needed as cities are proposed as key opportunities for reducing violence for all. Funding: This research was funded by the Wellcome Trust [grant number: 210735_Z_18_Z].

Considerações psicanalíticas sobre o risco na adolescência: relações entre a aposta de pascal e as "figuras diabólicas" na literatura / Psychoanalytic considerations about risk in adolescence: relations between pascal's bet and "diabolical figures" in literature / L'abord psychanalytique de la crise d'adolescence: apports de la problématique du pari et des figures de la "tentation diabolique"

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre a leitura lacaniana da Aposta de Pascal e sobre a dimensão do desejo, destacando as condutas de risco da adolescência e, especialmente, aquilo que muitas vezes é colocado sob o nome de uma tentação diabólica. Neste percurso buscou-se uma aproximação entre psicanálise e literatura, utilizando-se de textos cujos personagens entregam suas almas em pactos diabólicos, como as obras O diabo Enamorado, de Cazotte (1772), O Fausto, de Goethe (1790-1832), O Mandarim (1880), de Eça de Queiroz, Grande Sertão Veredas (1956), de Guimarães Rosa e Os demônios (1871), de Dostoiévski. Para apontarmos como o desejo pode se articular pela via das tentações inconscientes, aproximamo-nos das lógicas das figuras diabólicas e, por meio das narrativas dos adolescentes, estabelecemos a sua possível relação com o luto impossível, a recorrência do tédio, o preço da riqueza, a afirmação viril e a disposição da revolta.

This article presents a discussion on the Lacanian reading of Pascal's Bet and on the dimension of desire, highlighting the risk behaviors of adolescence and, especially, what is often placed under the name of a diabolic temptation. In this path, an approximation between psychoanalysis and literature was sought using texts whose characters give their souls in diabolical pacts, such as the works The Devil in Love, by Cazotte (1772), Faust, by Goethe (1790-1832), The Mandarin (1880), by Eça de Queiroz, Grande Sertão Veredas (1956), by Guimarães Rosa and Demons (1871), by Dostoiesvski. In order to point out how desire can be articulated through unconscious temptations, we approach the logic of diabolic figures, and, through the adolescents' narratives, we establish their possible relationship with impossible mourning, the recurrence of boredom, the price of wealth, the manly statement and the disposition of the revolt.

Cet article présente une réflexion sur la lecture lacanienne du pari de Pascal et sur la dimension du désir, mettant en évidence les comportements à risque de l'adolescence et, surtout, ce qui est souvent nommé comme tentation diabolique ou défini comme tentation diabolique. Dans ce parcours, une approximation entre la psychanalyse et la littérature a été cherchée à l'aide de textes dont les personnages livrent leurs âmes à traversles pactes diaboliques, tels comme les œuvres Le Diable amoureux, de Cazotte (1772), Faust, de Goethe (1790-1832), Le Mandarin (1880), de Eça de Queiroz, Grande Sertão Veredas (1956) de Guimaraes Rosa et Les Démons (1871), de Dostoiesvski. Afin de montrer comment le désir peut s'articuler à travers les tentations inconscientes, nous abordons la logique des figures diaboliques et, à travers les récits des adolescents, nous établissons leur possible relation avec le deuil impossible, la récurrence de l'ennui, le prix de la richesse, l'affirmation virile et la disposition de la révolte.

The importance of combining methods to assess Candida albicans biofilms following photodynamic inactivation.

BACKGROUND: Methylene blue (MB)-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has shown good results in killing Candida spp. Although MB solutions are commonly used, new formulations have been designed to improve PDI. However, chemical substances in the formulation may interfere with the PDI outcome. In this sense, different methodologies should be used to evaluate PDI in vitro. Herein, we report different methodologies to evaluate the effects of PDI with an oral formulation (OF) containing 0.005% MB on Candida albicans biofilm. METHODS: Biofilms were treated using the MB-OF, with 5 min pre-irradiation time and exposure to a 640 nm LED device (4.7 J/cm2). PDI was evaluated by the XTT reduction test, counting the colony forming units (CFU), a filamentation assay, crystal violet (CV) staining, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: PDI was able to reduce around 1.5 log10 CFU/mL, even though no significant differences were noted in metabolic activity in comparison to the control immediately after PDI. A significant decrease in yeast to hyphae transition was observed after PDI, while the biofilm exhibited flattened cells and a reduced number of yeasts in SEM. The CV assay showed increased biomass. CONCLUSION: MB-OF-mediated PDI was effective in C. albicans biofilms, as it significantly reduced the CFU/mL and the virulence of surviving cells. The CV data were inconclusive, since the OF components interacted with the CV, making the data useless. Taken together, our data suggest that the association of different methods allows complementary responses to assess how PDI mediated by a formulation impacts biofilms.

Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease: a systematic review.

Although the standard treatment for periodontal disease is based on scaling and root planing (SRP), the use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been studied as a complement to obtain better clinical results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aPDT as adjuncts to SRP, compared with SRP alone, on clinical parameters of chronic periodontal patients. Only randomized controlled trials with at least 3-month follow-ups, of SRP alone and in association with aPDT, were included. The MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to July 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) change after treatment. Of 141 potentially relevant papers, 22 were included. The association between SRP and aPDT promoted a significant CAL gain and PPD reduction. Periodontal treatment was partially improved by aPDT, and a favorable effect of indocyanine green-mediated aPDT was observed, and high concentrations of phenothiazine chloride presented clinical improvement as well.

Melanin pigmented gingival tissue impairs red-light lateral scattering for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

Gingival melanin pigmentation is present in many African and Oriental descendant people and its occurrence in patients may interfere with the absorption and scattering of therapeutic doses of light. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is used as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis and light irradiation may be impaired by tissue size and its melanin content. The aim of this clinical study was to measure the red-light attenuation in gingival tissue naturally pigmented with melanin. Ten patients with melanized gingival tissue were selected and irradiated by 100 mW red laser. The patients were photographed in frontal and incisal regions with a T2i camera (Canon, Japan) with 100 mm macro lens, 35 mm focal length, aperture f22, 1/100 shutter speed and ISO 200. Three randomly selected sites of each patient were used for evaluations and the irradiation values were assessed in the IMAGEJ software (NIH, Wayne Rasband, USA). Intensity in pixels was quantified in relation to the distance from the light incident point. Data were normalized and the results were presented as relative light intensity as a function of distance. The results demonstrated that red laser light is exponentially attenuated as a function of lateral distance and loses approximately 50 % of its intensity by 2.23 mm. On the other hand, the light travels 3 mm in depth to decay 50 %. In conclusion, our data suggest that melanin presence decreases optical pathway and irradiation protocols for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in gingival tissue should consider light attenuation and depth of periodontal pockets so that efficient illumination of the target tissue occurs. Periodontal pockets bigger than 6 mm should be irradiated with more than one point.

Escola e laço fraterno / Escuela y lazo fraterno / School and fraternal bond / L'école et le lien fraternel

Este artigo recupera algumas das características civilizatórias que marcaram o advento das sociedades da modernidade democrática e destaca aquele que seria o traço distintivo da escola republicana. A identificação desse traço permite confrontar as reivindicações de movimentos que atualmente afirmam a prioridade da educação familiar sobre a educação escolar e interrogar alguns dos pressupostos dos ideólogos de uma "educação para a sociabilidade democrática", que muitas vezes desconsideram que uma educação escolar comprometida com promoção da experiência democrática passa, antes de tudo, pela afirmação da escola como instituição implicada com a produção de uma filiação simbólica comum. É essa afirmação que nos permitirá vislumbrar, por fim, o limite da família no processo da transmissão simbólica que balizará o acontecimento de um sujeito interpelado na modernidade como indivíduo e como cidadão.

Este artículo busca recuperar algunas de las características civilizadoras que marcan el advenimiento de las sociedades de la modernidad democrática para, a partir de allí, rescatar el rasgo distintivo de la escuela republicana. La identificación de este rasgo que caracteriza a la escuela soñada por la modernidad democrática permite, en un segundo momento, confrontar el argumento en el que se basan los movimientos actuales que priorizan la educación familiar por sobre la escolar y, al mismo tiempo, cuestionar algunos de los presupuestos idealistas de una "educación para sociabilidad democrática" - que, muchas veces, desconocen que una educación escolar comprometida con la promoción de la experiencia democrática se basa, principalmente, en la consolidación de la escuela como institución implicada en la producción de una filiación simbólica común.

Starting with a brief consideration on the movements that presently claim the priority of family education over school education, and those that reclaim the possibility of an education fully ran in a home territory, this paper aims to recover some of the civilizatory characteristics that mark the advent of the societies of the democratic modernity to, from this point, retrieve what would be the distinctive trait of the Republican school. The identification of this trait that distinguishes the dreamed school in the advent of the democratic modernity allows us, at a second moment, to confront the argument that serves as a basis for these movements' claims. At the same time, it allows us to question some of the assumptions from the ideologues of an "education for the democratic sociability" - who, often, end for considering that a school education committed with the promotion of the democratic experience passes, first and foremost, through the affirmation of school as an institution implicated with the production of a common filiation.

Cet article vise à reprendre, en premier lieu, certains éléments civilisateurs caractérisant l'avènement des sociétés de la modernité démocratique afin d'en dégager celui qui serait le trait distinctif de l'école républicaine. D'une part, ce travail d'identification nous permet de confronter les propos des mouvements qui revendiquent, de nos jours, la priorité de l'éducation familiale par rapport à l'éducation scolaire. D'autre part, il est également nécessaire de remettre en cause quelques présupposés des théoriciens d'une « éducation pour la sociabilité démocratique ¼ d'autant plus qu'ils ne prennent pas assez souvent en compte certains aspects importants d'une éducation scolaire engagée à la promotion de l'expérience démocratique. Au terme de l'analyse, cette étude cherche à mettre en évidence que la scolarisation liée à la sociabilité démocratique passe, avant tout, par l'affirmation d'une école considérée comme une institution orientée envers la production d'une filiation commune.

Insulto e silêncio: reflexões sobre identificação com o agredido / Insult and silence: reflections on identification with the assaultee / Insulto y silencio: reflexiones sobre la identificación con los agredidos / Insulte et silence: réflexions sur l'identification à l'agressé

Tendo como pano de fundo episódios recentes da história do Brasil, este artigo pretende refletir sobre a passividade diante de situações de violência que ameaçam o pacto social. O trabalho parte da premissa de que determinados insultos a pessoas ou grupos específicos são insultos à comunidade e indaga em que medida a indiferença seria negação da constatação do desamparo original do ser humano. Para tanto, desenvolve reflexão em torno da noção de identificação e desidentificação.

In the context of recent episodes in the history of Brazil, this article intends to reflect on the apparent passivity in the face of situations of violence that threaten the social pact. Based on the idea that certain insults to specific people or groups are insults to the community, this paper asks if indifference would be denial of the finding of the original helplessness of the human being. To this end, it develops reflection around the notion of identification and disidentification.

En el contexto de episodios recientes en la historia de Brasil, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre la aparente pasividad frente a situaciones de violencia que amenazan el pacto social. El trabajo parte de la premisa de que ciertos insultos a personas o grupos específicos son insultos a la comunidad y pregunta si la indiferencia sería la negación de la percepción de la indefensión original del ser humano. Para ello, desarrolla la reflexión en torno a la noción de identificación y desidentificación.

Dans le contexte des épisodes récents de l'histoire du Brésil, cet article vise à réfléchir sur la passivité apparente face aux situations de violence qui menacent le pacte social. Le travail propose que certaines insultes à des personnes ou des groupes spécifiques sont des insultes à la communauté, interrogeant si l'indifférence serait une négation de la constatation de l'impuissance originelle de l'être humain. À cette fin, l'article développe une réflexion autour de la notion d'identification et de désidentification.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue in surfactant vehicle on periodontopathogens.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the presence of microbial biofilm. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) in monomer form on A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. METHODS: A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29523 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33577 were cultured on anaerobic jars at 37 °C for 48 h, and we tested APDT in the presence of 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or in PBS alone. APDT was carried out with 100 µM MB under laser radiation (PhotolaseIII, DMC, Brazil) at ʎ =660 nm and parameters as following (P =100 mW; I =250 mW/cm2, and doses of 15, 45 and 75 J/cm2). RESULTS: Following A-PDT, PBS groups of A. actinomycetemcomitans presented 4 Logs of microbial death after 5 min irradiation. However, there was no bacterial reduction in SDS groups. On the other hand, P. gingivalis was sensitive to APDT in the presence of 0.25% SDS with 2 logs reduction from dark toxicity. CONCLUSION: The presence of 0.25% SDS can lead to different responses depending on the different microbial species.

Ações do Governo Federal no combate à coronacrise: limites, insuficiências e escassos acertos / Federal Government actions in the fight against coronacrisis: limits, insufficiencies and few successes

Resumo O artigo analisa as ações do Governo Federal no contexto do combate à Covid-19, estabelecendo seus limites, insuficiências e mesmo os escassos acertos, conforme dados disponíveis até o momento, haja vista o fato de a Emenda Constitucional (EC) nº 106/2020 ter sido recentemente publicada, impossibilitando uma análise real de seus efeitos, razão pela qual se avaliaram seus institutos e possíveis reflexos. Dentre as medidas consideradas estão: Lei nº 13.979/2020, Medida Provisória (MP) nº 924/2020; Portaria nº 395/2020; Plano do Ministério da Economia de R$ 147,3 bilhões; MP nº 296/2020; Decreto nº 10.283/2020; e a EC nº 106/2020. Utiliza-se metodologia de abordagem dedutiva e de inferência, no campo teórico, com métodos de procedimento histórico e legal. Por fim, uma série de conclusões são extraídas, são elas: a continuidade do vínculo entre o Governo Federal e a racionalidade neoliberal, que é parte da sua plataforma política, mesmo quando se analisa a EC nº 106/2020; a necessidade de revogação da EC nº 95/2016, para que se tenha maior margem de atuação na contenção dos danos; e a aferição de que a maior parcela dos recursos injetados pelo Governo Federal neste combate não constituem créditos novos e sim remanejamento e antecipação de valores futuros já previstos, diferindo das posturas estatais internacionais.

Abstract The article analyzes the actions of the Federal Government in the context of combating Covid-19, establishing its limits, shortcomings and even the few successes, according to data available so far, given the fact that Constitutional Amendment (EC) No. 106/2020 recently published, making it impossible to carry out a real analysis of its effects, which is why its institutes and possible reflexes were evaluated. Among the measures considered are: Law No. 13,979/2020, Provisional Measure (MP) No. 924/2020; Ordinance No. 395/2020; Ministry of Economy Plan of R $ 147.3 billion; MP No. 296/2020; Decree No. 10,283/2020; and EC No. 106/2020. A deductive and inference approach methodology is used in the theoretical field, with historical and legal procedure methods. Finally, a series of conclusions are drawn, such as: the continuity of the link between the Federal Government and neoliberal rationality, which is part of its political platform, even when analyzing EC 106/2020; the need to revoke EC No. 95/2016, so that there is greater scope for action to contain damage; and the assessment that the greater part of the resources injected by the Federal Government in this fight do not constitute new credits, but rather the re-management and anticipation of future values already foreseen, differing from international state positions.

Effects of PACT using phenothiazine-derived drugs and red light on the macrophage x S. aureus interface.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lethal potential of macrophages infected with Staphylococcus aureus after PACT (Photochemical Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) using phenothiazine derivatives (a solution containing 1:1 methylene blue and O toluidine blue) and laser (660 nm, 40 mW, 60 s, 12 J/cm2) or LED (632 ±â€¯2 nm, 145 mW, 40 s, 12 J/cm2). Six experimental groups were evaluated: Control Group (untreated); Photosensitizer group (phenothiazines - 12.5 µg/mL); Laser Group; LED Group; Laser PACT Group; and LED PACT Group. The pre-irradiation time used in this study was 5 min. Macrophages and bacteria were cultured in specific culture media and/or allowed interaction between the cell types. Subsequently, tests were carried out to evaluate microbial proliferation, ROS production by macrophages and survival capacity of S. aureus after phagocytosis. Fluorescence microscopy assays were performed with the H2DCFDA probe, after PACT, at the initial time (0 h), 4-h and 12-h. The tests were performed in triplicate and the statistical test used was ANOVA with Tukey post-test. After PACT, a statistically significant difference (p > 0.0001) was observed between the microbial growth of the control group and the PACTs groups. Laser PACT and LED PACT groups presented, respectively, reductions of 84.2% and 81.5% when compared to control and 53.3% and 46% when compared to the photosensitizer group. It is concluded that the therapeutic protocols presented in this study increased the phagocytic capacity, the response rate of the phagocytes and the consequent reduction of the numbers of S. aureus for both PACT protocols, however the increase in ROS production was only observed in the group irradiated with Laser light.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using toluidine blue inhibits both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei.

Among non-albicans Candida species, the opportunistic pathogen Candida krusei emerges because of the high mortality related to infections produced by this yeast. The Candida krusei is an opportunistic pathogen presenting an intrinsic resistance to fluconazol. In spite of the reduced number of infections produced by C. krusei, its occurrence is increasing in some groups of patients submitted to the use of fluconazol for prophylaxis. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a nontoxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using toluidine blue, as a photosensitizer on both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei. In this work, we studied the effect of the PACT, using TB on both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. PACT was performed using a light source with output power of 0.068 W and peak wavelength of 630 nm, resulting in a fluence of 20, 30, or 40 J/cm2. In addition, ROS production was determined after PACT. The number of samples used in this study varied from 6 to 8. Statistical differences were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison with Tukey-Kramer test. PACT inhibited both growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. It was also observed that PACT stimulated ROS production. Comparing to cells not irradiated, irradiation was able to increase ROS production in 11.43, 6.27, and 4.37 times, in the presence of TB 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the inhibition observed in the cell growth after PACT could be related to the ROS production, promoting cellular damage. Taken together, these results demonstrated the ability of PACT reducing both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei.

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans is inhibited by photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), using chlorin e6: increase in both ROS production and membrane permeability.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal producing both superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, it has been described an increase in the frequency of infections which have become refractory to standard antifungal therapy. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a nontoxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using chlorin e6, as a photosensitizer on C. albicans. In this work, we studied the effect of PACT on both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. albicans. In addition, both ROS production and cell permeability were determined after PACT. PACT inhibited both growth and biofilm formation by C. albicans. We have also observed that PACT increased both ROS production (six times) and cell membrane permeability (five times) in C. albicans. PACT decreased both cell growth and biofilm development. The effect of PACT using chlorin e6 on C. albicans could be associated with an increase in ROS production, which could increase cell permeability, producing permanent damage to the cell membranes, leading to the cell death.

Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT), using Toluidine blue O inhibits the viability of biofilm produced by Candida albicans at different stages of development.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus producing both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It has been demonstrated that C. albicans ability to form biofilms is a crucial process for colonization and virulence. Furthermore, a correlation between the development of drug resistance and biofilm maturation at Candida biofilms has been shown. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a non-toxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) on the viability of biofilms produced by C. albicans at different stages of development. METHODS: In this study, the effects of PACT on both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans were studied. Biofilm formation and viability were determined by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT assay. In addition, the morphology of the biofilm was observed using light microscopy. RESULTS: PACT inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans. Furthermore, PACT was able to decrease the number of both cells and filamentous form present in the biofilm structure. This inhibitory effect was observed in both early and mature biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study demonstrated the potential of PACT (using TBO) as an effective antifungal therapy, including against infections associated with biofilms at different stages of development.

O "pacto pela educação" e o mistério do "todos": estado social e contrarreforma burguesa no brasil / The "educational pact" and the mystery "all": social state and counter-reform in bourgeois in brazil

RESUMO: Apreender o modo como o Brasil reorganiza seu sistema de ensino ao longo da Revolução Passiva ou de redefinição dos limites de seu Estado social é compreender que a atual Contrarreforma, muito mais que produto, é processo. A análise do modo como se autoriza e legitima um partido de classe burguesa - na acepção gramsciana -, o movimento "Todos Pela Educação", impõe o entendimento da tensão entre público e privado no campo da educação. É o que se conclui ao se cotejar as diretrizes institucionais da entidade às metas e estratégias do "Plano Nacional de Educação 2014/2024" e, em especial, aos pilares do "Pacto Pela Educação" em Goiás, como rearranjo local do repertório vocabular do grande capital internacional. Demonstrar esse transformismo é o propósito desta reflexão, que se configura como um recorte da pesquisa que procura apreender a relação entre as reformas educacionais pós anos 1990 e a organização do trabalho pedagógico em Goiás.

ABSTRACT: Learning the way Brazil reorganizes its education system along the Passive Revolution or reset the boundaries of their social state is to understand that thecurrent Counter-Reformation much more than product is the process. The analysis of how it authorizes and legitimizes a bourgeois class party - in the Gramscian sense - the "Education For All Movement" requires understanding the tension between public and private in the field of education. This is we conclude when comparing the institutional guidelines of the Entity to the Goals and Strategies of the National Education Plan 2014/2024 and, in particular, the Pillars of the "Pact for Education" in Goiás, as the local rearrangement of the vocabulary repertoire of the big international capital. Demonstrating this transformism is the purpose of this reflection, which is configured as a research cut that seeks to understand the relationship between educational reforms after 1990 and the organization of pedagogical work in Goiás

Análise da participação dos gestores municipais de saúde nas reuniões da comissão intergestora da V região de saúde de Pernambuco nos anos de 2016 e 2017 / Analysis of the participation of municipal health managers in the meetings of the intergovernmental commission of the 5th health region of Pernambuco in the years 2016 and 2017

O artigo discorre sobre a Comissão Intergestora Regional (CIR) da V Região de Saúde de Pernambuco e a participação dos gestores municipais de saúde nesse espaço. É uma pesquisa de cunho quantitativo que utilizou, para coleta de dados, os documentos oficiais das reuniões da CIR, pautas e atas de frequência e reunião, do período de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2017. Tais documentos foram analisados de acordo com o método de Bardin, e por fim dividido em duas categorias: frequências dos gestores municipais de saúde nas reuniões da CIR e; quantidades de pactuação realizadas nas reuniões. Os dados adquiridos revelaram que o período de agosto a outubro do ano de 2016 não atingiu o mínimo de participação dos gestores nas reuniões da CIR para pactuar propostas. Porém, em 2017, todas a reuniões realizadas obtiveram mais de 50% da frequência dos gestores municipais, por conseguinte o percentual de aprovação das pactuações foi maior que o ano anterior, mesmo com esta mudança, municípios próximos da sede continuaram com baixa frequência ao contrário de municípios distantes, com mais de 90km da sede, mostrando que a distância não é fator impeditivo para a frequência dos gestores nas reuniões. Vale salientar que devido a existência de um quórum mínimo de 11 municípios para aprovação das pactuações, a ausência dos gestores não afeta apenas o seu município, mas prejudica diretamente as pactuações que beneficiam os outros municípios, e consequentemente o fortalecimento da regional a qual faz parte. (AU)

The article discusses the Regional Interactive Commission (CIR) of the V Health Region of Pernambuco and the participation of municipal health managers in this area. It is a quantitative research that used, for data collection, the official documents of the meetings of the CIR, schedules and minutes of attendance and meeting, from January 2016 to December 2017. These documents were analyzed according to the Bardin method, and finally divided in two categories: frequencies of the municipal health managers in the meetings of the CIR and; agreed upon at the meetings. The acquired data revealed that the period from August to October of 2016 did not reach the minimum participation of the managers in the meetings of the CIR to negotiate proposals. However, in 2017, all the meetings held obtained more than 50% of the frequency of the municipal managers, therefore the approval percentage of the agreements was higher than the previous year, even with this change, municipalities near the headquarters continued with low frequency, unlike municipalities distant, with more than 90km from headquarters, showing that distance is not a factor preventing attendance of managers in meetings. It is worth mentioning that due to the existence of a minimum quorum of 11 municipalities to approve pacts, the absence of managers does not only affect their municipality, but directly affects the agreements that benefit the other municipalities, and consequently the strengthening of the regional one that makes part. (AU)

Conspiración de silencio: una barrera en la comunicación médico, paciente y familia / Conspiracy of silence: a barrier in the physician, patient and family communication

La conspiración de silencio es una barrera en torno a la verdad, que puede definirse como el acuerdo tanto implícito como explícito al que llega la familia, el entorno o los profesionales de la salud, de cambiar la información que se le brinda al paciente con la finalidad de ocultarle el diagnóstico, la gravedad y el pronóstico de la situación clínica por la que está atravesando. El rol de la familia del paciente con enfermedad terminal debe ser considerado punto sumamente importante en las decisiones y acciones del personal de salud, ya que de ella depende el apoyo físico, material, psicosocial y espiritual del enfermo. La comunicación adecuada con la familia debe establecerse desde la primera consulta, aun antes de arribar a un diagnóstico, ya que permite cumplir con los objetivos del manejo multidimensional e integral de todo paciente. Es importante definir con la mayor claridad posible la información al paciente y su familia sobre el diagnóstico, enfermedad y pronóstico, y debe ejercerse receptividad plena a sus dudas, creencias, expectativas y aun los mitos o fabulaciones que todos ellos tengan respecto a la enfermedad diagnosticada. Es vital que los médicos estén adecuadamente entrenados en el manejo de información y que desarrollen habilidades de comunicación que favorezcan la adecuada adaptación del paciente y la familia al proceso clínico, desde el diagnóstico inicial hasta el duelo que sigue a la muerte del paciente, evitando de esta forma el surgimiento y desarrollo de una conspiración de silencio y sus negativas consecuencias sobre todos los involucrados

The conspiracy of silence is a barrier to the truth that can be defined as both the implicit and explicit agreement arrived at by the patient's family, his/her surroundings and the health professionals involved, changing the information provided to patients and, thus, hide the diagnosis, severity and prognosis of the disease. The role of the terminal patient´s family is essential for the health staff's decisions and actions as they are a decisive factor in the provision of physical, material, psychosocial and spiritual support. The communication between family and health professionals must be adequate from the beginning even before arriving at a diagnosis, as it will allow to comply with the objectives of a multidisciplinary and integrated management. It is important to find out what the patient and his/her family know about the diagnosis, disease and prognosis and the staff must be receptive to all their doubts, beliefs, expectations, and even myths and fabulations about the terminal disease. It is vital for physicians to be properly trained on information management, favoring the adequate family and patient´s adaptation to the disease process and the subsequent grief process in order to avoid the development of the conspiracy of silence and its negative consequences on all involved.

El saber clínico como saber antropológico: reflexiones en torno al pacto de cuidado / Clinical knowledge as anthropological knowledge: Reflections on the care pact

Un malestar atraviesa a la Psiquiatría actual que buscando vincularse y hasta identificarse con la Neurología, no puede sin embargo dejar de lado la subjetividad de los pacientes. Más aún, la Clínica psiquiátrica como un saber-hacer, ha de situarse también entre una dimensión política y una dimensión ética. Es decir, ha de apoyarse en la justicia y la política en la medida que recibe demandas sociales, articulando la atención a personas vulnerables con instituciones justas (Ricoeur), pero además ha de incluirlas en la sociedad a través de sus capacidades. En su dimensión ética, ha de buscar reformar las instituciones de atención para que sean protegidos los enfermos y respetados sus derechos. En este sentido, es preciso plantear el concepto de alianza terapéutica (Paul Ricoeur), alianza que sólo es posible si toma la forma de una promesa recíproca, tanto por parte del terapeu- ta como del paciente. Se trata de un pacto de cuidado incluso en situaciones donde las destrezas y habilidades son desproporcionadas. Sea lo que fuere, el saber clínico es de algún modo un saber antropológico, del hombre como sujeto de enfermedad, del homo patiens, pero también de quien quiere acompañarlo en su sufrir

A discomfort pervades current Psychiatry: striving to be linked and identified with Neurology, it cannot however ignore the subjectivity of patients. Moreover, the practice of Psychiatry as a Know-How, should also be subject to a political and ethical dimension. It must rely on justice and politics to the extent that it receives social demands, articulating the attention to vulnerable people with fair institutions (Ricoeur), but also it has to include them in society through their abilities. In this ethical dimension, it should seek to reform assistance institutions so that patients are protected and their rights respected. In this sense, it is necessary to consider the concept of therapeutic alliance (Paul Ricoeur), alliance that is only possible if it takes the form of a mutual promise, from both the therapist and the patient. It is a pact of care, even in situations where the skills and abilities are disproportionate. Clinical knowledge is somehow an anthropological knowledge about man as subject of disease, as homo patiens, but also about he who wants to accompany him in his suffering

Mathematical modeling of COD removal via the combined treatment of domestic wastewater and landfill leachate based on the PACT process.

The experiments performed in this study consisted of 16 batch reactors fed different mixtures of landfill leachate combined with synthetic wastewater treated using the Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) process. The objective was to measure the COD mass removal per liter each day for each reactor using two models: the first model combined the variables PAC concentration (0 g·L(-1), 2 g·L(-1), 4 g·L(-1), and 6 g·L(-1)) and leachate rate in the wastewater (0%, 2%, 5%, and 10%), and the second model combined the PAC concentration and the influent COD. The Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design was used to describe the response surface of both models considered in this study. Domestic wastewater was produced under controlled conditions in the laboratory where the experiments were performed. The results indicated that the PAC effect was null when the influent did not contain leachate; however, as the concentration of leachate applied to the mixture was increased, the addition of a higher PAC concentration resulted in a better COD mass removal in the reactors. The adjusted R(2) values of the two models were greater than 0.95, and the predicted R(2) values were greater than 0.93. The models may be useful for wastewater treatment companies to calculate PAC requirements in order to meet COD mass removal objectives in combined treatment.

miRNA biogenesis: biological impact in the development of cancer.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are non coding RNAs with different biological functions and pathological implications. Given their role as post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, they are involved in several important physiological processes like development, cell differentiation and cell signaling. miRNAs act as modulators of gene expression programs in different diseases, particularly in cancer, where they act through the repression of genes which are critical for carcinogenesis. The expression level of mature miRNAs is the result of a fine mechanism of biogenesis, carried out by different enzymatic complexes that exert their function at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, we will focus our discussion on the alterations in the miRNA biogenesis machinery, and its impact on the establishment and development of cancer programs.