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1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 48(3): 1-9, 2018. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1480082

ABSTRACT

Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.


A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.


Subject(s)
Fungicides, Industrial , Plant Breeding , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Glycine max/immunology , Immune Tolerance
2.
Ci. Rural ; 48(3): 1-9, 2018. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-733650

ABSTRACT

Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.(AU)


A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.(AU)


Subject(s)
Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Glycine max/immunology , Fungicides, Industrial , Plant Breeding , Immune Tolerance
3.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 48(3): e20170496, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045078

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.


RESUMO: A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.

4.
Environ Technol ; 37(6): 681-93, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26235832

ABSTRACT

Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds is still considered an emerging technology. Its reliability remains questionable as no data is available regarding process intrinsic repeatability. Herein, two identically operated toluene biofiltration systems are comprehensively compared, during long-term operation (129 days). Globally, reactors responded very similarly, even during transient conditions, with, for example, strong biological activities from the first days of operation, and comparable periods of lower removal efficiency (81.2%) after exposure to high inlet loads (140 g m(-3) h(-1)). Regarding steady states, very similar maximum elimination capacities up to 99 g m(-3) h(-1) were attained. Estimation of the process repeatability, with the paired samples Student's t-test, indicated no statistically significant difference between elimination capacities. Repeatability was also established for several descriptors of the process such as the carbon dioxide and biomass production, the pH and organic content of the leachates, and the moisture content of the packing material. While some parameters, such as the pH, presented a remarkably low divergence between biofilters (coefficient of variability of 1.4%), others, such as the organic content of the leachates, presented higher variability (30.6%) due to an uneven biomass lixiviation associated with stochastic hydrodynamics and biomass repartitions. Regarding process efficiency, it was established that less than 10% of fluctuation is to be expected between the elimination capacities of identical biofilter set-ups. A further statistical comparison between the first halves of the biofilter columns indicated very similar coefficients of variability, confirming the repeatability of the process, for different biofilter lengths.


Subject(s)
Air Filters , Air Pollutants/metabolism , Air Pollution/prevention & control , Bioreactors , Toluene/metabolism , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Sewage/microbiology , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry
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