Factors related to knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding cervical cancer among Yemeni women.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CxCa), although preventable, is still among the most prevalent cancers in women. Mortality from this cancer is high, especially in low-income countries where preventive strategies are often lacking. We studied the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding CxCa among Yemeni women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 among 399 women in five major hospitals in Sanaa, the capital city of Yemen. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. We used logistic regression models to analyze the likelihood of hearing about CxCa, believing that CxCa is treatable and preventable, awareness of the Pap smear test, and ever having this test, in relation to participant's age, education level, working outside the household, and family history of CxCa. RESULTS: Only 66.7% of the women had heard of CxCa. Women with higher education, working outside the household, and with a family history of CxCa were more likely to be aware of CxCa. Working outside the household was the only variable related to a higher likelihood of knowing that CxCa is a treatable and preventable. Furthermore, women with a family history of CxCa were more likely to have knowledge about Pap smear test and were more likely to have Pap smear test in the past. CONCLUSION: This study identified a low awareness of CxCa and its prevention among Yemeni women. In order to reduce the burden of CxCa in Yemen and save women's lives, it is necessary to raise women's awareness of this disease, especially among those with lower education and those not involved in work outside their homes.

Prevalence of Trichomonas Infection in Relation to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Pap Smear Samples of Female Patients Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd (Iran).

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections have been proposed as risk factors for cervical cancer. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of TV and its relationship with HPV in women who underwent Pap smear testing as part of cancer screenings. Materials and methods The sampling of liquid-based cervical tissue was conducted among 500 women referred to the women's clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The studied samples were examined for Pap smear tests and microscopic identification of TV, as well as HPV-DNA detection and the determination of high-risk and low-risk HPV types by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) software. Results The individuals included in the study were 16-72 years old. The prevalence rate of TV infection in this population was found to be 29.2%, and the frequency rate of HPV was reported to be approximately 19.4%, with high-risk HPV, including HPV-56, having the highest frequency. The Pap smear test results were reported as abnormal in 20.2%, and a significant correlation was observed between HPV infection and an abnormal Pap smear test (P < 0.05). In addition, a notable correlation was detected between TV infection and high-risk and low-risk HPV (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to the significant relationship found between the two pathogens, TV and HPV, in the abnormal Pap smear test results, TV infection can be considered a risk factor for HPV infection, as well as uterine lesions and cancer.

High frequency of alpha7-HPV in Colombian Caribbean coast women: cervical cancer screening analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) is a significant global public health concern, particularly in developing countries such as Colombia. The main risk factor involves high-risk HPV types (HR-HPV) infection, coupled with population-specific variables. The Caribbean region in Colombia lacks research on HR-HPV-type frequencies. Therefore, this study aims to establish the prevalence of type-specific HR-HPV and its association with sociodemographic factors among women undergoing cervical cytology screening. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving voluntary women who provided informed consent and completed a questionnaire capturing sociodemographic, clinical, and sexual behavior information was conducted. All participants underwent cervical cytology and molecular analysis. Generic HPV detection employed three simultaneous PCRs (GP5+/6+, MY09/11, and PU1R/2 M), and positive samples were genotyped using the Optiplex HPV Genotyping kit. The analysis encompassed the 12 types of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV-16,-18,-31,-33,-35,-39,-45,-51,-52,-56,-58, and - 59). Frequencies were reported based on geographic subregions within the Córdoba department, and disparities were made between single and multiple infections. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were subjected to ordinal logistic regression, with statistical significance at a p-value < 0.05. The statistical analyses utilized STATA 14® and R-Core Team-software. RESULTS: We included 450 women, mean age 40 (SD±11.44). PCR analysis revealed 43% HPV-positive (n=192). GP5+/6+ detected the most positives at 26% (n=119), followed by PU1R/2 M at 22% (n = 100) and MY09/11 at 15% (n=69). Multiple infections occurred in 87.3% (n=142), primarily 2 to 4 types (47.37%, n=90). Dominant types were HPV-18 (15.6%, n=61), HPV-16 (14.9%, n=58), HPV-31 (13.0%, n = 51), and HPV-45 (11.5%, n=45). Logistic regression identified age above 60 as a risk for concurrent multiple types (OR=6.10; 95% CI 1.18-31.63). Menopause was protective (OR=0.31; 95% CI 0.11-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a notable prevalence of multiple (2-4) high-risk HPV infections among adult women engaged in CC detection initiatives. Predominantly, α7 species constitute the prevalent HR-viral types, with the Medio Sinú subregion showing elevated prevalence. Menopausal status confers protection against diverse HR-HPV infections. Nevertheless, advancing age, particularly beyond 60 years, is linked to an increased susceptibility to simultaneous infections by multiple HPV-types.

Assessment of knowledge and attitude of cervical cancer among the youths in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh - India.

BACKGROUND: India suffers a quarter of the global burden of cervical cancer (CC) but is controllable by taking some precautions. The major issue is the low amount of participation among women in screening and vaccination for disease. The objective of the research is to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding CC among college going students residing in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh-India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 380 subjects whose ages ranged from 15 to 25 and older. The questionnaires were circulated through google forms. The socio-demographic variables and KAP levels are represented by descriptive statistics. The Chi-square test is used to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and KAP levels. RESULTS: Among 380 subjects, 172 (54.7%) are aware of CC, 71% have poor knowledge, and 20% have good knowledge about CC. More than three-fourths of women 374 (98.4%) are not having regular practice towards CC. CONCLUSION: The awareness about CC is very low in the population, so prevention of CC relies on routine screening, proper vaccination, and treatment. Awareness programs and promoting knowledge about cervical health in social media are required.

What rate of Iranian women perform Pap smear test? Results from a meta-analysis.

In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the aggregated proportion of Pap smear test uptake among women in Iran from 2012 to 2022 using meta-analysis. The data collection process involved reviewing records registered in databases between January 1, 2012, and September 11, 2022. The final data was analyzed using random effects models, and potential heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. To examine publication bias, Egger's test and Funnel Plot were employed. Sensitivity analysis, specifically single study exclusion Meta-analysis, was conducted to assess the influence of each individual study on the aggregated percentage of Pap smear test uptake. A total of 28,754 women were included across the 33 articles analyzed. The pooled percentage of Pap smear test uptake for both one-time and regular screenings was found to be 46.52% (95% CI: 40.91 to 52.14) and 17.80% (95% CI: 12.42 to 23.18), respectively. No significant evidence of publication bias was detected, although the influence of smaller studies was confirmed. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall rate of Pap smear test uptake was not highly sensitive to the results of individual studies. The findings emphasize the low rate of regular Pap smear testing among Iranian women and suggest that tailored interventions considering cultural and geographical factors specific to different provinces in Iran could help increase the utilization of this screening service.

Exploring the attitudes and practices of female doctors towards cervical cancer screening in primary health care centers.

Cervical cancer is a significant cause of female mortality worldwide, and early detection through regular screening is crucial for reducing mortality rates. However, in developing countries, the uptake of Pap smear tests (PST) is low, mostly due to cultural and social factors and a lack of knowledge. This cross-sectional study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among practitioners working at primary healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the study aimed to identify the potential barriers that prevent female physicians from performing cervical cancer screening tests. A self-administrated, well-structured questionnaire was used to survey 95 female physicians, including residents, specialists, and consultants in several primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Jeddah managed by the Ministry of Health during September 2019. The results showed that 80% of participants knew about cervical cancer, and 97.8% were aware that PST is a screening tool. However, only 47% advised female patients to get tested for cervical cancer. The factors identified as barriers to test uptake included asymptomatic females (34%), lack of time on the part of the practitioner (24%), and a lack of evidence for risk factors (23%). Additionally, only 42.2% of the participating physicians had undergone a Pap smear test themselves. The study highlights the need for further research to assess HPV status in the population and explore the correlation between circumcision and cervical cancer, as well as polygamy and cervical cancer. The findings suggest that while a good level of knowledge about cervical cancer exists, there is a need to improve compliance with cervical cancer screening guidelines among female physicians in Saudi Arabia.

A Comprehensive Review of Cervical Cancer Screening Devices: The Pros and the Cons.

OBJECTIVE: The low screening coverage and reluctance of women in participation lead to low uptake in cervical screening tests. Hence the majority of cervical cancer patients visiting the hospitals are diagnosed at advanced stage, often leading to poor survival rate. This paper aims to review and compile available cancer screening devices so that more people in this field will adopt suitable devices in cervical cancer screening routine depending on requirements which may encourage the uptake in cervical screening tests. METHODS: This paper reviews devices invented for different cervical cancer screening methods, which are Pap smear test, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or Lugol's iodine (VILI), and HPV (human papillomavirus)-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) self-test in terms of functionality, performance in solving the limitations of screening procedure and additionally where applicable, the cervical cell collection efficacy and abnormality detection accuracy. The devices are either available in the market, published in research articles or published in international patent databases. RESULT: The reviewed devices either simplified the screening procedure to improve the clinical efficiency and accuracy in screening, reduced the pain and discomfort experienced by women during screening procedures, or achieved both outcomes. CONCLUSION: Many devices have been invented to improve the screening procedures which may potentially improve the uptake in cervical screening tests and encourage the organization of screening campaigns to reduce cervical cancer incidence.

Moroccan Women's Attitudes Regarding Pap Smear Test and Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening.

In Morocco, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women after breast cancer. Encouraging more women to practice cervical cancer screening remains a major public health concern. There is a lack of data on awareness and of data concerning the determinants of the acceptability of Pap smear test in Morocco. To fill this gap, our study aims to assess the level of awareness of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Moroccan women and to understand the determinants of the acceptability of Pap smear test. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 857 women in the following three Moroccan regions: Casablanca-settat, Marrakech-Safi, and Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, by using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire between November 2019 and February 2020. Out of the total sample, 83.9% of participants were aware of cervical cancer, 87.2% of participants were unaware of HPV, and 51.8% of participants were aware of Pap smear test. The rate of women who had ever had a Pap smear test in our population was only 19.36%. Moreover, our study revealed that more than 78% of participants were willing to undergo Pap smear test regularly in the future. The study revealed parity, age, educational level, risk perception, and the belief that early screening improves the chances of successful treatment, as determinants of acceptability of Pap smear test. Our results have shown that there is an urgent need to implement a strategy to sensitize women on the prevention of cervical cancer. Furthermore, the results of this study should be taken into account in the development of strategic and action plans for the prevention of cervical cancer.

Comparison of Cervical Cancer Screening Used between Individuals with Disabilities and Individuals without Disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women worldwide. It is vital to achieve a high cervical cancer screening rate among women. We compared the Pap smear test (PST) used between individuals with disabilities and those without disabilities in Taiwan. METHODS: Individuals registered in the Taiwan Disability Registration File and the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) were screened for this nationally representative retrospective cohort study. Women aged 30 and above in 2016 and who were still alive in 2016 were matched in a 1:1 ratio via propensity score matching (PSM); 186,717 individuals with disabilities and 186,717 individuals without disabilities were included. Controlling for relevant variables, the odds of receiving PST were compared using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A lower percentage of individuals with disabilities (16.93%) received PST than those without disabilities (21.82%). The odds of individuals with disabilities receiving PST were 0.74 times that of individuals without disabilities (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.73-0.76). Compared to individuals without disabilities, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities had the lower odds of receiving PST (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.36-0.40), followed by individuals with dementia (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.33-0.48) or multiple disabilities (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.49-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: We highly recommend that healthcare practitioners recognize the unique needs of individuals with different types of disabilities, especially those with cognitive impairments.

Predicting cervical cancer screening behavior among women in southern Iran: a cross-sectional study with PEN-3 model.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the fact that the Pap smear test is a simple, affordable, painless and relatively reliable method to diagnose cervical cancer in women, the majority of women are unaware of the value of this valuable diagnostic method. There are many cultural and social barriers to this diagnostic method. The present study was conducted to predict cervical cancer screening behavior with PEN-3 model among women residents of Bandar Abbas. METHODS: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 260 women aged 18 years and above who visited the comprehensive health centers of Bandar Abbas. The data were collected online using a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PEN-3 model constructs and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson correlation test and logistic regression analysis in SPSS-23. RESULTS: The participants' age ranged between 18 and 52 years with an average of 30.95 ± 5.47 years. 27.7% of the participants had done their last pap smear test less than 1 year before the study and 26.2% had not done a pap smear test until the time of study. The results showed that the mean scores of knowledge (11.28 ± 2.87), attitude (64.96 ± 4.96), enablers (44.66 ± 5.8), and nurturers (36.02 ± 8.83) in women who had done the cervical cancer screening behavior was more than those who had not done the behavior. Also, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude and nurturers were the major predictors of cervical cancer screening behavior. CONCLUSION: The present findings showed that knowledge, attitude, enablers and nurturers play a major role in women's participation in Pap smear test. These findings should be considered in the development and implementation of educational interventions.

Intervención educativa basada en metodologías B-learning para mejorar las citologías cervicales: experiencias de enfermeras / Intervenção educacional através do B-learning para melhorar a citologia cervical: experiências de enfermeiras / Educational intervention through B-learning to improve cervical cytology: experiences of nurses

Resumen Objetivo analizar las experiencias de enfermeras en la toma de las citologías cervicales y otros factores organizacionales durante una intervención educativa asistida por metodologías B-learning. Método estudio cualitativo realizado en San Luis Potosí, México. Participaron 15 enfermeras. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con base en una sistematización de experiencias. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el programa Taguette y como referente teórico las metodologías B-learning. Resultados se identificaron debilidades en factores relacionados con la accesibilidad de las usuarias al servicio, insumos, infraestructura, bioseguridad, capacitación del personal de salud, entrega de resultados a las pacientes y conocimiento del programa por parte de las usuarias. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica el cáncer cervical es un problema de salud pública. La citología cervical es la prueba de tamizaje más utilizada; sin embargo, existen limitantes en la calidad, por lo que se proponen acciones para mejorar los conocimientos y habilidades del personal de enfermería que tiene como función la toma. La intervención educativa fue efectiva para fomentar el aprendizaje integral sobre la toma de las citologías cervicales y permitió al personal de enfermería compartir sus experiencias.

Resumo Objetivo analisar as experiências das enfermeiras na realização de esfregaços cervicais e outros fatores organizacionais durante uma intervenção educacional assistida por metodologias de b-learning. Método estudo qualitativo realizado em San Luis Potosí, México. Participaram 15 enfermeiras. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas a partir de uma sistematização de experiências. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se o programa Taguette e metodologias de b-learning como referencial teórico. Resultados foram identificadas fragilidades em fatores relacionados com a acessibilidade dos usuários ao serviço, insumos, infraestrutura, biossegurança, capacitação da equipe de saúde, entrega de resultados aos pacientes e conhecimento do programa pelos usuários. Conclusões e implicações para a prática o câncer do colo do útero é um problema de saúde pública. A citologia cervical é o teste de triagem mais utilizado; no entanto, existem limitações na qualidade, por isso são propostas ações para aprimorar os conhecimentos e habilidades das enfermeiras que estejam desempenhando essa função. A intervenção educacional foi eficaz para promover o aprendizado integral sobre a realização do esfregaço cervical e permitiu que as enfermeiras compartilhassem suas experiências.

Abstract Objective to analyze the nursing staff's experiences in taking cervical smears and other organizational factors during an educational intervention assisted by B-learning methodologies. Method a qualitative study was carried out in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, with 15 nurses. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews based on a systematization of experiences. The Taguette program and B-learning methodologies as theoretical references were used to analyze the information. Results weaknesses were identified in factors related to the accessibility of users to the service, supplies, infrastructure, biosafety, training of health personnel, delivery of results to patients, and knowledge of the program by the users. Conclusions and implications for practice cervical cancer is a public health problem. Cervical cytology is the most widely used screening test; however, there are limitations in quality, so actions are proposed to improve the knowledge and skills of the nursing staff in their functions. The educational intervention effectively promoted comprehensive learning about taking cervical smears and allowed the nursing staff to share their experiences.

Effectiveness of educational intervention on women's participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women in developing countries. Women's behavior in the early detection of the disease is influenced by sociocultural factors. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on PEN-3 model on women's participation in cervical cancer screening. METHODS: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted with 160 women participants visiting health care centers in Bandar Abbas in 2021. The sampling was as a multi-stage clustering, and the participants were divided into two groups, an intervention and a control (each with 80 participants). The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PEN-3 model constructs before and 3 months after an educational intervention (a training course). The intervention involved 30 online sessions of 15-20 minutes for the intervention group while the control group did not receive any training. RESULTS: After the educational intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, enablers, nurturers and the Pap smear test behavior in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The analysis of covariance results showed that by modulating the effect of pre-test score, there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the post-intervention behavior score. CONCLUSION: In the light of the present findings, it can be concluded that interventions based on the PEN-3 model with a focus on knowledge -raising, changing beliefs and identifying sociocultural and environmental factors that affect cervical cancer screening behavior can prevent cervical cancer in women.

Effect of Health Education on the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Uptake of Papanicolaou Smear Test among Teachers in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria: An Interventional Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that the uptake of cervical cancer screening is low in Nigeria despite the availability of effective tools. This study determined the effect of health education on the knowledge of cervical cancer and uptake of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test among teachers in public secondary schools in Uyo, Nigeria. METHODS: This was an interventional study among public secondary school teachers in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. It entailed a baseline survey, administration of health education sessions on cervical cancer and its screening tests to the intervention group and a post-intervention evaluation. Data was captured using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed with Stata software Version 10. RESULTS: There were 185 respondents each in the interventional and control groups. The mean ages of the teachers were 38.7 ± 8.1 years and 37.1 ± 7.7 years respectively. Post-intervention, knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms increased from 10.1% to 66.5% in the intervention group compared to an increase from 7.0% to 12.0% in the control group (p< 0.001). Similarly, risk factor knowledge improved from 6.1% to 59.5% in the intervention group compared to 4.9% to 7.2% in the control group (p< 0.001). Also, the uptake of the Pap smear test increased from 11.9% to 22.2% in the intervention group (p = 0.01) compared to an increase from 4.9% to 7.0% in the control group (p=0.379). CONCLUSION: Health education brought about a significant increase in the knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms/risk factors and uptake of Pap smear test and should therefore, be encouraged among teachers in secondary schools.

CONTEXTE: Il est prouvé que le dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus est peu pratiqué au Nigeria malgré la disponibilité d'outils efficaces. Cette étude a déterminé l'effet de l'éducation sanitaire sur la connaissance du cancer du col de l'utérus et le recours au test de Papanicolaou (Pap) chez les enseignants des écoles secondaires publiques d'Uyo, au Nigeria. MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude interventionnelle parmi les enseignants des écoles secondaires publiques d'Uyo, Etat d'Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. Elle comportait une enquête de base, l'administration de séances d'éducation sanitaire sur le cancer du col de l'utérus et ses tests de dépistage au groupe d'intervention et une évaluation postintervention. Les données ont été recueillies à l'aide d'un questionnaire semi-structuré et analysées avec le logiciel Stata version 10. RÉSULTATS: Il y avait 185 répondants dans les groupes d'intervention et de contrôle. L'âge moyen des enseignants était respectivement de 38,7 ± 8,1 ans et 37,1 ± 7,7 ans. Après l'intervention, la connaissance des symptômes du cancer du col de l'utérus a augmenté de 10,1% à 66,5% dans le groupe d'intervention par rapport à une augmentation de 7,0% à 12,0% dans le groupe de contrôle (p< 0,001). De même, la connaissance des facteurs de risque s'est améliorée de 6,1 % à 59,5 % dans le groupe d'intervention, contre 4,9 % à 7,2 % dans le groupe témoin (p< 0,001). De même, le recours au test de Papanicolaou a augmenté de 11,9% à 22,2% dans le groupe d'intervention (p = 0,01) par rapport à une augmentation de 4,9% à 7,0% dans le groupe de contrôle (p=0,379). CONCLUSION: L'éducation à la santé a entraîné une augmentation significative de la connaissance des symptômes/facteurs de risque du cancer du col de l'utérus et du recours au test de Papanicolaou et devrait donc être encouragée parmi les enseignants des écoles secondaires. Mots clés: Cancer du col de l'utérus, symptômes, facteurs de risque, recours au test de Papanicolaou, enseignant.

The effect of education given to women with hearing impairments on the behaviours of Pap smear screening.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the research was to determine the effect of education given to the women with hearing impairments on the behaviours of Pap smear test. METHODS: This study was a controlled trial study with longitudinal design. The sample consisted of 156 women (intervention = 78, control = 78) who registered in hearing-impaired associations in Izmir, Turkey. The education about cervical cancer and Pap smear test was given to intervention group with face-to-face interviews by using Turkish sign language. Three months later, the women were contacted and asked whether they have had a Pap smear test, and the total knowledge score of intervention groups was evaluated. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant difference between the mean total score of knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear test in intervention (0.6 ± 1.6) and control (1.1 ± 1.9) groups. After 3 months, having a Pap smear test was found to be statistically significantly higher between groups (intervention = 29.5%, control = %1.2), and the mean cervical cancer and Pap smear knowledge score of the intervention group (9.2 ± 1.4) was found to be statistically significantly higher than the score before education (0.6 ± 1.6). CONCLUSION: Education of cervical cancer and Pap smear test increased knowledge level and behaviour of Pap smear test of the women.

Desenvolvimento de webtecnologia educacional sobre citologia clínica para estudantes e profissionais da área da saúde / Desarrollo de tecnología web educativa. sobre citología clínica para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud / Development of educational webtechnology on clinical cytology for students and healthcare professionals

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de desenvolvimento de uma webtecnologia educacional, do tipo blog, sobre citologia clínica, para estudantes e profissionais da área da saúde. Métodos: Pesquisa metodológica para construção de tecnologia educacional em saúde, desenvolvida em três etapas: Revisão da literatura (2019), a partir da qual se deu o delineamento teórico; Fotodocumentação (2020), que foi a fase responsável pela obtenção do conteúdo imagético; Construção (2020-2021), a partir da qual se deu a criação do blog. Resultados: Na primeira fase, obteve-se a fundamentação teórica. Na segunda fase, realizou-se a obtenção das imagens e na terceira fase, o desenvolvimento do produto técnico-tecnológico. Conclusão: O blog, emerge como modelo de suporte para proporcionar um caráter de ubiquidade à informação e como consequência disso, ampliar o potencial gerador de conhecimento sobre citologia clínica entre estudantes e profissionais de diversos campos da área da saúde, com enfoque à Biomedicina e Enfermagem(AU)

Objective: To describe the development process of an educational webtechnology, like a blog, about clinical cytology, for students and health professionals. Methods: Methodological research for the construction of educational technology in health, developed in three stages: Literature review (2019), from which the theoretical outline was given; Photodocumentation (2020), which was the phase responsible for obtaining the image content; Construction (2020-2021), from which the creation of the blog took place. Results: In the first phase, the theoretical foundation was obtained. In the second phase, the images were obtained and in the third phase, the development of the technical-technological product. Conclusion: The blog emerges as a support model to provide a ubiquitous character to information and, as a consequence, expand the potential generator of knowledge about clinical cytology among students and professionals from different fields of health, with a focus on Biomedicine and Nursing(AU)

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de desarrollo de una tecnología web educativa, como un blog, sobre citología clínica, para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. Métodos: Investigación metodológica para la construcción de tecnología educativa en salud, desarrollada en tres etapas: Revisión de la literatura (2019), a partir de la cual se dio el esquema teórico; Fotodocumentación (2020), que fue la fase encargada de obtener el contenido de la imagen; Construcción (2020-2021), a partir de la cual tuvo lugar la creación del blog. Resultados: En la primera fase se obtuvo el fundamento teórico. En la segunda fase se obtuvieron las imágenes y en la tercera fase, el desarrollo del producto técnico-tecnológico. Conclusión: El blog surge como un modelo de apoyo para dotar de un carácter ubicuo a la información y, como consecuencia, ampliar el potencial generador de conocimiento sobre citología clínica entre estudiantes y profesionales de diferentes campos de la salud, con enfoque en Biomedicina y Enfermería(AU)

Detection of Cervical Cancer Cells in Whole Slide Images Using Deformable and Global Context Aware Faster RCNN-FPN.

Cervical cancer is a worldwide public health problem with a high rate of illness and mortality among women. In this study, we proposed a novel framework based on Faster RCNN-FPN architecture for the detection of abnormal cervical cells in cytology images from a cancer screening test. We extended the Faster RCNN-FPN model by infusing deformable convolution layers into the feature pyramid network (FPN) to improve scalability. Furthermore, we introduced a global contextual aware module alongside the Region Proposal Network (RPN) to enhance the spatial correlation between the background and the foreground. Extensive experimentations with the proposed deformable and global context aware (DGCA) RCNN were carried out using the cervical image dataset of "Digital Human Body" Vision Challenge from the Alibaba Cloud TianChi Company. Performance evaluation based on the mean average precision (mAP) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve has demonstrated considerable advantages of the proposed framework. Particularly, when combined with tagging of the negative image samples using traditional computer-vision techniques, 6-9% increase in mAP has been achieved. The proposed DGCA-RCNN model has potential to become a clinically useful AI tool for automated detection of cervical cancer cells in whole slide images of Pap smear.

The Impact of Video-Based Educational Interventions on Cervical Cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines.

Background: Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and communication technology usage presents an opportunity to improve the awareness of HPV vaccination and screening rates of cervical cancer among women in Ghana. This research aimed to assess the impact of video-based educational intervention centred on the Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models of behavioural changes in promoting HPV vaccination, cervical carcinoma awareness and willingness to have Pap smear test (PST) among women in Ghana. Methods: To achieve the intended sample size, convenient, purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used. SPSS v. 23.0 was used in the data analysis. Percentages and frequencies were used to represent participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of (1) cervical carcinoma, (2) human papillomavirus vaccine, and (3) Pap smear test. The chi-square test by McNemar was employed to evaluate variations in the post- and pre-intervention responses. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The level of significance was adjusted owing to multiple comparisons by using the Bonferroni's correction. Results: Before the intervention, 84.2% of the participant had some knowledge or information about cervical cancer, but after the intervention, 100% of the participant became aware of cervical cancer which represents 15.8% increment at a P < .001. The willingness to have a pap smear test increased from 35.8% to 94.2% (df = 58.4%, P < .001) after the educational intervention. The willingness to be vaccinated increased from 47.5% to 81.7% (df = 34.2%, P < .001) after the educational intervention. Six months after the intervention, participants were followed-up. 253 (42.2%) participants had gone for cervical cancer screening (Pap smear test) while 347 (57.8%) participants had not been screened. In terms of HPV vaccination, 192 participants (32.0%) had begun their HPV vaccination cycle. Conclusion: The study results show that health education, using videos, may be influential in perception changing, self-efficacy improvement and the understanding of cervical carcinoma screening and HPV vaccination.

Factors associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing in the rural areas of Indonesia: a health belief model.

PURPOSES: This study aimed to understand the influence of health beliefs, demographic factors, and health characteristics on the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among women in rural areas of Indonesia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and 687 married women participated in the study. A convenience sampling was applied to recruit the participants from community health centres in a rural region in Indonesia. Self-reported data using the Health Beliefs Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test was collected to assess the health beliefs. Independent t-tests, simple logistic regressions, and a hierarchical logistic regression with 3 steps were run. Statistical significance for analysis was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 42 years (SD = 8.4). Among the participants, 81% of the women had never undergone a Pap smear test, and 61% (n = 422) of the women reported a high intention of receiving a Pap smear test. Income and education Health beliefs regarding Pap smear testing were different between women who had low and high intentions to undergo Pap smear testing. Health beliefs, such as perceived benefits, severity, barriers to Pap smear testing, and health motivation for a Pap smear test were associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among rural Indonesian women. Overall, the hierarchical multiple regression with 3 steps containing demographic, health characteristics, and health belief variables accounted for 31% variance of the intention to undergo Pap smear test among the Indonesian rural women. CONCLUSIONS: Low screening rates of cervical cancer and high intentions to do the screening exist among rural Indonesian women. Health beliefs significantly affect the rural women's intention of Pap smear testing in Indonesia.

Cervical cancer is a leading cancer among women and a significant cause of mortality for females around the world, including Indonesia. Globally, the screening rate for cervical cancer among women in rural areas remains low. In Indonesia, the incidence and the mortality from cervical cancer remain high compared to other female cancers. The Indonesian government has offered a free Pap smear screening to women since 2014, but the screening rate is still low, around 28%.A total of 687 married women were included in the study. Approximately 80% of Indonesian women living in rural areas have never undergone a Pap smear test, and 60% of women reported a high intention of receiving a Pap smear test. Education, income, previous experience of Pap smear testing, a friend with a history of cervical cancer, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and health motivations were significantly associated with the intention of Pap smear testing. Low screening rates of cervical cancer and high intentions toward the cervical cancer screening exist among rural Indonesian women. Health beliefs significantly affect the women's intention of Pap smear testing.

Disparities in cervical cancer screening participation in Iran: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 nationwide STEPS survey.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important concerns in every healthcare system is the elimination of disparities in health service utilization and achievement of health equity. This study aimed to investigate the disparities in cervical cancer screening participation in Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Non-Communicable Risk Factors Survey in 2016 (STEPs 2016). Data on cervical cancer screening in addition to demographic and socio-economic factors from 15,975 women aged 18 and above were analyzed. The distribution of surveyed women with regard to cervical cancer screening practice was described. Chi square and logistic regression were used to assess the association of demographic and socio-economic factors with cervical cancer screening participation. RESULTS: Overall, 52.1% of women aged 30-59 years, had undergone cervical cancer screening at least once in their lifetime. Participation rate in cervical cancer screening programs varied between provinces; ranging from 7.6% in Sistan and Baluchestan to 61.2% in Isfahan. Single marital status, illiteracy, being employed, and having no insurance coverage were associated with lower participation. Age and area of residence were insignificant predictors for participating in cervical cancer screening program. Analysis of the cervical cancer uptake rates across the socio-economic levels revealed that the service is less utilised by high income groups. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in cervical cancer screening program in Iran is not optimal and could be improved. With regard to the distribution of cervical cancer screening practice, social and geographical disparities indicate the need for further research and more comprehensive strategies in order to reduce them.

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among rural women in Guilan, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the major health problems and the third prevalent cancer in women all around the world. As a simple, inexpensive, and with no side-effects, Pap test is a reliable way to screen cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate, the effects of educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on doing Pap smear tests among the rural women of the north of Iran. METHODS: In a quasi-experimental study, 160 rural women were randomly divided into control and experimental groups to experience a three-session intervention. The experimental group received the usual educational programs of rural health center and educational programs based on the HBM constructs through personal consultation, asking/answering questions, and an educational pamphlet. The control group, received the usual educational programs of rural health center. The post-test data were collected 2 months after the intervention and analyzed in SPSS-18. RESULTS: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the mean score of knowledge, performance and constructs of the HBM. After the intervention, however, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of knowledge performance and all constructs of the HBM in two groups (p < 0.001). Rate of doing the Pap smear test in the experimental group increased from 18.7 to 78.7% in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: These findings support the effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention programs based on the HBM. Therefore, conducting similar programs in other regions is recommended.