Current Perspectives on Paradental Cyst: A Literature Review.

Paradental cyst (PC) is an uncommon type of odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin, which develops near the cervical margin of the outside of the root of a vital tooth. The category of paradental cyst includes the buccal bifurcation cyst, which is found in the buccal area adjacent to the mandibular first or second molars in children. A conclusive diagnosis of a PC needs to correlate the surgical, radiographic, and histologic findings. When strict diagnosis is neglected, they can be easily misdiagnosed and mistreated. PCs associated with mandibular first and second molars and those associated with the mandibular third molar may have slightly different clinical manifestations but have almost completely different treatment principles due to the distinction in location. For the third molars, removal of both the tooth and the cyst is preferred. However, when the first or second molars are affected, it may be advisable to perform enucleation of the lesion while preserving the associated tooth. There are also more conservative methods to retain vital permanent teeth within the mandibular arch. Additionally, the cyst wall primarily consisted of granulation tissue firmly attached to the periodontal ligament space. The exact origin of these cysts was a subject of ongoing debate, but they were believed to primarily arise from either the reduced enamel epithelium or the inflammatory proliferation of junctional/sulcular epithelium, which originate from the superficial mucosa during tooth eruption. The aim of the present review was to update information on clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategies of cysts and discuss their pathogenic mechanisms. Raising familiarity with the distinctive features is beneficial for accurately diagnosing these lesions and effectively caring for the patients.

Paradental cyst with hyaline ring granuloma masquerading as pericoronitis.

Paradental cyst is an odontogenic cyst associated with pericoronitis in partly erupted mandibular third molars. It is an inflammatory cyst common among the mandibular molars. The cyst is most commonly seen on the distal or distobuccal aspect of the third molars. The angle of tooth and food impaction has been postulated to be responsible for the development of the cyst in third molars. The source of the epithelium has been reported as reduced enamel epithelium. The paradental cyst is frequently misdiagnosed as a radicular cyst or dentigerous cyst. We report a case of paradental cyst in a patient with partially erupted mandibular third molar with food impaction and resulting hyaline ring granuloma.

Presencia de lesiones quísticas en sacos pericoronarios de terceros molares mandibulares / Presence of cystic lesions in pericoronary sacs of mandibular third molars

Introducción: a pesar de que un tercer molar no erupcionado repre- senta un riesgo de formación quística, la práctica clínica desestima el análisis histopatológico de los folículos de dichos molares. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de lesiones quísticas en los sacos pericoronarios de terceros molares mandibulares. Material y métodos: estudio des- criptivo, transversal, analítico y observacional, en donde se incluyeron sacos pericoronarios de terceros molares mandibulares para su análisis histopatológico, descripción de características clínico-radiográficas y su asociación con la presencia de cambios histológicos o lesiones quís- ticas. Resultados: se incluyeron 48 muestras de sacos pericoronarios, la histopatología de los sacos pericoronarios mostró que 83.3% tenían algún tipo de alteración: 13 quistes paradentales (27.1%), cuatro quistes dentígeros (8.3%), 12 folículos hiperplásicos (25.0%) y 11 folículos inflamados (22.9%). La presencia de lesiones quísticas en la población fue de 35.4%. Se detectó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el sexo y la presencia de lesiones quísticas (p = 0.039) y entre el nivel de erupción y la presencia de cambios histológicos (p = 0.046). Con- clusiones: la frecuencia de lesiones quísticas o cambios histológicos en folículos de terceros molares mandibulares es alta, principalmente en molares parcialmente erupcionados o submucosos y sin importar la ausencia de sintomatología o alteraciones radiográficas (AU))

Introduction: although a non-erupted third molar represents a risk of cystic formation; clinical practice rejects the histopathological analysis of the follicles of said molars. Objective: identify the frequency of the histopathological changes in pericoronary sacs of mandibular third molars. Material and methods: descriptive cross- sectional, observational and analytic study, where pericoronary sacs of mandibular third molars were included for histopathological analysis, description of clinical-radiographic characteristics and their association with the presence of histological changes or cystic lesions. Results: 48 samples of pericoronary sacs were included, the histopathology of the pericoronary sacs showed 83.3% had some type of alteration: 13 paradental cysts (27.1%), four dentigerous cysts (8.3%), 12 hyperplastic follicles (25.0%) and 11 inflamed follicles (22.9%). The presence of cystic lesions in the population was 35.4%. A statistically significant association was detected between sex and the presence of cystic lesions (p = 0.039); and between the level of eruption and the presence of histological changes (p = 0.046). Conclusions: the frequency of cystic lesions or histological changes in mandibular third molar follicles is high, mainly in partially erupted or submucosal molars and regardless of the absence of symptoms or radiographic alterations (AU)

Ten reasons to not ignore the third molar

ABSTRACT Introduction: The third molars are forgotten because they are the last in the dental arch, they do not directly influence the smile and they appear only in adolescence, when they do. Objectives: 1) to provide the clinician with a "checklist" to assess and diagnose changes to be screened in the third molar region in new patients; 2) to reveal the importance of not discharging the patient submitted to any dental treatment without first analyzing the third molars region clinically and on imaging examinations, since many diseases are associated to them. Result: A list of 10 situations that cover all diagnostic possibilities involving the third molars is presented. Conclusion: Adopting this protocol is a matter of habit, since the need is fundamental. The next professional assisting your patient may ask: "Did he not request examinations for the third molars?".

RESUMO Introdução: Os terceiros molares são esquecidos por serem os últimos dentes na arcada dentária, por não influenciarem diretamente no sorriso e por aparecerem apenas na adolescência - quando aparecem. Objetivos: 1) Fornecer ao clínico um checklist de conferência e diagnóstico de alterações a serem checadas na região dos terceiros molares em novos pacientes; e 2) Destacar a importância de não dar alta ao paciente submetido a qualquer tratamento odontológico sem antes analisar, clínica e imagiologicamente, a região dos terceiros molares, pois muitas doenças estão a eles associadas. Resultado: Criou-se uma lista de 10 situações que englobam todas as possibilidades diagnósticas envolvendo os terceiros molares. Conclusão: Adotar esse protocolo é uma questão de hábito, pois a necessidade é imperiosa. O próximo profissional a atender o seu paciente vai perguntar: "Ele não solicitou exames para os terceiros molares?".

Quiste bucal mandibular infectado bilateral: reporte de caso estudiado con CBCT / Bilateral mandibular infected buccal cyst: report of a case studied by CBCT

El quiste bucal mandibular infectado (QBMI), también conocido como quiste de bifurcación, es un quiste odontogénico inflamatorio poco frecuente y descripto por primera vez por Stoneman y Worth. Ha sido incluido en la clasificación de la OMS de quistes y tumores odontogénicos en 1992. Este quiste suele darse, específicamente, en pacientes entre 6 y 13 años, y su localización más frecuente son el primer y segundo molar permanente y, eventualmente, segundo premolar. Su fisiopatología sigue sin estar clara y se han propuesto múltiples teorías. Este quiste se observa como una inflamación en el vestíbulo del molar afectado. Los síntomas frecuentes son dolor en el área afectada y supuración, pero también muchos casos permanecen asintomáticos. Radiográficamente se describe como un área radiolúcida circunferencial. El quiste está revestido con un epitelio escamoso no queratinizado con infiltrado inflamatorio de células en el tejido conectivo. La mayoría de las características clínicas e histológicas son similares a las reportadas para los quistes paradentales, de ahí la importancia de un buen diagnóstico radiográfico complementario en base a tomografía computada de haz cónico. Los enfoques conservadores suelen ser el tratamiento de elección, con la enucleación del quiste y el seguimiento del diente afectado (AU)

Mandibular infected buccal cyst (MIBC), also known as bifurcation cyst; it is a rare inflammatory odontogenic cyst first described by Stoneman and Worth. It was included in the WHO classification of cysts and odontogenic tumours in 1992. It usually occurs, specifically, in patients between 6 and 10 years of age and its most frequent location is the first and second permanent molars, and eventually the second premolar. Its pathophysiology remains unclear and multiple theories have been proposed. This cyst is seen as an inflammation in the vestibule of the affected molar. Frequent symptoms are pain in the affected area and suppuration, but many cases remain asymptomatic. Radiographically it is described as a circumferential radiolucent area. The cyst is lined with a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium with an inflammatory cell infiltrate in the connective tissue. Most of clinical and histological characteristics are like those reported for paradental cysts, hence the importance of a good complementary radiographic diagnosis based on cone beam computed tomography. Conservative approaches are usually the treatment of choice, with enucleation of the cyst and monitoring of the affected tooth (AU)

Buccal bifurcation cyst (paradental cyst) defined by ultrasonography and cone-beam computed tomography.

Buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC) is an uncommon inflammatory odontogenic cyst that generally occurs at the buccal region of the permanent mandibular first molars in children aged 6-8 years. The diagnosis of BBC cannot be made from the histopathologic features; therefore, diagnosis is primarily based on specific clinical and radiographic findings. In this case report, we present the clinical and radiological findings, including ultrasonography (USG) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, of a 10-year-old boy who was referred with a complaint of swelling on the lower right jaw. According to the radiographic and clinical findings, the differential diagnosis of this lesion included lateral radicular cyst, lateral periodontal cyst, dentigerous cyst, eruption cyst, and others. Recently, in addition to classical radiographies and CBCT, USG has been considered important for diagnosis. In particular, if a cyst produces a perforation in the cortical bone, it is helpful to make a pre-diagnosis with USG.

Bilateral mandibular second molar impaction with paradental cyst:A case report and literature review / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To explore the etiology and treatment of one case of bilateral mandibular second molar impaction with paradental cyst, and to provide a reference for its diagnosis and treatment. Methods:Root canal treatment of the left mandibular first molar of the patient was performed before operation.The left mandibular second molar of the patient was removed;the residual dental follicle, the granulation tissue and the cyst wall were stroken off under local anesthesia.The diamond ball was used to polish the wound cavity and sharp bone edge, and to mill the distal apical part of left mandibular first molar.The tissue removed during the procedure was used for the pathological examination.Results:The X-ray image showed that the bilateral mandibular second molar was impacted with the left mandibular first molar root's absorption, and there was a clear round-like density reduction zone around the second molar crown.The pathologic result was paradental cyst.Conclusion:Dental impaction complicated with paradental cyst could occur in other tooth position except for the third molar.Its diagnosis should be combined with the clinical manifestations, the pathologic manifestations and the medical imaging.Multidisciplinary consultation is in favor of its diagnosis and treatment.

Inflammatory paradental cyst of the first molar (buccal bifurcation cyst) in a 6-year-old boy: case report with respect to immunohistochemical findings.

The inflammatory paradental cyst (IPC) is a relatively rarely reported lesion arising from the lateral periodontium of vital teeth. However, IPC appear to be under-represented in registers of odontogenic cysts due to the misinterpretation of IPC as infected dentigerous cysts, in particular IPC originating from third molars. IPCs exhibit some temporospatial associations with tooth eruptions and occur almost exclusively in the mandible. The IPC of the first molar is predominantly diagnosed in children younger than 10 years. Bony bulging in the area of cyst formation may alert parents to seek medical advice. This case report details the characteristic clinical and radiological features of a first molar IPC arising in a child. The features of the presented cyst correspond well to the attributes qualifying for a so-called buccal bifurcation cyst. A conservative treatment regimen proved to be successful. Certain immunohistochemical markers are reported to further characterize this entirely benign lesion.

Cisto paradentário: importância dos achados clínicos, radiográficos,trans-cirúrgicos e microscópicos no diagnóstico / Paradental cyst: the importance of clinical, radiological, surgical and microscopic features on diagnosis

O cisto paradentário é um cisto odontogênico inflamatório incomum localizado aderido à junção amelo-cementária,possivelmente originado de remanescentes do epitélio reduzido do órgão do esmalte ou de restosepiteliais no periodonto. Localiza-se preferencialmente na região de trígono retromolar associado a terceirosmolares semi-inclusos com história de pericoronarite prévia. Apresenta-se como uma lesão radiolúcida bemdelimitada adjacente a dentes semi-inclusos, usualmente localizada distalmente a estes. Seu diagnósticodiferencial inclui o cisto radicular inflamatório lateral a raiz e o cisto dentígero inflamado, e o tratamento incluia remoção cirúrgica conservadora, quase sempre associada a remoção dos dentes associados. O objetivodeste trabalho é apresentar dois casos clínicos de cisto paradentário acometendo terceiros molares, ressaltandosua dificuldade diagnóstica microscópica e a necessidade da avaliação conjunta dos dados clínicoradiográficose trans-cirúrgicos. Ambos os casos apresentavam-se como áreas radiolúcidas unilocularesbem delimitadas localizadas distalmente aos terceiros molares inferiores do lado direito. O tratamento deambos os casos incluiu a remoção cirúrgica dos cistos e dos dentes associados e ambos os pacientes nãomostraram sinais de recidiva local. O cisto paradentário é um cisto incomum, de diagnóstico complexo, quenecessita de informações clínicas e imaginológicas adequadas para seu diagnóstico, devendo ser tratadode forma cirúrgica conservadora, com excelente prognóstico.

Paradental cyst is an uncommon inflammatory odontogenic cyst adhered to the enamel-cementum junction,possibly originated from remnants of the reduced enamel epithelium or epithelial remnants on the periodontium.It is usually located adjacent to the distal portion of partially-erupted lower third molars with previoushistory of pericoronaritis, as a radiolucent unilocular well-defined area. Differential diagnosis includes lateralradicular inflammatory cyst and lateral inflammed dentigerous cyst, and treatment includes conservative surgicalexcision almost always associated to removal of the associated tooth. The aim of this paper is to presenttwo cases of paradental cyst, both associated to lower third molars, discussing their microscopical diagnosticdifficulties and the importance of clinical, radiological and surgical information. The two cases presented aswell-defined unilocular radiolucences distal to the teeth, and treatment included surgical removal of the cystsand associated teeth, with no signs of recurrence until now. Paradental cyst is an uncommon cyst, whichneeds adequate clinical and imaginological information for correct final diagnosis, and should be managedthrough conservative surgery, with excellent prognosis.