Effects of Parent-Child Relationships on Child Marriage of Girls in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam: Evidence From a Prospective Cohort.

PURPOSE: Parental influence over early marriage of girls is well-documented in qualitative research, but little quantitative work in this area has been conducted. This study assesses the effects of the parent-child relationship in early adolescence (aged 12 years) on early marriage of girls. METHODS: We analyzed survey data from a multicountry prospective cohort of girls (n = 1,648) followed over four rounds from age 8 to 19 years (2002-2013), as part of the Young Lives study in India, Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Peru. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the effects of parent-child communication and parent-child relationship quality, as reported when girls were aged 12 years on child and early marriage (married <16 years, married 16-17 years, married 18-19 years, unmarried). Covariates were wealth, rural/urban residence, maternal education, parents' value of education, early menarche, and country. RESULTS: One in five girls (18.04%) reported marriage before 18 years of age, and 8.1% reported marrying before 16 years (8.3% and 13.7% in India and Ethiopia). Multinomial regression found that girls reporting good parent-child communication and high parent-child relationship quality at age 12 years were significantly less likely to marry before age 16 years (moderate relationship quality, adjusted relative risk ratio: .23, 95% confidence interval: .07-.72; high relationship quality, adjusted relative risk ratio: .34, 95% confidence interval: .11-.99). CONCLUSION: Parent-child relationship quality and communication in early adolescence are protective against very early marriage of girls cross-nationally, although communication may facilitate marriage soon on completion of school. Primary prevention interventions targeting child marriage may benefit from components focused on improving the parent-child relationship.

Exploring Parental Influence on the Progression of Alcohol Use in Mexican-Heritage Youth: a Latent Transition Analysis.

Mexican-heritage youth are members of the fastest growing minority group and are at particular risk for substance use including alcohol consumption. Youth face numerous risk factors including positive descriptions of substance use on media and peer offers that are potentially ameliorated by parental anti-substance use socialization efforts. Guided by primary socialization theory and the theory of planned behavior, the present study posited eight research questions to identify discrete subgroups/patterns of Mexican-heritage youth alcohol use behavior and parental influence on youth outcomes. Longitudinal survey data (n = 1147) from youth in 29 public schools located in Phoenix, Arizona, were collected over 3 years. Latent class and transition analyses identified four discrete subgroups characterized by response patterns of alcohol use behaviors and perceptions in Mexican-heritage youth: (1) non-drinker, (2) potential drinker, (3) experimenter, and (4) regular drinker. Targeted parent-child communication about alcohol and parental monitoring were found to be significant predictors for youth alcohol use. Research implications and future directions are suggested.

Early adolescent substance use in Mexican origin families: Peer selection, peer influence, and parental monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Because adolescents vary in their susceptibility to peer influence, the current study addresses potential reciprocal effects between associating with deviant peers and use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs (ATOD), as well as the potential buffering role of parental monitoring on these reciprocal effects. METHOD: 674 children of Mexican origin reported at fifth and seventh grade (10.4 years old at fifth grade) on the degree to which they associated with deviant peers, intended to use alcohol, tobacco or other drugs (ATOD) in the future, and had used controlled substances during the past year. Trained observers rated parental monitoring from video-recorded family interactions at the first assessment. RESULTS: Youth who intended to use ATODs during fifth grade experienced a relative increase in number of deviant peers by seventh grade, and youth with more deviant peers in fifth grade were more likely to use ATODs by seventh grade. Parental monitoring buffered (i.e., moderated) the reciprocal association between involvement with deviant peers and both intent to use ATODs and actual use of ATODs. CONCLUSIONS: Parental monitoring can disrupt the reciprocal associations between deviant peers and ATOD use during the transition from childhood to adolescence.

Adolescent Sexual Health Education: Parents Benefit Too!

The inclusion of parents in adolescent-targeted interventions is intended to benefit the adolescent. Limited research has explored whether parents participating in these programs also benefit directly. We examined the impact of Caribbean Informed Parents and Children Together, the parenting portion of an adolescent-targeted HIV prevention intervention, on parent-reported measures. Bahamian parent-youth dyads (N = 1,833) participating in the randomized control trial were assigned to receive one of four conditions. Parents were assessed longitudinally at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. Through 12 months follow-up, parents exposed to Caribbean Informed Parents and Children Together showed higher knowledge of condom use skills, perceptions of improved condom use competence on the part of their youth, and perceived improved parent-child communication about sex-related information. Although youth were the targeted beneficiary, parents also benefited directly from the sexual risk reduction parenting program. Parents demonstrated improved perceptions and knowledge that would enable them to more effectively guide their child and also protect themselves from sexual risk.

Caracterização da comunicação entre progenitores e filhos em idade escolar: estudo com uma amostra portuguesa / Characterization of parent-child communication in school-age children: study with a portuguese sample

A comunicação parento-filial é uma dimensão central do exercício da parentalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e comparar as percepções de 467 progenitores e 329 crianças (entre 7 e 11 anos) sobre a comunicação parento-filial, através da Escala de Avaliação da Comunicação na Parentalidade (COMPA). Os testes t de Student, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson revelaram alguns resultados estatisticamente significativos: destaque positivo de mães/filhas na comunicação, relação positiva entre dimensões metacomunicação e partilha/confiança da intimidade por parte das crianças, e influência das variáveis sociodemográficas (níveis socioeconómico e de escolaridade baixos, contexto rural) sobre a comunicação. De uma forma geral, os resultados sugerem a necessidade de dar atenção às relações parento-filiais em contextos escolares e socioeconómicos desfavorecidos.(AU)

Parent-child communication is a central dimension of the parenting task. The main goal of the present study was to identify and compare the perceptions of 467 parents and 329 children (ages between 7-11 years) related to parent-child communication, using the Perception Scale of Parenting Communication. Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlations revealed some statistically significant results: a positive emphasis of mothers/daughters on communication, a positive relationship between meta-communication and sharing/confidence dimensions for children, and the influence of sociodemographic variables (low levels of financial income and education, rural context) on the quality of communication. In general, these results seem to indicate the necessity of paying attention to the parent-child relationship in disadvantaged school and socioeconomic contexts.(AU)

Caracterização da comunicação entre progenitores e filhos em idade escolar: estudo com uma amostra portuguesa / Characterization of parent-child communication in school-age children: study with a portuguese sample

A comunicação parento-filial é uma dimensão central do exercício da parentalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e comparar as percepções de 467 progenitores e 329 crianças (entre 7 e 11 anos) sobre a comunicação parento-filial, através da Escala de Avaliação da Comunicação na Parentalidade (COMPA). Os testes t de Student, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson revelaram alguns resultados estatisticamente significativos: destaque positivo de mães/filhas na comunicação, relação positiva entre dimensões metacomunicação e partilha/confiança da intimidade por parte das crianças, e influência das variáveis sociodemográficas (níveis socioeconómico e de escolaridade baixos, contexto rural) sobre a comunicação. De uma forma geral, os resultados sugerem a necessidade de dar atenção às relações parento-filiais em contextos escolares e socioeconómicos desfavorecidos.

Parent-child communication is a central dimension of the parenting task. The main goal of the present study was to identify and compare the perceptions of 467 parents and 329 children (ages between 7-11 years) related to parent-child communication, using the Perception Scale of Parenting Communication. Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlations revealed some statistically significant results: a positive emphasis of mothers/daughters on communication, a positive relationship between meta-communication and sharing/confidence dimensions for children, and the influence of sociodemographic variables (low levels of financial income and education, rural context) on the quality of communication. In general, these results seem to indicate the necessity of paying attention to the parent-child relationship in disadvantaged school and socioeconomic contexts.

El papel de los padres en la salud sexual de sus hijos / The Role of Parents in their Children's Sexual Health

Los propósitos de este estudio fueron identificar las variables que predicen la intención de usar condón en adolescentes sin experiencia sexual, y conocer el papel que desempeñan los padres en dichas variables. Se obtuvo información de 290 estudiantes y sus padres (n=290) mediante un instrumento de autoinforme. Los resultados mostraron que los jóvenes tienen mayor intención de usar condón en la medida que se perciben capaces de usarlo (autoeficacia). Los padres tuvieron una influencia en variables mediadoras de la autoeficacia a través de sus conocimientos sobre uso del condón, estereotipos hacia el cuidado de la salud sexual, expectativas positivas hacia la comunicación y mediante la comunicación que establecen con sus hijos sobre relaciones sexuales. Los resultados de esta investigación se discuten considerando la importancia de contar con medidas de autoinforme tanto de los padres como de sus hijos y su pertinencia para el establecimiento de relación entre ambos. Se enfatiza el papel que desempeñan los padres en variables precursoras de la conducta sexual protegida de sus hijos y se analizan las implicaciones de este estudio en programas de intervención orientados a la prevención.

The purposes of this study were to identify the predictors of intention to use condoms in sexually inexperienced adolescents, and to know the role of parents in these variables. Information was obtained from 290 students and their parents (n = 290) using a self-report instrument. The results showed that young people have greater intention to use condoms when they perceive able to use it (self-efficacy). The parents had an influence on mediating variables of self-efficacy through their knowledge of condom use, stereotypes to the sexual health care, positive expectations of communication and through communication they have with their children about sex. The results of this research are discussed considering the importance of self-report measures of both parents and their children and their impact on the development of their relationship. The authors emphasize the role of parents in precursor variables protected sexual behavior of their children and discusses the implications of this study in intervention programs aimed at preventing sexual health problems in young sexually inexperienced.