Exploring the Unique and Interactive Effects Between Callous-Unemotional and Autistic Traits with Parental Practices, Care, and Distress in a Community Sample.

Parental practices and stress are associated with both CU and autistic traits, with parents of children with these traits facing challenges that other parents do not encounter. However, the majority of available studies focused mainly on the unique effects of CU and autistic traits with parental stress and practices without exploring their interaction. The current study examines the distinct associations and interactions between CU and autistic traits with parental practices (parental involvement, poor monitoring, inconsistent discipline, and corporal punishment), care, and distress after considering the effect of conduct problems (CPs), age and sex in a Greek-Cypriot sample (N = 146, Mage = 7.30, SD = 1.43). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that children with CU traits were more likely to experience negative parenting, while parents showed heightened levels of distress. Notably, the study found no association between CU traits and positive parental practices. Further analysis indicated no significant relation between autistic traits and interactions with the target variables, signifying that these traits are not associated with difficulties in parenting and distress. No sex differences were found in all analyses. Age was negatively significant only in relation to parental distress These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of CU traits and underscore the need for additional studies investigating the impact of autistic traits, possibly within clinical samples.

Parental practices as predictors of adolescents' compulsive sexual behavior: a 6-month prospective study.

Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is a prevalent disorder among adolescents. To date, most studies focused on the self-report assessment of individuals without assessing possible parental practices that might alleviate or exacerbate adolescents' CSB. In the present research, I adopted the family systematic approach, which considers the effects of family context on children's and adolescents' development and examined whether and how parental (fathers' and mothers') support giving, communication, and restrictive mediation relate to children's current and future severity of CSB. The sample comprised 300 Israeli families [triad of mothers, fathers, and one adolescent (39% boys, 61% girls; age 14-18)]. Results indicate that maternal support and paternal quality of communication with children significantly predicted lower severity of current and future CSB, respectively. These findings highlight an important and understudied topic in the hope of motivating additional researchers and practitioners to adopt a familial, microsystem perspective on healthy sexual development-a perspective that holds great promise in promoting normal sexual development and in decreasing risky sexual behaviors.

Tírala Plena: findings from the formative research to inform the initiative "Reaching those most left behind through comprehensive sexuality education for out-of-school young people" in Colombia.

This paper presents the results of formative research conducted from January to June 2020 in the Department of Atlántico, Caribbean region of Colombia, whose findings were used as inputs to design the national strategy for comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) outside school - Tírala Plena - including its curriculum. This is within the framework of the multi-country project coordinated by UNFPA and WHO aimed at generating evidence on the role of facilitators in the delivery of CSE in non-school contexts. The research was carried out in four municipalities in northern Colombia, in rural and marginal urban contexts with conditions of vulnerability for the adolescent population, including a strong presence of migrant populations from Venezuela. A total of 150 male and female adolescents ages 10-17 participated in the formative research. Workshops such as patchwork quilt, body mapping and talking maps were used as methods to gather information. The groups were divided by sex and age (10-13 years old and 14-17 years old). Knowledge, attitudes and social norms regarding adolescent pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, and gender-based violence, were identified in adolescents (schooled and not schooled, but with minimal or no access to CSE). All of the above enabled us to establish a set of recommendations for the strengthening of the CSE strategy Tírala plena.

How parents' feeding styles, attitudes, and multifactorial aspects are associated with feeding difficulties in children.

BACKGROUND: Parental complaints about feeding difficulties (FD) during childhood are frequent in pediatrics. Behavioral factors about children's feeding and parental aspects are fundamental in solving these problems, but research in this area lacks information considering the joint presence of fathers and mothers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the features of children, parents and mealtime practices related to FD reported by fathers and mothers and to identify parenting styles, mealtime actions, practices and factors associated with FD in children. METHODS: 323 parents (226 mothers and 97 fathers) of children aged 1 to 7 years were recruited in the emergency waiting room at Sabará Hospital Infantil, in São Paulo, Brazil, and self-completed electronic questionnaires on parenting style (Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire), parents' mealtime actions (Parent Mealtime Action Scale), socioeconomic information, personal and children's health data and routine meal practices. RESULTS: The prevalence of FD in children was 26.6%. Indulgent parenting style was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by authoritarian (25.1%), authoritative (23.8%), and uninvolved (6.9%) styles. Most parents (75.8%) reported presence during meals, and 83.6% used distractions. Regression analyses after adjustments showed, as factors associated with FD, female children (OR: 2.06; 95%CI: 1.19-3.58), parents' FD history (OR: 3.16; 95%CI: 1.77-5.64), and greater frequency of parents' behavior of offering many food options (OR: 2.69; 95%CI: 1.18-6.14). Parents with indulgent styles had decreased chances of reporting FD in their children (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.06-0.27). Furthermore, the practice of children sharing the family menu (OR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.18-0.99) and higher frequency of parents' behavior of setting snack limits (OR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.23-0.85) were inversely associated with FD. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces the multifactorial aspects involved in the feeding difficulties context. It points out the importance of expanding knowledge of the individual role of fathers and mothers to compose a scenario that can guide future studies and interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CAAE #99221318.1.0000.5567 with registration number 2,961,598.

A new tool to capture dimensions of family dinners in relation to adolescent health and risk-related outcomes: The 'Family Dinner Index'.

There is a strong association between family meals and child and adolescent health. To systematically understand the associations between family meals with a variety of health and risk outcomes, we developed and conducted a validation study of child- and parent-versions of the Family Dinner Index (FDI; FDI-C/FDI-P). We validated the measures with a national sample of 2,090 parent-child dyads. Using factor analysis, we reduced the initial FDIs each to eight items representing communication, enjoyment, and digital distractions; the FDI-C also included meal logistics and the FDI-P, family bonding. Using multivariable log-binomial regression models, we examined the relationships between FDI scores and substance use, violence, weight perception, weight control intention, and health indicators. Children who scored ≥21 on the FDI-C had a significantly lower average prevalence of a 'negative outcome' composite, as well as a lower prevalence of each of the individual behaviors. Children of parents who scored ≥24 on the FDI-P had a significantly lower average prevalence of the 'negative outcome' composite, as well as a lower prevalence of substance use indicators, negative weight perception and intentions to lose weight, less than daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and not meeting guidelines for physical activity. The FDI measures provide support for face and content validity, as well as concurrent criterion validity and construct validity. Further validation with these measures using a longitudinal design will allow for the establishment of predictive validity. Currently, the FDI measures may help researchers and practitioners identify points of emphasis for tailoring family-based prevention programs accordingly.

Psychopathic Traits and Parental Practices in Greek-Cypriot Community and Dutch Clinical Referred Samples.

Parental practices are associated with psychopathic traits across several developmental stages. However, the majority of available studies focused mainly on the affective dimension of psychopathy, namely callous-unemotional traits, disregarding the grandiose-deceitful and impulsivity-need for stimulation dimensions. The current study examines the distinct associations between all three dimensions with parental practices (parental involvement, poor monitoring, inconsistent discipline, and corporal punishment) after considering the effect of conduct problems (CPs) and sex in a Greek-Cypriot primary school sample (N = 792, Mage = 6.93, SD = 0.72) and a Dutch clinical-referred sample (N = 217, Mage = 9.55, SD = 1.79) of children. In the community sample, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that parents of children with high levels of callous-unemotional traits were more likely to engage in inconsistent discipline but less in positive parental practices. In contrast, high levels of impulsivity-need for stimulation were related to inconsistent discipline. In the clinical sample, callous-unemotional traits were associated with less parental involvement and grandiose-deceitful dimension with high levels of inconsistent discipline. These findings suggest that the three psychopathy dimensions have unique relations with parental practices above and beyond CPs, proposing that parental practices may be influenced more strongly by psychopathic traits than by antisocial behavior.

Parenting Practices and Adolescents' Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Maternal and Paternal Acceptance-Rejection and Adolescents' Self-Efficacy.

Parenting practices are essential in promoting children's mental health, especially in effective and ineffective parenting. The use of ineffective parenting practices is no longer encouraged in the west; however, it remains a common practice among Asian households. Ineffective parenting consists of inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment, and poor monitoring which may result in mental health consequences. Thus, this study assessed the mediating effects of adolescents' self-efficacy and parental acceptance-rejection on the relationship between ineffective parenting practices and adolescents' mental health. The current study involved a total of 761 school-going Malaysian adolescents aged 13-18 (38.5% males; Mage = 15.65; SDage = 1.43). This study utilized a cross-sectional design where it measured adolescents' mental health, ineffective parenting practices, parental acceptance-rejection, and adolescents' self-efficacy. Both paternal and maternal parenting practices and acceptance-rejection were measured independently. Adolescents' self-efficacy and perceived paternal and maternal acceptance-rejection were found to be significant mediators for ineffective parenting practices and adolescents' mental health. Our findings suggest that ineffective parenting practices will result in perceived parental rejection and lower self-efficacy which in turn resulted in poorer mental health among adolescents. It means parents should be mindful of their parenting approaches as they have a direct and indirect impact on the mental health of their offspring.

Shared reading: Parental attitudes, practices and barriers in Turkey.

AIM: Understanding the nature of parent-child shared reading (SR) practices is important to reach children's developmental potential and subsequent achievement. We evaluated the parental attitudes and practices, associated variables and barriers related to SR. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 624 parents of children aged 1-72 months who presented to a tertiary hospital for well-child care or acute minor illness. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The median age for starting SR was 12 (0-72) months. Daily SR activities were provided by 29.5% of the parents. Owning >10 children's books, higher socioeconomic status, attending pre-school/kindergarten and being a single child were associated with daily reading (P < 0.001). In total, 36.5% of the parents reported that they had not yet started SR and planned to start SR when their children reached a median age of 20.5 (2-72) months. The most commonly reported barriers were time constraints and the perception that their child was too young. Almost 10% of the parents had received an SR recommendation. Parents who had received a recommendation and those who had a habit of self-reading multiple times a week were more likely to begin SR at younger child age and to read daily (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated low rates of parent-child SR activities in early childhood, particularly in the first years of life, in Turkey. Our findings emphasise the need for a national strategy integrated into the healthcare system to promote SR.

Percepções de mães pobres acerca das práticas de monitoria positiva e negativa / Perceptions of impoverished mothers on positive and negative monitoring practices

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a percepção de mães em situação de pobreza residentes na região metropolitana de Belém-PA sobre suas práticas de monitoria positiva e monitoria negativa. Participaram deste estudo 13 cuidadoras, que além de responderem à instrumentos para coleta de dados sociodemográficos (ISD), de pobreza familiar (IPF) e de avaliação de práticas parentais (IEP), participaram de grupos focais. As participantes foram divididas de acordo com o nível de pobreza familiar em dois grupos: mais pobres e menos pobres. As etapas de coleta dos dados foram realizadas em Centros de Referência em Assistência Social (CRAS) do município de Belém-PA, localizados em áreas periféricas da cidade e em salas de aula do Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento (NTPC). A análise qualitativa dos dados ratificou a relação entre maiores níveis de privação com a maior probabilidade de utilização de monitoria negativa. Os resultados apontam para os desafios e demandas do contexto de vulnerabilidade que enfraquecem a habilidade de exercer uma parentalidade efetiva.

The objective of this study was to describe the perception of poor mothers living in the metropolitan region of Belém-PA, about their practices of positive and negative monitoring. Participated in this study 13 guardians who, in addition to responding to the following quantitative instruments: ISD (sociodemographic inventory), IPF (family poverty index) and IEP (parenting styles inventory), participated in a focus group. Participants were divided according to the level of family poverty into two groups, namely, more and less poor. The data collection stages were respectively carried out in Social Assistance Reference Centers (Centros de Referência em Assistência Social - CRAS), located in peripheral areas of the city of Belém-PA and in classrooms of the Behavior Theory and Research Nucleus (NTPC). The qualitative data analysis confirmed the relationship between higher levels of deprivation and higher probabilities of negative monitoring. The results point to the challenges and demands of the vulnerability context that weaken the ability to exercise positive parenting.

Parental practices under the perspective of incarcerated fathers / Práticas parentais na percepção de pais encarcerados / Prácticas parentales en la percepción de los padres encarcelados

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the perception of parenting practices before and during the incarceration of men deprived of liberty. Fifty-seven men aged between 22 and 61 years (M = 36.16; SD = 8.44) participated in the study, with family income of one to two minimum wages (31.6%), did not complete elementary school (54.4%), were married (73.7%), and had two or more children (73.7%) aged 4 to 16 years. They answered socio-demographic questions and the Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) for conditions in liberty and in prison. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, mean comparison tests and Pearson correlation. Regarding their condition of imprisonment, there was a significant reduction in scores of parental practices of "Discipline", "Education" and "Social", but not in "Affection". The scores for "Discipline" for conditions in liberty and in prison showed a strong correlation. The implications of these results are discussed, limitations and future directions are also indicated. (AU)

Este estudo buscou avaliar e comparar a percepção das práticas parentais antes e durante o encarceramento por homens privados de liberdade. Participaram do estudo 57 homens com idades entre 22 e 61 anos (M = 36,16; DP = 8,44), com renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos (31,6%), ensino fundamental incompleto (54,4%), casados (73,7%) e com dois ou mais filhas/os (78,9%) com idades de 4 a 16 anos. Eles responderam a questões sociodemográficas e ao Inventário de Práticas Parentais (IPP) para as condições em liberdade e em situação de prisão. Realizaram-se análises descritivas, testes de comparação de médias e correlação de Pearson. A situação de prisão representou uma diminuição significativa em práticas parentais de "Disciplina", "Educação" e "Social", mas não em "Afeto". As pontuações em "Disciplina" para as condições em liberdade e em prisão apresentaram forte correlação. São discutidas as implicações desses resultados, bem como apresentadas limitações e direcionamentos futuros. (AU)

El presente estudio buscó evaluar y comparar la percepción de las prácticas parentales antes y durante el encarcelamiento de hombres privados de libertad. Participaron 57 hombres de entre 22 y 61 años (M = 36,16; DS = 8,44), con ingresos familiares de uno o dos salarios mínimos (31,6%), educación primaria incompleta (54,4 %), casados (73,7%) y con dos o más niños (78,9%) con edades entre 4 a 16 años. Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y el Inventario de Prácticas Parentales (IPP) sobre sus condiciones de paternidad en libertad y en prisión. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, pruebas de comparación de medias y correlación de Pearson. La situación carcelaria representó una disminución significativa en las puntuaciones de las prácticas parentales de "Disciplina", "Educación" y "Social", pero no en "Afectividad". Los escores en el factor "Disciplina" para las condiciones en libertad y en prisión mostraron una fuerte correlación. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados, así como también se presentan las limitaciones y direcciones futuras. (AU)

Differences in perceived parental practices across attachment styles in adult children of alcoholic fathers.

Background: Alcoholism is a growing problem in Pakistan. Problems related to alcoholism affects the family members especially children of alcoholics who are likely to have biased perceptions of parental practices which in turn affects their attachment patterns. Objective: To analyze the differences in perceptions of parental practices across three attachment styles namely avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, and secure attachments of the adults who are children of alcoholic parents. Method: The study is a correlational research design with a sample of 330 participants selected through purposive sampling technique. The participants were adults who are children of alcoholics from nuclear family systems, whose fathers were admitted in a rehabilitation center for the treatment of alcoholism for the second time. Results: MANOVA computed to examine differences in perception of parental practices across attachment styles was significant [F(12, 632) = 53.130, p < .001, Pillai's Trace = 1.003, partial eta squared = .501], indicating that those with different attachment styles perceive parental overprotectiveness, emotional warmth, and rejection differently. Conclusion: Perceptions about parental practices for father can be linked with alcoholism, while for mother the perceptions about parental practices are a product of attachment mainly. Implications: The findings can be used to devise counseling and therapeutic plans for adults who are children of alcoholics and help in educating them about the condition of alcoholism.

Parental Practices and Environmental Differences among Infants Living in Upper-Middle and High-Income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Parental practices and environmental factors can impact a child's development and, consequently, functionality. The objective is to assess the parental practices and environmental differences in healthy and at-risk infants at 3-6 months of age living in upper-middle (Brazil) and high-income (Italy) countries. A total group of 115 infants was identified and classified into four groups: healthy Italian infants (H_IT); Italian infants exposed to biological risk factors (R_IT); healthy Brazilian infants (H_BR); and Brazilian infants exposed to environmental risk factors (L_BR). The dependent variables were parental practices and environmental factors, which were assessed through a semi-structured interview and the "variety of stimulation dimension" from the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and correlation tests were applied. Regarding the environment and parental practices, the mother's age, maternal and paternal education, civil status, and variety of stimulation showed significant differences among the infants living in Brazil or in Italy. There were strong dissimilarities in parental practices and environmental factors among infants living in low/upper-middle and high-income countries. Since the home environment is the main stimulus for infant growth and development, our results are meaningful for providing knowledge about these two different cultures.

Associations between Family Functioning and Maternal Behavior on Default Mode Network Connectivity in School-Age Children.

Background: Most early children's experiences will occur in a family context; therefore, the quality of this environment is critical for development outcomes. Not many studies have assessed the correlations between brain functional connectivity (FC) in important areas such as the default mode network (DMN) and the quality of parent-child relationships in school-age children and early adolescence. The quality of family relationships and maternal behavior have been suggested to modulate DMN FC once they act as external regulators of children's affect and behavior. Objective: We aimed to test the associations between the quality of family environment/maternal behavior and FC within the DMN of school-age children. Method: Resting-state, functional magnetic resonance imaging data, were collected from 615 children (6-12 age range) enrolled in the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort (HRC) study. We assessed DMN intra-connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL-bilateral) regions. The family functioning was assessed by levels of family cohesiveness and conflict and by maternal behavior styles such as maternal responsiveness, maternal stimulus to the child's autonomy, and maternal overprotection. The family environment was assessed with the Family Environment Scale (FES), and maternal behavior was assessed by the mother's self-report. Results: We found that the quality of the family environment was correlated with intra-DMN FC. The more conflicting the family environment was, the greater the FC between the mPFC-left IPL (lIPL), while a more cohesive family functioning was negatively correlated with FC between the PCC-lIPL. On the other hand, when moderated by a positive maternal behavior, cohesive family functioning was associated with increased FC in both regions of the DMN (mPFC-lIPL and PCC-lIPL). Conclusions: Our results highlight that the quality of the family environment might be associated with differences in the intrinsic DMN FC.

A snapshot of parenting practices useful for preventing adolescent vaping.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking research demonstrates that parents can influence their adolescent's tobacco smoking perceptions and behaviors, but little is known about the protective effects of different parenting practices on adolescent vaping. In this study we investigate how adolescent perceptions of parents' knowledge of their activities and parental media mediation are associated with adolescents' perceptions of vaping and adolescent vaping behaviors. METHOD: Six hundred thirty-nine youth (65.7% female, average age: 14.71 years old) recruited through 4-H clubs in nine states participated in a study evaluating a substance use intervention program. Because the evaluation design could influence participants, we used only baseline data. An online self-reported survey was administrated. Most youth self-identified as White (87.3%) and only handful youth indicated Asian (3.4%), African American (3.4%), American Indian (1.1%), and other or unreported (4.8%). Approximately 60% of youth lived in small town or rural areas in US. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that parental knowledge was positively related with adolescent perceived harm of vaping and perceived prevalence of vaping, but was negatively related with perceived acceptability of vaping and social expectancy of vaping. In addition, youth who reported greater parental media mediation were more likely to perceive the harm of vaping and less likely to vape compared with youth with lower parental media mediation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that parental education about vaping, including those promoting conversations regarding vaping and vaping ads, may be important to the prevention of adolescent vaping.

Association between Demographic Factors Parental Oral Health Knowledge and their Influences on the Dietary and Oral Hygiene Practices followed by Parents in Children of 2-6 Years in Buraidah City Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study.

Background: Preschool children's oral hygiene maintenance is greatly prejudiced by their parent's knowledge and understanding regarding oral health. When parents are devoid of the basic awareness of caries-associated factors, the significance of primary teeth, and oral healthcare, it is challenging to program disease prevention strategies and apply them effectively. Aims and objectives: This pilot study aimed to assess the knowledge regarding oral health, its effects, and the influence of demographic values on the parental practices among the parents of 2-6-year-old children by using a self-administered pretested questionnaire. Materials and methods: The questionnaire was randomly distributed among parents of 2-6-year-old children who visited Buraidah Central Hospital. The sample size taken for this pilot study was 1,000. The questionnaire included 26 questions associated with the parent's knowledge about the oral health of the child, hygiene maintenance, and dietary habits. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In the present research, a total of 1,000 parents participated in the study. It was observed that parental knowledge and hygiene practices increased as the educational status increased. It was also observed that as the number of children decreased in the family, the dietary practices and hygiene practices improved. All these observations were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Parent's education and knowledge reflect in their child's development of healthy practices. Thus the parents need to know about oral health, which can be put into practice in their children. Clinical significance: This research helps us to understand the significance of parental knowledge and education in the oral health practices and maintenance among the children inculcated by parents, which can help in bringing down the oral health diseases in children in future. How to cite this article: Al Mejmaj DI, Nimbeni SB, Alrashidi RM. Association between Demographic Factors Parental Oral Health Knowledge and their Influences on the Dietary and Oral Hygiene Practices followed by Parents in Children of 2-6 Years in Buraidah City Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):407-411.

Prefrontal cortex and amygdala anatomy in youth with persistent levels of harsh parenting practices and subclinical anxiety symptoms over time during childhood.

Childhood adversity and anxiety have been associated with increased risk for internalizing disorders later in life and with a range of brain structural abnormalities. However, few studies have examined the link between harsh parenting practices and brain anatomy, outside of severe maltreatment or psychopathology. Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research on parenting and subclinical anxiety symptoms which remain persistent over time during childhood (i.e., between 2.5 and 9 years old). Here, we examined data in 94 youth, divided into four cells based on their levels of coercive parenting (high / low) and of anxiety (high / low) between 2.5 and 9 years old. Anatomical images were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FreeSurfer. Smaller gray matter volumes in the prefrontal cortex regions and in the amygdala were observed in youth with high versus low levels of harsh parenting over time. In addition, we observed significant interaction effects between parenting practices and subclinical anxiety symptoms in rostral anterior cingulate cortical thickness and in amygdala volume. These youth should be followed further in time to identify which youth will or will not go on to develop an anxiety disorder, and to understand factors associated with the development of sustained anxiety psychopathology.

Estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamento de jovens universitários condutores / Parenting styles, impulsivity and behavior of young university drivers / Estilos parentales, impulsividad y comportamientos de jóvenes conductores universitarios

Devido à alta taxa de jovens envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as relações entre estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamentos de direção em uma amostra de 292 jovens adultos. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Inventário de Estilos Parentais, do Questionário do Comportamento do motorista e da Escala de Impulsividade de Barrat. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação negativa (p < 0,01) entre estilos maternos positivos com o comportamento de risco no trânsito e uma correlação positiva (p < 0,01) entre impulsividade e comportamento de risco, de forma que o baixo controle inibitório apresentou interação com práticas parentais negativas e associação significativa (p = 0,04) com erros, lapsos e violações no trânsito. Os modelos de regressão linear múltipla apontaram que os estilos parentais e a impulsividade são preditores do comportamento de risco do motorista.

Due to the high rate of young adults involved in traffic accidents, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relations among parenting styles, impulsiveness and driving behaviour in a sample of 292 young adults. Data was collected using the Parenting Style Inventory, the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The results showed a negative correlation (p <0.01) between positive maternal styles with traffic risk behaviour and a positive correlation (p <0.01) between impulsiveness and risk behaviour, with low inhibitory control showing interaction with negative parenting practices and statistically significant association (p = 0.04) with errors, lapses and traffic violations. Multiple linear regression models indicate that parenting styles and impulsivity are predictors of risk behaviour in drivers.

Debido a la alta tasa de jóvenes involucrados en accidentes de tránsito, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las relaciones entre los estilos parentales, impulsividad y comportamientos de dirección en una muestra de 292 adultos jóvenes adultos. Los datos se recopilaron a través del Inventario de Estilos Parentales, Cuestionario de Comportamiento del Conductor y Escala de Impulsividad de Barrat. Los resultados presentaron una correlación negativa (p <0.01) entre estilos maternos positivos con el comportamiento de riesgo en el tránsito y una correlación positiva (p <0.01) entre impulsividad y comportamiento de riesgo, de forma que el bajo control inhibitorio presentó interacción con prácticas parentales negativas y asociación significativa (p = 0.04) con errores, lapsos y violaciones de tránsito. Los modelos de regresión linear múltipla apuntaron que los estilos parentales y la impulsividad son predictores del comportamiento de riesgo del conductor.

Escola de pais do Brasil: prevenção e promoção de práticas parentais positivas / Parents school of Brazil: prevention and promotion of positive parenting practices / Escuela de padres en Brasil: prevención y promoción de prácticas de crianza positivas

RESUMO A Escola de Pais do Brasil (EPB) realiza o Círculo de Debates, trabalho preventivo realizado com pais e cuidadores, em parceria com prefeituras e escolas das regiões dos municípios em que possuem seccionais. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever e analisar o Círculo de Debates através de um estudo observacional, com observação participante e registro em diário de campo, que resultou em análise temática e criação de três categorias mutuamente excludentes: prevenção, cotidiano dos pais/mães e valores e limites na educação. Apresenta ainda uma categoria transversal: a psicoeducação. Pela análise, o trabalho do Círculo de Debates da EPB foi considerado psicoeducativo, de prevenção e promoção de práticas parentais positivas.

ABSTRACT The Parent's School of Brazil (EPB) conducts the Debate Circle, preventive work with parents, mothers, and caregivers, in partnership with city halls and schools in the regions of the counties in which they have sections. This study sought to describe and analyze the Debate Circles through an observational study, with participant observation and the use of a field diary. Analyses were conducted via thematic analysis and three mutually exclusive categories were generated: prevention, parents' daily life and values, and limits in education. It also presents a transversal category: psychoeducation. According to the analysis, the work of the EPB Debate Circle was considered psychoeducative for the prevention and promotion of positive parenting practices.

RESUMEN La Escuela de Padres de Brasil (EPB) realiza el Círculo de Debate, trabajo preventivo con padres, madres y cuidadores, en alianza con ayuntamientos y escuelas de las regiones de los municipios en los que tiene secciones. Este estudio buscó describir y analizar los Círculos de Debate a través de un estudio observacional, con observación participante y el uso de diario de campo, que da como resultado el análisis temático y la creación de tres categorías mutuamente excluyentes: prevención, vida cotidiana de los padres y valores y límites en la educación. También presenta una categoría transversal: psicoeducación. Según el análisis, el trabajo del Círculo de Debate EPB se consideró psicoeducativo, para la prevención y promoción de prácticas parentales positivas.

A Two-Sided Lockdown? Social Class Variations in the Implementation of Homeschooling During the COVID-19 Lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic deeply affected how schools and families functioned through most of 2020. In particular, school closures meant parents took on a more central role in their children's learning. This study analyzed social class variations in the quantity and quality of homeschooling during the lockdown. Through an online questionnaire, 360 parents reported (1) their digital equipment and use, (2) the perceptions of their ability to homeschool their children, (3) how they handled homeschooling and (4) the extent to which they supported other activities considered more or less "profitable" from an educational point of view (e.g., reading, watching television). A social position index was used as a proxy of social class. The results indicated that all parents were highly involved in setting up homeschooling and that the lower the parents' social position, the more they spent time homeschooling their children. However, in line with the digital divide literature, the lower the parents' social position, the lower the digital equipment and the less the parents felt capable of homeschooling. Finally, the higher the social position of the families, the more children spent time doing activities considered to be "educationally profitable," and the less they spent time doing "unprofitable activities." Thus, even if all parents were highly involved in homeschooling, higher social position parents were better equipped both materially and psychologically to face the challenge of homeschooling. The long-term impact of these processes on the perpetuation of social class inequalities are discussed.

Factors Affecting the Perception of Disability: A Developmental Perspective.

Perception of disability is an important construct affecting not only the well-being of individuals with disabilities, but also the moral compass of the society. Negative attitudes toward disability disempower individuals with disabilities and lead to their social exclusion and isolation. By contrast, a healthy society encourages positive attitudes toward individuals with disabilities and promotes social inclusion. The current review explored disability perception in the light of the in-group vs. out-group dichotomy, since individuals with disabilities may be perceived as a special case of out-group. We implemented a developmental approach to study perception of disability from early age into adolescence while exploring cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of children's attitudes. Potential factors influencing perception of disability were considered at the level of society, family and school environment, and the individual. Better understanding of factors influencing the development of disability perception would allow the design of effective interventions to improve children's attitudes toward peers with disabilities, reduce intergroup biases, and promote social inclusion. Based on previous research in social and developmental psychology, education, and anthropology, we proposed an integrative model that provides a conceptual framework for understanding the development of disability perception.