The Characterization of Pastures by Grazing Cycle and Evaluation of Supplementation with Agro-Industry Co-Products on the Performance of Buffaloes in the Humid Tropics.

The objective was to characterize the pastures by grazing cycle, as well as to evaluate the performance of buffaloes in intensive rotational grazing in a silvopastoral system in the eastern Amazon supplemented with agro-industry co-products in order to characterize the grazing cycles, the composition of the fractions, and the carcass yield. Fifteen non-castrated, crossbred water buffaloes (Murrah × Mediterranean) were used. All animals used in the study were clinically healthy and weighed approximately 458 kg. The animals were grazed in a single group, and supplementation (1% of live weight-LW/day) was divided into three treatments: control (control-conventional ingredients); Cocos nucifera coconut cake (Cocos nucifera) (coconut cake-70%); and palm kernel cake (Guinean elaeis) (palm kernel cake-70% palm kernel cake). The chemical composition of the forage is different in each part of the plant, with higher protein values in the leaves (11.40%) and higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) values in the stems (50.03%). Among the ingredients of the supplement, corn has the highest percentage of indigestible protein (35.57%), most of the protein in palm kernel cake is B3 (49.11%), and in Coco, B2 (51.52%). Mombasa grass has a higher percentage of B3 and B2 proteins; the indigestible fraction is lower in the leaves (17.16%). The leaf/stem ratio also varied between grazing cycles, being better in the second cycle (2.11%) and with an overall average of 1.71. Supplement consumption varied between cycles and was higher in the control treatment, with an overall mean of 4.74. There was no difference in daily weight gain and carcass yield, with an average of 1 kg/day and 49.23%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that including supplements based on by-products from the coconut and palm oil agro-industries promotes performance and carcass yields compatible with conventional supplements. Their use reduces production costs, optimizes the utilization of forage mass, enhances the sustainability of the production chain, and, therefore, is recommended.

Finishing of grazing crossbred steers supplemented with detoxified castor bean meal (Ricinus communis L.) in the rainy-dry transition period.

This study evaluated levels of replacement of soybean meal by castor bean meal in the finishing crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. Forty Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers with an average initial weight of 395.93 ± 10 kg were randomly allocated to four treatment groups that were supplemented with concentrate levels of replacing (0, 290, 613, and 903 g/kg DM of the supplement; at 0.4% body weight [BW]). The experimental period was 120 days. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted; with regression analysis using the computational software package (SAS 9.2, USA). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients and animal performance were evaluated. The replacement levels did not influence (P > 0.05) the intakes of DM (kg/day), organic matter (OM, kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg/day and %BW), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, kg/day), or total digestible nutrients (kg/day). However, the intake of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE, kg/day) decreased as the replacement levels were increased (P < 0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and EE did not change, whereas CP digestibility decreased linearly and NFC digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05). The replacement levels did not affect (P > 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield. Castor bean meal can replace up to 903 g/kg DM of soybean meal in the composition of the supplement without compromising the performance of steers on Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period.

Strategies of virginiamycin supplementation in the postweaning phase on growth performance and carcass quality of beef cattle.

The present study evaluated the effects of supplementing VM in grazing cattle during the rearing phase on performance and carcass quality of beef cattle in the finishing phase. Two experiments with a randomized block design were conducted in consecutive years to contrast two post-weaning supplementation strategies using VM at 45 mg/100 kg body weight (BW). In the first year, treatments were protein supplement in the dry season and mineral supplement in the rainy season versus the addition of VM both in the protein and mineral supplements. In the second year, was contrasted with protein supplement in the dry season and protein-energy supplement in the rainy season. Performance, carcass traits, and carcass quality were evaluated at the end of both phases. In Year 1, adding VM in mineral supplement increased final backfat thickness (P=0.05), backfat gain (P=0.06), final rump fat thickness (P=0.02), and rump fat gain (P=0.01). In the finishing phase, VM-treated cattle had a greater dry matter intake (P=0.03) and tended to show a greater backfat thickness than non-treated cattle (P=0.07). In Year 2, no VM effects were observed on post-weaning phase performance and carcass traits. However, cattle-fed VM during the post-weaning phase tended to show a lower feed conversion ratio (P=0.09) and had a significantly higher gross feed efficiency (P=0.03) than non-treated cattle at slaughter. Virginiamycin supplementation during rearing on pasture improves performance and carcass fattening in the growth phase and has a residual effect in the finishing phase that may reflect greater backfat thickness and gross feed efficiency.

Carcass traits of goats finished with different levels of concentrate supplementation and kept on caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus / Características de carcaça de caprinos terminados com diferentes níveis de suplementação concentrada e mantidos em caatinga enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass traits of crossbred F1 goats (Boer x non-descript breed) finished on thinned caatinga pasture enriched with signal grass (Urochloa trichopus Stapf.), and receiving supplementation. Twenty-four crossbred F1 goats with 27.00 ± 3.32 kg body weight were used. The supplement was designed to meet the nutritional requirements and animals receiving the highest supplementation level could gain 150g per day. For data analysis, a completely randomized design was adopted, with four treatments (supplementation levels of 0.0%; 0.5%; 1.0% and 1.5% body weight) and six replications (animals). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. Supplementation resulted in an increasing linear effect for slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, empty body weight, hot carcass yield and cold carcass yield; and a quadratic effect for biological yield. Weight loss by cooling was not influenced by supplementation. For the results of subjective evaluations, only conformation was influenced by supplementation (P<0.05). For morphometry, a positive linear effect of supplementation was found for thorax perimeter, croup perimeter, croup width, thorax width. The level of supplementation caused a positive linear effect on the weight of most non-edible carcass components, and there was no influence of supplementation on most variables for yield. It can be concluded that increasing levels of supplementation up to 1.5% body weight for F1 goats (Boer x non-descript breed) kept on caatinga pasture results in higher carcass weight and yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça de caprinos mestiços F1 (Bôer x sem padrão de raça definida) terminados em pastagem de caatinga raleada e enriquecida com capim corrente (Urochloa trichopus Stapf.), submetidos a suplementação. Foram utilizados 24 caprinos mestiços com peso vivo 27,00 ± 3,32 kg. O suplemento foi elaborado de modo a atender as exigências nutricionais para que os animais do maior nível de suplementação obtivessem um ganho de 150 g diário. Para a análise dos dados foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de suplementação de 0,0%; 0,5%; 1,0% e 1,5% do peso vivo) e seis repetições (animais). Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e de regressão. Observou-se que a suplementação proporcionou efeito linear crescente para o peso ao abate, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, peso de corpo vazio, rendimento de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça fria; efeito quadrático para o rendimento biológico. A perda de peso por resfriamento não sofreu influência da suplementação. Para os resultados das avaliações subjetivas apenas a conformação sofreu influência da suplementação (P<0,05). Para a morfometria observou-se efeito linear positivo da suplementação para o perímetro do tórax, perímetro da garupa, largura da garupa, largura do tórax. O nível de suplementação proporcionou efeito linear e positivo sobre o peso da maioria dos não componentes comestíveis da carcaça, sendo que para o rendimento não foi observado influência da suplementação para a maioria das variáveis. Conclui-se que o uso crescente de suplementação até o nível de 1,5% do peso vivo para caprinos F1 (Boer x sem padrão de raça definida) mantidos em pastagem de caatinga resulta em maiores pesos e rendimentos de carcaças.(AU)

Performance and grazing behavior of growing goats supplemented with palm tree fruit

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and ingestive behavior of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass and fed diets containing 40% carnauba or tucum fruits. Twenty-one male castrated goats were distributed into three groups, one exclusively on pasture and the other two on pasture and fed diet supplemented at the level of 1.5% body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design. The intake of the supplements was obtained by difference between the amount supplied and the leftovers, with weighing performed every seven days, while pasture intake was determined using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as external indicator. Ingestive behavior was evaluated for three days. The supplement containing carnauba fruit resulted in a greater intake of neutral detergent fiber (0.137 kg NDF/day), with a reduction of 8.61% in the pasture dry matter (DM) intake of goats. Associated with the intake of pasture nutrients, the tucum fruit diet met the protein (0.103 kg CP/day) and energetic (0.547 kg TDN/day) requirements of goats with intake set at 0.124 kg CP/day and 0.572 kg TDN/day, with higher weight gain (0.111 kg/day) and larger loin eye area (12.76 cm2). The supplementation with fruits influenced the grazing behavior of goats, increasing the idle time by 1 h in relation to animals not supplemented. The supplementation of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass pasture with a diet containing 40% tucum fruit, in the proportion of 1.5% BW, did not meet the nutritional requirements for gain of 150 g/day; however, it met requirements for maintenance and average gain of 111 g/day. Energy supplementation reduces the grazing time of goats; thus, it is necessary to consider the level and formulation of supplements, with the possibility of increasing the stocking rate and productivity per unit area.(AU)

Suplementação de novilhos Nelore sob pastejo, no período de transição águas-seca / Supplementation of Nelore steers under grazing during the rainy/dry transition period

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação proteica sobre o consumo e o desempenho de novilhos recriados em pastagens de capim-piatã (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã), durante o período de transição águas-seca. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 260kg, distribuídos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os suplementos foram: sal mineral com ureia (controle) - ofertado ad libitum; sal proteinado - ofertado a 0,2% do peso vivo; suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,3% do peso vivo; e suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,5% do peso vivo. A suplementação teve efeito aditivo sobre o consumo de matéria seca total. O consumo médio diário dos suplementos foi de 0,167; 0,597; 0,865 e 1,469kg/animal, sendo observado ganho médio diário de 0,686; 0,761; 0,719 e 0,850kg/animal para os tratamentos controle e suplementados com 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% do peso vivo, respectivamente. Verificou-se que as estratégias de suplementação avaliadas foram economicamente viáveis e proporcionaram desempenho semelhante sob condições de elevada oferta de forragem, sendo recomendado iniciar a suplementação proteica no período de transição águas-seca.

The effects of proteic supplementation on performance and forage dry matter intake of steers grazing on Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã) during the rainy/dry transition period were evaluated. Twenty Nelore steers with an average body weight (BW) of 260kg, were assigned in a split plot design. The treatments were: mineral salt plus urea offered ad libitum (control); proteic supplement offered at 0.2% BW, proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.3% BW and proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.5% BW. The supplementation increased total dry matter intake. The average intake of supplements was 0.167; 0.597; 0.865 and 1.469kg/animal/day and the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.686; 0.761; 0.719 and 0.850kg/animal/day, for control, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% BW, respectively. It was verified that all strategies of supplementation are economically viable and similar in performance, under high herbage availability conditions. It is suggested that proteic supplementation begin during the rainy/dry transition period, for better animal performance and economic results.

Suplementação de novilhos Nelore sob pastejo, no período de transição águas-seca / Supplementation of Nelore steers under grazing during the rainy/dry transition period

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação proteica sobre o consumo e o desempenho de novilhos recriados em pastagens de capim-piatã (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã), durante o período de transição águas-seca. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 260kg, distribuídos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os suplementos foram: sal mineral com ureia (controle) - ofertado ad libitum; sal proteinado - ofertado a 0,2% do peso vivo; suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,3% do peso vivo; e suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,5% do peso vivo. A suplementação teve efeito aditivo sobre o consumo de matéria seca total. O consumo médio diário dos suplementos foi de 0,167; 0,597; 0,865 e 1,469kg/animal, sendo observado ganho médio diário de 0,686; 0,761; 0,719 e 0,850kg/animal para os tratamentos controle e suplementados com 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% do peso vivo, respectivamente. Verificou-se que as estratégias de suplementação avaliadas foram economicamente viáveis e proporcionaram desempenho semelhante sob condições de elevada oferta de forragem, sendo recomendado iniciar a suplementação proteica no período de transição águas-seca.(AU)

The effects of proteic supplementation on performance and forage dry matter intake of steers grazing on Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã) during the rainy/dry transition period were evaluated. Twenty Nelore steers with an average body weight (BW) of 260kg, were assigned in a split plot design. The treatments were: mineral salt plus urea offered ad libitum (control); proteic supplement offered at 0.2% BW, proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.3% BW and proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.5% BW. The supplementation increased total dry matter intake. The average intake of supplements was 0.167; 0.597; 0.865 and 1.469kg/animal/day and the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.686; 0.761; 0.719 and 0.850kg/animal/day, for control, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% BW, respectively. It was verified that all strategies of supplementation are economically viable and similar in performance, under high herbage availability conditions. It is suggested that proteic supplementation begin during the rainy/dry transition period, for better animal performance and economic results.(AU)