Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review / Doença respiratória bovina no Brasil: uma breve revisão

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.(AU)

O complexo da doença respiratória bovina (DRB) é uma enfermidade multifatorial e multietiológica descrita em todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil. Essa breve revisão discute os aspectos relacionados epidemiologia, aos agentes etiológicos, as manifestações clínicas e patológicas e os desafios no diagnóstico da DRB no Brasil. Os principais agentes associados a surtos respiratórios brasileiros são: alfaherpesvírus bovino tipo 1, vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus sincicial respiratório bovino e Mycoplasma bovis. Gammaherpesvirus ovino tipo-2 e HoBi-like pestivírus foram associados ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia em bovinos adultos e bezerros no país, respectivamente, e devem ser considerados como possíveis agentes no desenvolvimento da DRB. Adicionalmente, mais estudos utilizando dados epidemiológicos, associação histopatológica e molecular com morbidade e mortalidade devam ser realizados no Brasil, para demonstrar os verdadeiros efeitos de DRB em bovinos confinados.(AU)

Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review / Doença respiratória bovina no Brasil: uma breve revisão

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.(AU)

O complexo da doença respiratória bovina (DRB) é uma enfermidade multifatorial e multietiológica descrita em todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil. Essa breve revisão discute os aspectos relacionados epidemiologia, aos agentes etiológicos, as manifestações clínicas e patológicas e os desafios no diagnóstico da DRB no Brasil. Os principais agentes associados a surtos respiratórios brasileiros são: alfaherpesvírus bovino tipo 1, vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus sincicial respiratório bovino e Mycoplasma bovis. Gammaherpesvirus-ovino tipo-2 e HoBi-like pestivírus foram associados ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia em bovinos adultos e bezerros no país, respectivamente, e devem ser considerados como possíveis agentes no desenvolvimento da DRB. Adicionalmente, mais estudos utilizando dados epidemiológicos, associação histopatológica e molecular com morbidade e mortalidade devam ser realizados no Brasil, para demonstrar os verdadeiros efeitos de DRB em bovinos confinados.(AU)

Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review / Doença respiratória bovina no Brasil: uma breve revisão

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.

O complexo da doença respiratória bovina (DRB) é uma enfermidade multifatorial e multietiológica descrita em todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil. Essa breve revisão discute os aspectos relacionados epidemiologia, aos agentes etiológicos, as manifestações clínicas e patológicas e os desafios no diagnóstico da DRB no Brasil. Os principais agentes associados a surtos respiratórios brasileiros são: alfaherpesvírus bovino tipo 1, vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus sincicial respiratório bovino e Mycoplasma bovis. Gammaherpesvirus-ovino tipo-2 e HoBi-like pestivírus foram associados ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia em bovinos adultos e bezerros no país, respectivamente, e devem ser considerados como possíveis agentes no desenvolvimento da DRB. Adicionalmente, mais estudos utilizando dados epidemiológicos, associação histopatológica e molecular com morbidade e mortalidade devam ser realizados no Brasil, para demonstrar os verdadeiros efeitos de DRB em bovinos confinados.

Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review / Doença respiratória bovina no Brasil: uma breve revisão

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.

O complexo da doença respiratória bovina (DRB) é uma enfermidade multifatorial e multietiológica descrita em todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil. Essa breve revisão discute os aspectos relacionados epidemiologia, aos agentes etiológicos, as manifestações clínicas e patológicas e os desafios no diagnóstico da DRB no Brasil. Os principais agentes associados a surtos respiratórios brasileiros são: alfaherpesvírus bovino tipo 1, vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus sincicial respiratório bovino e Mycoplasma bovis. Gammaherpesvirus ovino tipo-2 e HoBi-like pestivírus foram associados ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia em bovinos adultos e bezerros no país, respectivamente, e devem ser considerados como possíveis agentes no desenvolvimento da DRB. Adicionalmente, mais estudos utilizando dados epidemiológicos, associação histopatológica e molecular com morbidade e mortalidade devam ser realizados no Brasil, para demonstrar os verdadeiros efeitos de DRB em bovinos confinados.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory pathogens in Warao Amerindians: significant relationship with stunting.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens in geographically isolated Warao Amerindians in Venezuela. METHODS: In this point prevalence survey, nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 1064 Warao Amerindians: 504 children aged 0-4 years, 227 children aged 5-10 years and 333 caregivers. Written questionnaires were completed to obtain information on demographics and environmental risk factors. Anthropometric measurements were performed in children aged 0-4 years. RESULTS: Carriage rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were 51%, 7%, 1% and 13%, respectively. Crowding index, method of cooking and tobacco exposure were not associated with increased carriage. In multivariable analysis, an increase in height-for-age Z score (i.e. improved chronic nutritional status) was associated with decreased odds of S. pneumoniae colonisation (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.83) in children aged 0-4 years. CONCLUSIONS: Better knowledge of demographic and environmental risk factors facilitates better understanding of the dynamics of colonisation with respiratory bacteria in an Amerindian population. Poor chronic nutritional status was associated with increased pathogen carriage in children <5 years of age. The high rates of stunting generally observed in indigenous children may fuel the acquisition of respiratory bacteria that can lead to respiratory and invasive disease.

Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database: Un sistema informático para el almacenamiento y manejo de datos clínicos y microbiológicos del paciente con fibrosis quística / Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database: An information system for storage and management of clinical and microbiological data of cystic fibrosis patients

El manejo clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) con exacerbaciones pulmonares agudas o infecciones pulmonares crónicas demanda una actualización permanente de procedimientos médicos y microbiológicos, estos se asocian con la constante evolución de los agentes patógenos durante la colonización de su hospedador. Para poder monitorear la dinámica de estos procesos es fundamental disponer de sistemas expertos que permitan almacenar, extraer y utilizar la información generada a partir de estudios realizados sobre el paciente y los microorganismos aislados de aquel. En este trabajo hemos diseñado y desarrollado una base de datos on-line basada en un sistema informático que permite el almacenamiento, el manejo y la visualización de la información proveniente de estudios clínicos y de análisis microbiológicos de bacterias obtenidas del tracto respiratorio del paciente con FQ. Este sistema informático fue designado como Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database (CFC database) y está disponible en el sitio http://servoy.infocomsa.com/cfc_database. Está compuesto por una base de datos principal y una interfaz on-line, la cual emplea la arquitectura de productos Servoy basada en tecnología Java. Si bien el sistema CFC database puede ser implementado como un programa local de uso privado en los centros de asistencia a pacientes con FQ, admite también la posibilidad de ser empleado, actualizado y compartido por diferentes usuarios, quienes pueden acceder a la información almacenada de manera ordenada, práctica y segura. La implementación del CFC database podría tener una gran impacto en la monitorización de las infecciones respiratorias, la prevención de exacerbaciones, la detección de organismos emergentes y la adecuación de las estrategias de control de infecciones pulmonares en pacientes con FQ

The epidemiological and clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffering from acute pulmonary exacerbations or chronic lung infections demands continuous updating of medical and microbiological processes associated with the constant evolution of pathogens during host colonization. In order to monitor the dynamics of these processes, it is essential to have expert systems capable of storing and subsequently extracting the information generated from different studies of the patients and microorganisms isolated from them. In this work we have designed and developed an on-line database based on an information system that allows to store, manage and visualize data from clinical studies and microbiological analysis of bacteria obtained from the respiratory tract of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. The information system, named Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database is available on the http://servoy.infocomsa.com/cfc_database site and is composed of a main database and a web-based interface, which uses Servoy's product architecture based on Java technology. Although the CFC database system can be implemented as a local program for private use in CF centers, it can also be used, updated and shared by different users who can access the stored information in a systematic, practical and safe manner. The implementation of the CFC database could have a significant impact on the monitoring of respiratory infections, the prevention of exacerbations, the detection of emerging organisms, and the adequacy of control strategies for lung infections in CF patients

[Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database: An information system for storage and management of clinical and microbiological data of cystic fibrosis patients]. / Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database: Un sistema informático para el almacenamiento y manejo de datos clínicos y microbiológicos del paciente con fibrosis quística.

The epidemiological and clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffering from acute pulmonary exacerbations or chronic lung infections demands continuous updating of medical and microbiological processes associated with the constant evolution of pathogens during host colonization. In order to monitor the dynamics of these processes, it is essential to have expert systems capable of storing and subsequently extracting the information generated from different studies of the patients and microorganisms isolated from them. In this work we have designed and developed an on-line database based on an information system that allows to store, manage and visualize data from clinical studies and microbiological analysis of bacteria obtained from the respiratory tract of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. The information system, named Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database is available on the http://servoy.infocomsa.com/cfc_database site and is composed of a main database and a web-based interface, which uses Servoy's product architecture based on Java technology. Although the CFC database system can be implemented as a local program for private use in CF centers, it can also be used, updated and shared by different users who can access the stored information in a systematic, practical and safe manner. The implementation of the CFC database could have a significant impact on the monitoring of respiratory infections, the prevention of exacerbations, the detection of emerging organisms, and the adequacy of control strategies for lung infections in CF patients.

Evaluación antibacteriana de extracto de mosquera (Croton elegans) frente a: (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 y Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175), patógenos de enfermedades respiratorias / Antibacterial evaluation of mosquera extract (Croton elegans) against: (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175), pathogens of respiratory diseases

En nuestro país existe una variedad de plantas medicinales algunas de ellas sin estudios científicos y poco investigadas como es el caso de la especie Croton elegans, el uso etnobotánico de la misma permite deducir cierta actividad antimicrobiana, siendo este el fundamento que determinó el ensayo sobre algunas bacterias causantes de afecciones respiratorias como: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (49619), Streptococcus mutans ATCC (25175) y Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC (19615). Se realizó una maceración con las hojas secas trituradas en alcohol al 90% por dos días y se obtuvo un extracto fluido en dos concentraciones al 25% y 50%. Con los extractos fluidos se realizaron pruebas fitoquímicas cualitativas y pruebas de actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en pozo modificado. Los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas fitoquímicas evidencian la presencia de resinas, aminoácidos, flavonoides, catequinas, alcaloides y quinonas. En las pruebas de actividad antibacteriana ninguna de las dos concentraciones de extractos presento actividad frente a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, en el caso de Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, ambas concentraciones presentaron actividad inhibitoria, el análisis estadístico determina que la concentración al 50% es más efectiva con un halo de inhibición de 11,74 mm, con el Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, ambas concentraciones presentaron actividad inhibitoria, pero estadísticamente ninguna de las dos concentraciones es más efectiva, el Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, ambas concentraciones presentaron actividad inhibitoria, siendo en este caso estadísticamente efectiva la concentración al 25% con un halo de 15,16 mm.

Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de sunfo (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze) frente a patógenos de enfermedades respiratorias (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 y Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175 / In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of sunflower essential oil (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze) against pathogens of respiratory diseases (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175

El Ecuador cuenta con una amplia biodiversidad de plantas medicinales procedentes de las diferentes regiones del país, la mayoría de plantas medicinales se utilizan como tal basándose en conocimientos ancestrales más no por tener conocimientos científicos de sus propiedades medicinales aunque existen pocos estudios sobre las plantas andinas del Ecuador, no se encuentra información científica sobre la actividad antibacterial del sunfo (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze). En el presente trabajo experimental se determinó la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de sunfo frente a cuatro bacterias causantes deenfermedades respiratorias, el sunfo fue recolectada en los páramos de la parroquia de Pintag, en el Herbario Nacional se certificó que se trataba de Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntz., para la extracción del aceite esencial se utilizó la técnica de destilación por arrastre de vapor. La determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite se comprobó mediante pruebas in vitro de antibiogramas por difusión en pozos utilizando 6 concentraciones al 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.6%, 0.3% y 0.15% del aceite esencial, como control positivo Penicilina Clemizol de 1'000.000 U.I. y con control negativo DMSO, mediante el programa estadístico Infostat se estableció la significancia estadística de los resultados obtenidos, aunque si existió una formación de halo de inhibición para S. aureus ATCC: 25923 a concentraciones 5% y 2.5% de aceite esencial, para S. mutans ATCC: 25175 al 0.15%, para S. pyogenes ATCC: 19615 al 2.5% y 0.3% y para S. pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 al 2.5% y 0.3% estadísticamente su efectividad es menor comparado con el control positivo.

Bacterias patógenas aisladas en la nasofaringe de niños indígenas warao: Estado Sucre,Venezuela / Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the nasopharynx of indigenous Warao children: Sucre state, Venezuela

Para determinar la frecuencia de bacterias patógenas y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en muestras nasofaringeas de niños indígenas waraos de la comunidad María López, municipio Benítez del estado Sucre, con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 10 años, se procesaron 49 muestras recolectadas durante el período enero-marzo de 2008. La identificación bacteriana se realizó aplicando estudios bacteriológicos convencionales y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en disco, siguiendo lineamientos del Instituto de Estándares de Laboratorios Clínicos (CLSI). Los resultados indicaron la presencia de Moraxella catarrhalis (28,6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (26,5%), Staphylococcus aureus (14,3%) y Haemophilus influenzae (6,1%) en niños con y sin sintomatología. Las bacterias patógenas aisladas del tracto respiratorio superior fueron más frecuentes en el grupo de 0 a 5 años de edad, identificándose, principalmente, S. pneumoniae. Con respecto a la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, S. pneumoniae mostró resistencia a tetraciclina (46,2%), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (38,5%), clindamicina (33,3%) y penicilina (23,1%). Los aislados de S. aureus expresaron sensibilidad a todos los antimicrobianos ensayados. El total de aislados de M. catarrhalis mostró resistencia a ampicilina y penicilina, además, resultaron productores de β-lactamasas. La presencia de bacterias patógenas a nivel nasofaríngeo en la población infantil, representa un riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones severas del tracto respiratorio.

We collected and `processed 49 nasopharynx samples taken from indigenous Warao children 0-10 years old who lived at the María Lopez community of the Benitez Municipalit at Sucre State, with the purpose of determining the frequency of pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial sensitivity in samples collected from these children during the January-March 2008 period. The bacterial identification was obtained by applying conventional bacteriological methods and the antimicrobial sensitivity was determined by the disc diffusion method, following the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. The results showed presence of Moraxella catarrhalis (28.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (26.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%) and Haemophilus influenza (6.1%) in children with and without symptoms. The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the upper respiratory tract were more frequent in the 0-5 year old group and the most frequent identification was S. pneumoniae. Regarding antimicrobial sensitivity, S. pneumoniae was resistant to tetracycline (46.2%), trimetoprim-sulphametoxazol (38.5%), clindamicyn (33.3%) and penicillin (23.1%). The S. aureus isolates were sensitive to all the antimicrobials studied. All the M. catarrhalis isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin and were also β-lactamase producers. The presence of pathogenic bacteria at the nasopharynx level in child populations signifies a risk for the development of severe respiratory tract infections.

Microorganismos patógenos aislados en muestras respiratorias de niños con fibrosis quística / Isolated pathogen microorganisms in respiratory samples from children with cystic fibrosis

La fibrosis quística (FQ) se caracteriza por disfunciones en las glándulas de secreción exocrina del organismo. Las primeras manifestaciones suelen observarse en el sistema respiratorio, constituyendo una de las causas más importantes de morbimortalidad en los pacientes afectados. Los microorganismos patógenos que colonizan frecuentemente el tracto respiratorio de estos pacientes son Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Entre noviembre de 2001 y agosto de 2004 se estudiaron 222 muestras respiratorias de pacientes con FQ de entre 4 meses y 11 años de edad. Se aislaron S. aureus (38,7%), P. aeruginosa (37,4%) y Haemophilus spp., (15,3%). En S. aureus la meticilina-resistencia fue del 25,9% y se asoció con altas resistencias a eritromicina (35,0%) y clindamicina (29,4%). El mayor porcentaje de resistencia observado en las cepas de P. aeruginosa fue frente a gentamicina (31,0%). Los aislamientos de Haemophilus spp. fueron resistentes a ampicilina (23,0%) debido a la presencia de beta-lactamasas, y a trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol (59,0%).

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a dysfunction of the exocrine secretion glands. The first symptoms often appear in the respiratory system which constitutes one of the most important morbimortality causes in these patients. Chronic respiratory tract colonization is caused mainly by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiratory samples from patients with CF (age group: 4 months to 11 years) were analyzed from November 2001 to August 2004. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were S. aureus (38.7%), P. aeruginosa (37.4%) and Haemophilus spp (15.3%). A high resistance to erithromycine (35.0%) and clindamicine (29.4%) was observed in S. aureus strains and 25.9% of them were methicillin-resistant. P. aeruginosa strains were mainly gentamicin-resistant (31.0%). The rate of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus spp. was 23.0% and it was due to the presence of beta-lactamases, but a high trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was observed in this microorganism (59.0%).