ABSTRACT
Background: Gambling Disorder (GD) is a bio-psycho-social disorder resulting from the interaction of clinical, cognitive, and affective factors. Impulsivity is a crucial factor in addiction studies, as it is closely linked to cognitive distortions in GD by encompassing impulsive choices, motor responses, decision-making, and cognitive biases. Also, emotions, mood, temperament, and affective state are crucial in developing and maintaining GD. Gambling can be used as a maladaptive coping strategy to avoid or escape problems and distress. Methods: The aim of the present study is to explore differences in personality traits and emotion regulation of people suffering from GD, substance-dependent gamblers (SDGs), and healthy controls (HCs). Additionally, the study proposes a new experimental task: the "Gambling Affective Task" (GAT) to investigate the influence of affective priming on risk-taking behaviors. Results: Our findings indicate that participants placed lower bets following positive priming. Additionally, SDGs wagered significantly higher amounts than HCs, regardless of priming type. In general, participants exhibited longer response times after positive priming trials, compared to negative and neutral priming trials. These findings suggest that experiencing positive emotions can act as a protective factor by delaying and lengthening gambling behaviors. By comparing gamblers with and without substance comorbidity, we can gain insight into the exclusive factors of GD and improve our understanding of this disorder. Conclusions: By elucidating the impact of emotional states on risk-taking, the research also provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of GD.
ABSTRACT
Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) is an endocrine-related tumor associated with excessive catecholamine release and has limited treatment options once metastasis occurs. Although recent phase 2 clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of PPGL have preliminarily shown promising results, the fundamentals of immunotherapy for PPGL have not yet been established. In the early research, using bulk RNA sequencing of tumor samples from 7 PPGL patients, we found that PPGL tumor tissues exhibited high PD-L1 mRNA expression compared with adjacent normal adrenal medulla tissues, and this was related to T-cell exhaustion biomarkers. To further validate the association, in this study (n = 60), we first stratified all PPGL samples according to PD-L1 expression as determined by immunohistochemical staining, and then subjected 23 fresh PPGL tumor samples from the cohort to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 16), flow cytometry (n = 7), and multiplex-immunofluorescence staining. Subsequently, we evaluated the pathological manifestations of all 60 PPGL tumor samples and analyzed the correlation among PD-L1 expression, adverse pathological behavior, various clinicopathological data, and genotypes in PPGL. The results showed that PD-L1-positive expression correlated with the exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T cells, preoperative abnormal elevation of plasma norepinephrine, high Ki67 index, and adverse pathological behavior in PPGL but not with genetic mutation or metastatic disease, possibly due to the limitation of the small number of patients with metastatic disease (n = 4) in the study cohort. In conclusion, our findings reveal that PD-L1 expression is associated with T-cell exhaustion and adverse pathological behavior in PPGL. These results are expected to provide a new theoretical basis and clinical guidance for the treatment of PPGL.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms , Paraganglioma , Pheochromocytoma , Humans , Pheochromocytoma/genetics , B7-H1 Antigen/genetics , T-Cell Exhaustion , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Lymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingABSTRACT
The neuroactive alkaloids in betel quid (BQ) can induce BQ addiction. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the effects of BQ-associated DSM-5 symptoms, pathological behaviors, and BQ use disorder (BUD) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) risk. A total of 233 patients with newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed OSCC and 301 sex- and age-matched controls were included. BQ-related DSM-5 symptoms in the 12 months prior to disease onset were used to measure psychiatric characteristics and BUD. Compared with nonchewers, chewers with the symptoms of unsuccessful cutdown of BQ consumption, neglecting major roles, social or interpersonal problems, abandoning or limiting activities, hazardous use, and continued use despite the awareness of the dangers had a 54.8-, 49.3-, 49.9-, 40.4-, 86.2-, and 42.9-fold higher risk of developing OSCC, respectively. Mild-to-moderate and severe BUD were, respectively, associated with a 8.2-8.5- and 42.3-fold higher OSCC risk, compared with BQ nonuse. Risky BQ use of pathological behavior was associated with a 12.5-fold higher OSCC risk in chewers with no BUD or mild BUD and a 65.0-fold higher risk in chewers with moderate-to-severe BUD (p for risk heterogeneity between the two BUD groups, 0.041). In conclusion, BQ-associated DSM-5 symptoms, pathological behaviors, and BUD severity are associated with the impact of BQ chewing on OSCC development. The pathological behavior of risky BQ use enhances OSCC risk in chewers with moderate-to-severe BUD. Preventing BUD in new BQ users and treating BUD in chewers who already have the disorder are two priorities in areas where BQ chewing is prevalent.
ABSTRACT
The competitive anxiety shows positive and linear relationship with risk behaviors for eating disorders (RBED). The competitive anxiety shows negative and linear relationship with coping strategies. Perhaps the coping strategies can mediate the relationship between competitive anxiety and RBED in athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the coping mediation between competitive anxiety and RBED in Brazilian male athletes. 739 athletes from various sports participated. To assess the RBED frequency, the Disordered Eating in Sports Scale was adopted. The Brazilian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory was used to evaluate competitive anxiety. Athletic Coping Strategies Inventory was used to evaluate coping strategies. The findings revealed a direct relationship between competitive anxiety and RBED (p = .01). The results indicated that coping strategies potentiated the relationship between competitive anxiety and RBED (p = .01). It was concluded that coping can be considered a psychological determinant in the relationship between competitive anxiety and RBED.
A ansiedade competitiva possui relação positiva e linear com a frequência de comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (CRTA). A ansiedade competitiva apresenta relação negativa e linear com as estratégias de coping. Talvez o coping possa mediar a relação entre a ansiedade competitiva e a frequência de CRTA em atletas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a mediação do coping entre a ansiedade competitiva e os CRTA em atletas brasileiros do sexo masculino. Participaram 739 atletas. Para avaliação da frequência de CRTA, foi adotada a Disordered Eating in Sports Scale. Utilizou-se a versão brasileira do Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) para avaliar a ansiedade competitiva. Foi utilizado o Athletic Coping Strategies Inventory para avaliar as estratégias de coping. Os achados revelaram relação direta entre a ansiedade competitiva e os CRTA (p = .01). Os resultados indicaram que as estratégias de coping potencializaram a relação entre a ansiedade competitiva e os CRTA (p = .01). Concluiu-se que o coping pode ser considerado uma variável psicológica determinante na relação entre a ansiedade competitiva e os CRTA.
No se sabe si el afrontamiento media la relación entre la ansiedad y los comportamientos de riesgo para los trastornos de la alimentación (CRTA) en atletas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la mediación de afrontamiento entre la ansiedad competitiva y CRTA en los atletas masculinos brasileños. Participaron 739 atletas. Para evaluar la frecuencia de los CRTA se adoptó Disordered Eating in Sports Scale. Se utilizó la versión brasileña del Competitive State Anxiety Inventory para evaluar la ansiedad competitiva. Se utilizó el Athletic Coping Strategies Inventory para evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento. Los resultados revelaron una relación directa entre la ansiedad competitiva y CRTA (p = .01). Los resultados indicaron que las estrategias de afrontamiento potenciaron la relación entre la ansiedad competitiva y CRTA (p = .01). Se concluyó que el afrontamiento se puede considerar una variable psicológica decisiva en la relación entre la ansiedad competitiva y CRTA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Feeding and Eating Disorders , Psychology, Sports , Anxiety , Health StrategiesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between developmental function and pathological behavior in children with autism. Methods A total of 154 children with autism were tested with Revised Chinese Version Psycho-Educational Profile (C-PEP) during 2011 to 2014. Results The scores of fine movement, hand-eye coordination, and oral language of developmental function were lower in the girls than in the boys (t>2.120, P10 years than in those aged 6-7 years. There was no difference in the scores of pathological behavior between the girls and the boys (P>0.05). Some pathological behaviors were milder in the older group than in the younger group (P<0.05). The scores ofP(pass) in developmental function were positively correlated with the scores ofA(absence) in pathological behavior (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with the scores ofS(severe) in pathological behavior (P<0.01). The scores ofF(fail) in developmental function were negatively correlated with the scores ofA(absence) in patho-logical behavior (P<0.01), and positively correlated with the scores ofS(severe) in pathological behavior (P<0.01). Conclusion Develop-mental function of children with autism is highly correlated with pathological behavior, and the rehabilitation and education of children with autism aged above 7 years should be concerned.
