Whale shark Rhyncodon typus exposure to organochlorine pesticides in the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), characterized by their high mobility and environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer. Considering the highly migratory nature and longevity of the whale shark, this species can be considered as an early warning bioindicator of regional contamination from the marine environment. This work investigated the concentration of twenty OCPs in thirty whale shark skin biopsies, collected between 2014 and 2015 in Bahía La Paz (Gulf of California, Mexico). Mean detected OCP levels were 33.99 ± 105.23 ng/g dw (dry weight), and ΣChlordane, ΣDrin, and ΣHCH showed the highest concentrations. Statistically differences in mean OCP concentration were not found by sex and size. PC1 and PC2 accounted for 68.1 % and 16.1 % of the total variance, respectively. The presence of higher levels of some pesticides than their corresponding metabolites suggests recent applications related to agricultural activity in the surrounding areas of Baja California peninsula.

Pediatric shunt failure in a resource limited Lower-Middle Income Country (LMIC) institution in La Paz, Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Shunt failure is an undesirable but common occurrence following neurosurgical shunting for pediatric hydrocephalus. Little is known about the occurrence of failure in lower-middle income country (LMIC) settings in South America. The objective of this study was to evaluate shunt failure in the sole publicly funded pediatric hospital in La Paz, Bolivia, with limited resources. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia (Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria"), was conducted to identify all patients whose index surgical shunting for hydrocephalus was performed between 2019 and 2023. Categorical, continuous, and shunt failure data were statistically summarized. RESULTS: A total of 147 unique pediatric patients underwent index ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus in the study period. There were 90 (61%) male and 57 (39%) female patients, with a median age of 2.2 months at index shunting procedure. The most common surgical indications were congenital hydrocephalus (n = 95, 65%), followed by hydrocephalus secondary to congenital defect (n = 25, 17%) and tumor (n = 18, 12%). A total of 18 (12%) of patients experienced inpatient failure during index admission requiring surgical revision at a median time of 12.5 days after index shunting. Postoperative imaging (OR 2.97, P = 0.037) and postoperative infection (OR 3.26, P = 0.032) during index admission both independently and statistically predicted inpatient failure. Of the 96 patients (65%) with postoperative follow-up, 16 (n = 16/96, 17%) patients experienced outpatient failure requiring readmission to hospital and surgical revision at a median time of 3.7 months after discharge. Kaplan-Meier estimations of overall inpatient and outpatient failure in this cohort were 23% (95% CI 14-37) and 28% (95% CI 15-49), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both inpatient and outpatient shunt failures are significant complications in the management of pediatric hydrocephalus in La Paz, Bolivia. We identify multiple avenues to improve these outcomes which are institution-specific based on the review of these failures. Lessons learnt may be applicable to other similarly resourced institutions across South American LMICs.

Assessing pediatric neurosurgery capacity in La Paz, Bolivia: an illustrative institutional experience of a lower-middle-income country in South America.

OBJECTIVE: The current pediatric neurosurgery capacity in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) in South America is poorly understood. Correspondingly, the authors sought to interrogate the neurosurgical inpatient experience of the sole publicly funded pediatric hospital in one of the largest regional departments of Bolivia to better understand this capacity. METHODS: A retrospective review of all neurosurgical procedures performed at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia (Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria") between 2019 and 2023 was conducted after institutional approval using a recently implemented national electronic medical record system. RESULTS: A total of 475 neurosurgical admissions satisfied inclusion for analysis over the 5-year span. The majority of admissions were from within the La Paz Department (87%) via the emergency department (77%), without private insurance (83%). The most common indications for neurosurgical intervention were trauma (35%), followed by hydrocephalus (28%), congenital disease (12%), infection (5%), and craniosynostosis (3%). Overall, the median age at time of surgery was 2.0 years, and the median operating time was 1.5 hours with a minority of intraoperative complications (2%). The most common inpatient complication was unplanned return to the operating room (19%), most commonly seen in congenital indications. At final discharge, the median postoperative length of stay was 10 days. Twenty-seven (6%) of the 475 patients died during hospitalization, most commonly seen in tumor indications. Of the 448 patients who were discharged, 299 (67%) returned for at least one follow-up appointment. CONCLUSIONS: There is restricted breadth in neurosurgical indications and outcomes achievable at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia. As such, the capacity of pediatric neurosurgery at institutions in LMICs in South America such as this one is very limited. Identifying and prioritizing actionable interventions to improve this capacity is institution- and LMIC-dependent, and as such, future efforts will need to be tailored appropriately.

How do you see me? The impact of perceived societal recognition on PTSD symptoms amongst Norwegian peacekeepers.

Background: The peacekeeper role is different to that of traditional combat, however, peacekeepers, like combat soldiers, may also be exposed to high levels of dangerous and/or potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs).Objective: It was hypothesized that given the centrality of societal approval for the peacekeeping mission, in addition to the known relevance of perceived social support, perceived societal recognition would influence PTSD symptoms (PTSS) and depression. It was hypothesized that perceived societal recognition would moderate the effect of exposure to potentially traumatic events and PMIEs on psychological outcomes.Method: 8341, predominantly male, former UNIFIL peacekeepers, almost three decades following deployment, answered a survey to determine the impact of perceived social support and perceived societal recognition, on PTSS and depression symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed for PTSS and depression separately and moderation analysis was performed for perceived societal recognition.Results: Exposure to potentially traumatic events showed the greatest predictive value for PTSS and exposure to PMIEs and potentially traumatic events were equally predictive of depression symptoms. While perceived social support presented the strongest buffer for PTSS and depression symptoms following UNIFIL deployment, perceived societal recognition also significantly contributed to the prediction of both PTSS and depression symptoms. There was a weak moderation effect of perceived societal recognition on trauma type in the development of PTSS.Conclusions: Even decades following peacekeeping deployment, military experiences have a significant impact on psychological functioning. This impact is both from the types of events experienced and from the perception of social and societal support upon return home.

Peacekeepers receive little attention in general military research and their missions are often directly influenced by public perception.The current study found that key military traumas; danger based and moral injury based events, were prevalent in the peacekeeper population and predicted PTSD symptoms and depression symptoms respectively.While there was a weak moderation effect, perceived societal recognition was a unique predictor of PTSD symptoms. Those who perceived negative levels of societal recognition of the UNIFIL mission had greater PTSD symptoms than those who perceived neutral or positive levels of societal recognition.

Evaluation of particulate organic carbon from MODIS-Aqua in a marine-coastal water body.

La Paz Bay (LPB) in Mexico is one of the largest marine-coastal bodies of water in the Gulf of California (GC) and is ecologically important for the feeding, reproduction, and refuge of marine species. Although particulate organic carbon (POC) is an important reservoir of oceanic carbon and an indicator of productivity in the euphotic zone, studies in this region are scarce. This study evaluates the performance of satellite-derived POC in LPB from January 2003 to December 2020. The metrics obtained for COP ( RMSE = 33.8 mg m - 3 ; P bias = 29.6 % y r P = 0.4 con p < 0.05 ), Chla-a ( RMSE = 0.23 mg m - 3 ; P bias = - 4.3 % y r P = 0.94 con p < 0.05 ), and SST ( RMSE = 2 . 3 ∘ C ; P bias = - 2.2 % y r P = 0.92 con p < 0.05 ) establish that although in some cases there was a slight over/underestimation, the satellite estimates consistently represent the variability and average values measured in situ. On the other hand, the spatio-temporal analysis of the POC allowed us to identify two seasons with their respective transition periods and five subregions in which the POC is characterized by having its maximum variability; two of these coincide with the locations of the eddies reported for the winter and summer seasons in the LPB, while the following three are located: one in the coastal zone and in the two areas in which the LPB interacts with the GC. The associations, variability nodes, and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that POC fluctuations in the LPB respond mainly to biological processes and, to some extent, to the seasonality of SST and wind. Finally, our results justify the use of the MODIS-Aqua satellite POC for studies in marine-coastal water bodies with similar characteristics to the LPB and suggest that this water body can be considered a reservoir for the marine region of northwestern Mexico.

Pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma outcomes in La Paz, Bolivia: How a Lower Middle-Income Country (LMIC) institution in South America compares to the United States.

BACKGROUND: How pediatric medulloblastoma patients fare in Lower Middle-Income Country (LMICs) in South America is not well understood. Correspondingly, the aim of this study was to summarize the pediatric neurosurgical experience of an institution in La Paz, and compare outcomes to that of a generalized High Income Country (HIC) United States (US) experience. METHODS: A retrospective review of all pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma patients at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia (Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria") between 2014 and 2023 was conducted and compared to a generalized US experience abstracted from the US National Cancer Database (NCDB) and National Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases. Categorical, continuous and survival data were statistically summarized and compared. RESULTS: A total of 24 pediatric medulloblastoma patients underwent neurosurgical treatment at the Hospital del Niño. In this La Paz cohort, there were 15 (63%) males and 9 (38%) females, with a mean age of 5.6 years old at diagnosis. The majority of patients underwent subtotal resection (STR, 79%), while the remaining patients underwent biopsy only. Ten (42%) patients expired during their hospitalization, and mean length of stay overall was 39 days. Only 8 (33%) patients received adjuvant treatment after surgery. Median overall survival from diagnosis in the La Paz cohort was 1.9 months. Compared to the US databases, the La Paz cohort experienced significantly more emergency room admissions for surgery, less gross total resection, more STR, more return to operating room for ventriculoperitoneal shunting, more bacteremia, more tracheostomy procedures, more percutaneous gastrostomy placements, longer lengths of stay, less adjuvant chemotherapy, less radiation therapy, shorter follow-up, and ultimately, significantly shorter overall survival (all P < 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma outcomes at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia are significantly inferior to that of a generalized US experience. Future research is required to identify institution- and country-specific initiatives to improve discrepancies between institutions in LMICs in South America compared to HICs.

Cuando negocian los rebeldes colombianos: indicadores estratégicos del acuerdo de paz con las FARC

¿Porque grupos como las FARC firmaron un acuerdo de paz, mientras otros grupos como el ELN se niegan a hacerlo? La respuesta a este interrogante está ligada al concepto de punto de inflexión, que es el momento crucial en el que los acontecimientos giran hacia su resultado final. National Security Research Division (RAND) ha determinado indicadores comunes a los puntos de inflexión de ochenta y nueve conflictos contrainsurgentes, con el fin de promover e identificar la llegada de esta fase final del conflicto. Este trabajo presenta una metodología de análisis cualitativo basada en estos indicadores de debilitamiento de la insurgencia, que sugieren los posibles resultados de los conflictos contrainsurgentes. Estos indicadores se relacionan con la dinámica del conflicto colombiano, lo que permite validar determinadas condiciones estratégicas que posibilitaron la salida negociada al conflicto con las FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia). Las conclusiones incluyen ocho indicadores presentes en el curso del conflicto sin los cuales no hubiese sido posible el acuerdo de paz en el resultado tipo II: Gobierno Gana. El estudio propone criterios de evaluación y gestión del conflicto.

Why did groups like FARC sign a peace agreement while other groups like ELN refuse to do so? The answer to this question is linked to the concept of a tipping point, which is the point at which events take a crucial turn toward their outcome. The National Security Research Division (RAND) determined strategic indicators common to tipping points in 89 counterinsurgency conflicts to promote and identify the arrival of this final phase of the conflict. This work presents a qualitative analysis methodology based on these indicators of insurgency weakening that suggest possible outcomes of counterinsurgency conflicts. These indicators are related to information on the dynamics of the Colombian conflict, which allows validation of certain strategic conditions that enabled the negotiated exit from the conflict with FARC. The conclusions include eight indicators present in the course of the conflict without which the peace agreement would not have been possible in the Type II outcome: Government Wins. The study proposes criteria for conflict evaluation and management.

Por que grupos como as FARC assinaram um acordo de paz, enquanto outros grupos, como o ELN, se recusaram a fazê-lo? A resposta a essa pergunta está ligada ao conceito de ponto de inflexão, que é o momento crucial em que os eventos se voltam para seu resultado final. A National Security Research Division (RAND) identificou indicadores comuns aos pontos de inflexão de 89 conflitos de contrainsurgência para promover e identificar a chegada dessa fase final do conflito. Este documento apresenta uma metodologia de análise qualitativa com base nesses indicadores de enfraquecimento da insurgência, que sugerem os possíveis resultados dos conflitos de contrainsurgência. Esses indicadores estão relacionados à dinâmica do conflito colombiano, o que permite a validação de determinadas condições estratégicas que possibilitaram a solução negociada do conflito com as FARC (Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia). As conclusões incluem oito indicadores presentes no curso do conflito, sem os quais o acordo de paz não teria sido possível no resultado do tipo II: vitórias do governo. O estudo propõe critérios para avaliação e gerenciamento de conflitos.

Percepciones de paz y conflicto armado en actores escolares

El objetivo de este artículo es describir las percepciones de estudiantes y padres de familia relacionadas con el conflicto armado y la paz. Corresponde a un estudio cualitativo de nivel descriptivo enmarcado en el paradigma interpretativo-hermenéutico. Se emplearon los métodos análisis de discurso y teoría fundamentada, y se contó con la participación de 35 actores escolares de una institución educativa en Colombia, a quienes se les aplicó una entrevista en profundidad. Los datos fueron codificados y categorizados, y sistematizados a través del software Atlas Ti. Los resultados muestran siete categorías selectivas, 18 códigos axiales y 231 códigos abiertos, los cuales develan las distintas formas de percepción en torno a la paz y al conflicto armado de los actores escolares. Se sugieren gramáticas heterogéneas en torno a la paz y el conflicto armado con marcos interpretativos amplios y estrategias de escucha flexibles.

The objective of the article is to describe the perceptions of students and parents related to the armed conflict and peace. It corresponds to a qualitative study of descriptive level, framed in the interpretive-hermeneutical paradigm. Discourse analysis and grounded theory methods were used, and 35 school actors from an educational institution in Colombia participated, to whom an in-depth interview was applied. The data was coded, categorized, and systematized through the Atlas Ti software. The results show seven selective categories, 18 axial codes, and 231 open codes, which reveal the different forms of perception around peace and armed conflict of school actors. Heterogeneous grammars are suggested around peace and armed conflict with broad interpretive frameworks and flexible listening strategies.

Empatía, agresividad y perdón en contextos de vulnerabilidad, hostilidad y seguridad en niños y adolescentes

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar las variables que mejor predicen las medidas de agresión, empatía y perdón, como también las principales diferencias en contextos vulnerables, hostiles y seguros, en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes pertenecientes a una población vulnerable. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal con una muestra no probabilística incidental de 85 participantes, se emplearon medidas psicométricas para la empatía, agresión y perdón. Los participantes fueron convocados en una fundación de atención a víctimas para realizar una entrevista y aplicar el test. Resultados: Se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos entre las variables del modelo verificado, donde la empatía predice la agresión en el contexto hostil, pero no en el vulnerable y seguro. A su vez, la empatía predice el perdón en los contextos vulnerables y seguros, y la agresión predice el perdón en el modelo hostil, pero no es significativo su efecto en el contexto vulnerable y seguro. Además, la empatía tiene un papel clave en la comprensión del perdón, dado que se asocia a conductas agresivas en los contextos de hostilidad, mientras que un modelo de perdón debería ser diferencial en estos contextos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio brindan evidencia empírica que sustenta la importancia de la implementación de estrategias para mejorar las habilidades relacionadas con la empatía en niños y adolescentes, desde la perspectiva de la educación para la paz y el perdón. Además, se demostró que los aspectos como el clima familiar, las vulnerabilidades de los contextos de riesgo y la misma cultura, pueden determinar el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales que favorecen el perdón, empatía y otras capacidades interpersonales.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the variables that best predict measures of aggression, empathy, and forgiveness, as well as the main differences in vulnerable, hostile and safe contexts, in a sample of children and adolescents belonging to a vulnerable population. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with a non-probabilistic incidental sample of 85 participants. Psychometric measures of empathy, aggression, and forgiveness were used. The participants were invited to a victim assistance foundation for an interview and test application. Results: Statistically significant effects were found among the variables in the verified model, where empathy predicts aggression in the hostile context, but not in the vulnerable and safe context. In turn, empathy predicts forgiveness in the vulnerable and safe contexts, and aggression predicts forgiveness in the hostile model, but its effect in the vulnerable and safe context is not significant. Furthermore, empathy plays a key role in understanding forgiveness, given that it is associated with aggressive behaviors in the hostile contexts, whereas a forgiveness model should be differential in these contexts. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that supports the importance of implementing strategies to improve empathy-related skills in children and adolescents, from the perspective of peace education and forgiveness. In addition, it was shown that aspects such as family climate, vulnerabilities of risk contexts and culture itself, can determine the development of socioemotional skills that favor forgiveness, empathy, and other interpersonal skills.

Epigenetics and transgenerational inheritance.

Epigenetic modifications can alter the function of genes. The epigenetics changes are caused by environmental effects, which lead to chemical modifications of the DNA or the chromatin. The mechanisms involve the influence of small interfering siRNAs on gene silencing. Epigenetic changes normally last only during the life-time of an individual and are erased in embryos and eggs for a naive progeny. The genomes are reprogrammed and the chemical modifications removed to restart the next generation. However, there are mechanisms that allow the genome to escape from such a clearing effect so that modifications can be transmitted to one or more subsequent generations. In the germline of animal cells small RNAs, including piRNAs, have evolved which guarantee a higher degree of fidelity for transmission of genetic information, guarding especially against the detrimental effect caused by transposon activity. piRNA is essential for transposon silencing for survival of a species and protection of subsequent generations. Inactivation of piRNA results in abundant transposon activity and sperm infertility. The effect in humans has been described but is less distinct. Some stress-induced epigenetic changes are transitory in mice and can be reversed by a change of environment or lifestyle.

Afrontando la incertidumbre en pandemia: construyendo paz desde la prosocialidad / Facing uncertainty in pandemic times: peacebuilding from a prosociality stance / Enfrentando a incerteza na pandemica: construindo paz a partir de uma posição com base na prosocialidade

El estudio de la construcción de paz desde una postura con base en los comportamientos prosociales es un área nueva en la investigación psicosocial en Bolivia, mucho más si se tiene la intención de rescatar y resaltar la presencia de salud psicológica comunitaria aun en una época caracterizada por una poderosa incertidumbre producto de la combinación de dos factores: la inestabilidad y violencia política sumada a la presencia de la pandemia Covid-19 y la emergencia sanitaria derivada de ella. En esta investigación han participado 400 adultos jóvenes de entre 20 y 30 años de edad (162 varones y 268 mujeres de las ciudades de La Paz - 255 participantes - y El Alto - 155 participantes) con el objetivo de describir la relación entre tipos específicos de respuesta a la incertidumbre (político-económica y sanitaria) y conductas prosociales asociadas a ella durante la pandemia Covid-19. Se ha encontrado una correlación positiva significativa entre la presencia de Prosocialidad y la Respuesta a la Incertidumbre, implicándose la posibilidad de comportamientos de construcción de paz como mecanismos de adaptación a la misma. También se ha establecido que existe igualdad en un grado amplio con respecto a la magnitud de comportamientos prosociales entre La Paz y El Alto y que en las zonas donde se han registrado más casos positivos también se ha encontrado una mayor presencia de prosocialidad en especial en la ciudad de La Paz, existiendo, finalmente, ciertas diferencias específicas entre varones y mujeres en cuanto a la ejecución y orientación de comportamientos prosociales in-pandemia.

Peacebuilding studies from a prosociality stance is a new area in psychosocial research in Bolivia, even more if there is an academic marked intention to rescue and highlight the presence of psychological communal health, in a time characterized by a powerful uncertainty derived from the combination of two unfortunate factors: political violence and instability coupled with the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent sanitary emergency and social stress. In this research, 400 young adults have participated, all of them among 20 to 30 years old (162 men and 268 women) from La Paz and El Alto cities, with the objective of describing the relationship between specific mechanisms to face uncertainty and the possible presence of associated prosocial behaviors in 2020 and 2021. A positive, significant correlation was found between prosociality and effective uncertainty-facing mechanisms, implying the possibility to execute peacebuilding conducts as a way to adapt to the pandemic. It has also been established that there is a great degree of similitude in regards to effective prosocial behaviors in La Paz and in El Alto cities, that in the zones where a greater number of positive cases was found, there was also a larger presence of prosociality, especially in La Paz, and that there are detailed executional differences between men and women in terms of prosocial in-pandemic behavior.

O estudo da construção da paz a partir de uma posição baseada em comportamentos pró-sociais é uma nova área na pesquisa psicossocial na Bolívia, muito mais se a intenção é resgatar e destacar a presença de saúde psicológica comunitária mesmo em uma época caracterizada por um poderoso produto da incerteza do combinação de dois fatores: instabilidade e violência política somadas à presença da pandemia Covid-19 e a emergência de saúde derivada dela. 400 jovens adultos entre 20 e 30 anos (162 homens e 268 mulheres das cidades de La Paz - 255 participantes - e El Alto - 155 participantes) participaram desta pesquisa com o objetivo de descrever a relação entre tipos específicos de resposta à incerteza (político-econômica e de saúde) e aos comportamentos pró-sociais associados a ela durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva significativa entre a presença da Prosocialidade e a Resposta à Incerteza, implicando na possibilidade de comportamentos de construção da paz como mecanismos de adaptação a ela. Também foi estabelecido que existe uma grande igualdade com respeito à magnitude do comportamento pró-social entre La Paz e El Alto e que nas áreas onde mais casos positivos foram registrados, uma maior presença de pró-socialidade também foi encontrada. especialmente na cidade de La Paz, havendo, finalmente, certas diferenças específicas entre homens e mulheres quanto à execução e orientação de comportamentos pró-sociais em situação de pandemia.

Trampas al recuerdo, olvidos inducidos y memorias sesgadas. Representaciones sociales de hechos históricos

Las representaciones sociales en torno a los hechos históricos del conflicto armado, están marcada por un sesgo cognitivo y mnémico, acompañado de olvidos y silencios y por procesos de atribución de responsabilidad en los que se asume como principal responsable y enemigo absoluto a las guerrillas, especialmente a las FARC-EP. Esto invisibiliza la responsabilidad de los otros actores (Paramilitares, Fuerza Pública y Estado), generando olvidos convenientes e inducidos que son funcionales a los intereses de ciertos sectores sociales que ostentan el poder político, económico y mediático, que promueven impunidad y contribuyen al mantenimiento de la violencia política para detentar su poder. Estos procesos de memoria hegemónica se constituyen en barrera psicosocial para la construcción de la paz, la democracia y la reconciliación en Colombia.

Social representations around the historical facts of the armed conflict are marked by a cognitive and mnemic bias, accompanied by forgetfulness and silences, and by processes of attribution of responsibility in which the guerrillas, especially the FARC-EP, are assumed as the main responsible and absolute enemy. This makes the responsibility of the other stakeholders (paramilitaries, security forces, and the State) invisible, by generating a convenient and induced oblivion, which is functional to the interests of certain social sectors that hold political, economic, and media power, which promote impunity and contribute to the maintenance of political violence in order to maintain their power. These hegemonic memory processes constitute a psychosocial barrier to the construction of peace, democracy, and reconciliation in Colombia.

La visión de paz del Episcopado colombiano en los gobiernos Uribe (2002-2010)

Este artículo revisó la visión de paz del Episcopado colombiano en los gobiernos de Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010). La constante participación de los prelados en los procesos de paz ha escapado de la atención de la investigación académica, y no ha tenido en su visión de la paz su foco de interés. Este artículo, desde el paradigma hermenéutico-crítico, y el método de Análisis Crítico del Discurso, concluye que dicha participación ha estado marcada por su postura a favor de la paz positiva, que no solo establece la ausencia de guerra y violencia directa, sino también la presencia de la justicia social.

This article reviewed the Colombian Episcopate's vision of peace under Alvaro Uribe's Governments (2002-2010). The constant participation of the prelates in peace processes has escaped the attention of academic research, and their vi sion of peace has not been their focus of interest. This article, from the hermeneutic-critical paradigm, and the method of Critical Discourse Analysis, concludes that such participation has been marked by their stance in favor of positive peace, which not only establishes the absence of war and direct violence, but also the presence of social justice.

El potencial del deporte para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en Colombia: un análisis desde el enfoque de redes de política pública

R E S U M E N Los diferentes actores del sector deportivo tienen la responsabilidad de formular y respaldar las políticas asociadas al deporte, la recreación y la actividad física. Sin embargo, la escasa investigación del deporte como medio de desarrollo social dificulta la rigurosidad en la definición de las políticas, e incluso la identificación de los actores y sus responsabilidades. Por lo anterior; el presente artículo de investigación establece los actores de la política pública del sector del deporte, la recreación y la actividad física, y analiza estructural y posicionalmente la dinámica de esta red, evidenciando que el Estado ya no es el actor principal en la creación de políticas, sino que existen asociaciones público -privadas que inciden y deciden. De esta forma, se pretende estudiar cómo el deporte, influye en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ODS, promoviendo la construcción de paz y buena gobernanza desde sus instituciones (ODS I6), soportado por políticas públicas del deporte, la salud y la recreación, que apunten a construir comunidades sostenibles (ODS II).

The different actors in the sport sector are responsible for formulating and supporting policies associated with sport, recreation and physical activity However the scarce research on sport as a means of social development hinders the rigorous definition of policies, and even the identification of the actors and their responsibilities. Therefore,this research article establishes the actors ofpublic policy in the sector ofsport,recreation and physical activity and analyzes structurally and positionally the dynamics ofthis network,showing that the State is no longer the main actor in the creation of policies, but that there are public-private partnerships that influence and decide. In this way, the aim is to study how sport influences the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs, promoting the construction of peace and good governance from its institutions (SDG I6), supported by public policies on sport, health and recreation, which aim to build sustainable communities (SDG II).

Os diferentes atores do setor esportivo têm a responsabilidade de formular e apoiar políticas associadas ao esporte, à recreação e à atividade física. Entretanto, a escassez de pesquisas sobre o esporte como meio de desenvolvimento social dificulta a definição rigorosa das políticas e até mesmo a identificação dos atores e de suas responsabilidades. Portanto, este artigo de pesquisa estabelece os atores das políticas públicas no setor de esporte, recreação e atividade física, e analisa estrutural e posicionalmente a dinâmica desta rede, mostrando que o Estado não é mais o principal ator na criação de políticas, mas que existem parcerias público-privadas que influenciam e decidem. Desta forma, o objetivo é estudar como o esporte influencia a realização dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável SDGs, promovendo a construção da paz e da boa governança a partir de suas instituições (SDG I6), apoiadas por políticas públicas sobre esporte, saúde e recreação, que visam a construção de comunidades sustentáveis (SDG II).

Creencias sociales y orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre la protesta social en ciudadanos de medellín (colombia) y su área metropolitana

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las creencias sociales y orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre la protesta social en el proceso de construcción de paz en Colombia. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico y se realizó un análisis de contenido sobre lo expresado en entrevistas semiestructuradas por 18 participantes, ciudadanos del común, quienes se asumieron "a favor de la protesta social", "en contra de la protesta social" y "ambivalentes". Como resultados, se contrastaron creencias y orientaciones emocionales colectivas favorables, como empatía y comprensión, con prejuicios y estigmas. Emergieron creencias sobre el "otro" opositor, como enemigo, expresiones de distancia social, discriminación, exclusión y odio. Los medios de comunicación como mecanismos de configuración de estas creencias y orientaciones emocionales colectivas, asociadas al rechazo a los movimientos sociales, por parte de algunos participantes, alimentaron un ambiente de polarización y redujeron las posibilidades del reconocimiento del otro como ser humano.

This research tries to comprehend the societal beliefs and the collective emotions about the social protest in the context of peacebuilding. It was used a qualitative methodology with hermeneutical approach, and it was made an analysis of content about what was said in the semi-structured interviews of 18 participants that were classified in three groups according to their position about the social protest: a group in favor, a group against it, and a third one with an ambivalent position. As a result, there were contrasted the positive societal beliefs and the collective as empathy, understanding against prejudices and stigmata. There were emerged beliefs about the "other" as an opponent and enemy, expressions of social distance between groups, discrimination, exclusion, and hate. The mass media were identified as configuration mechanisms of these societal beliefs and collective emotions, associated to rejection of social movements that feeds the political polarization and reduces the possibility to recognize the other as a human being.

Los conflictos y sus ciclos entre la paz y la guerra

El presente artículo se encuentra enmarcado en un periodo histórico donde se ha derrotado una vez más la posibilidad de mantener la paz. El espectro del conflicto llegó a su punto máximo una guerra fratricida que nadie esperaba y peor aun cuando amenaza con un desenlace de consecuencias catastróficas para la humanidad; por tanto nos volvemos a preguntar ¿por qué la guerra? A quien o a que atribuimos la ruptura de la paz, es difícil comprender las posiciones humanas desde el psicoanálisis, o desde la filosofía de la paz hasta la vieja concepción geopolítica de la guerra. Los Estados a pesar de entender la paz, son llevados a la defensa de sus intereses aunque signifique su propia destrucción, luego el conflicto en su ciclo de la paz a la guerra no puede ser controlado. Actualmente la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania no sólo promueve la preocupación y la reflexión, del por qué la guerra, sino que, debe llegar a posiciones consensuadas de la comunidad internacional que perpetúe la paz imperfecta.

This article is framed in a historical period where the possibility of maintaining peace has once again been defeated. The specter of conflict reached its peak with a fratricidal war that no one expected, and even worse when it threatens a catastrophic outcome for humanity; therefore we ask ourselves again, why war? It is difficult to understand human positions from psychoanalysis to the philosophy of peace to the old geopolitical conception of war, to whom or what we attribute the breakdown of peace. States, despite understanding peace, are led to defend their interests even if it means their own destruction, then the conflict in its cycle from peace to war cannot be controlled. Currently, the war between Russia and Ukraine not only promotes concern and reflection on the reasons for war, but it must also lead to agreed positions of the international community that perpetuate imperfect peace.

Este artigo está inserido em um período histórico em que a possibilidade de manter a paz foi mais uma vez derrotada. O espectro do conflito atingiu seu auge com uma guerra fratricida que ninguém esperava, e pior ainda quando ameaça um desfecho com consequências catastróficas para a humanidade; portanto, voltamos a perguntar: por que a guerra? É difícil entender as posições humanas do psicanálise à filosofia da paz à velha concepção geopolítica da guerra, a quem ou ao que atribuímos a ruptura da paz. Os Estados, apesar de entenderem a paz, são levados a defender seus interesses mesmo que isso signifique sua própria destruição, então o conflito em seu ciclo da paz à guerra não pode ser controlado. Atualmente, a guerra entre Rússia e Ucrânia não só promove a preocupação e a reflexão sobre as razões da guerra, mas também deve levar a posições consensuadas da comunidade internacional que perpetuem a paz imperfeita. politics.

Salud sexual y reproductiva en exguerrilleras colombianas antes del Acuerdo de Paz y después de este / Sexual and Reproductive Health of Former Colombian Female Guerrillas before and after the Peace Agreement / Saúde sexual e reprodutiva em ex-guerrilheiras colombianas antes e depois do Acordo de Paz

El objetivo de este artículo es describir las experiencias en salud sexual y reproductiva de exguerrilleras de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (fARC-EP) durante el conflicto armado y después de la firma del Acuerdo de Paz. A lo largo de 2018 se realizó un estudio de caso interpretativo a través de observación participante, once entrevistas y dos grupos focales. En las fARC-EP no hubo un enfoque de salud sexual y reproductiva integral ni con perspectiva de género; se privilegió la prevención del embarazo con métodos y sanciones para las mujeres. Debido a su carácter de ejército clandestino, las decisiones no eran tomadas de manera individual, y la autoridad del superior implicaba las relaciones erótico-afectivas, aunque se garantizaba una atención expedita para casos de urgencias. Posterior a la firma del acuerdo, con su consiguiente inserción en el sistema de salud colombiano, se amplían las posibilidades de atención para casos no urgentes, pero persisten las barreras de atención del sistema de salud.

This study examined the sexual and reproductive health statuses of former female guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army (fARC-EP) during the armed conflict and after the signing of the peace agreement. During 2018, an interpretive case study was conducted through the participant observation, 11 interviews, and 2 focus groups. In the fARC-EP group, no comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health was noted from a gender perspective, but pregnancy prevention using methods and sanctions for women was found to be privileged. Owing to its characteristic as a clandestine army, decisions were not made individually, and the authority of the superior involved erotic-affective relationships, although expedited attention was guaranteed for emergency cases. After the signing of the agreement, with its consequent insertion into the Colombian health system, the possibilities of care for non-urgent cases have been expanded, with the barriers to healthcare being emphasized

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as experiências em saúde sexual e reprodutiva de ex-guerrilheiras das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia - Exército Popular (fARC-EP) durante o conflito armado e após a assinatura do acordo de paz. Durante o ano de 2018, foi realizado um estudo de caso interpretativo através da observação participante, 11 entrevistas e dois grupos focais. Nas fARC-EP não havia abordagem integral da saúde sexual e reprodutiva ou perspectiva de gênero; privilegiou-se a prevenção da gravidez com métodos e sanções para as mulheres. Por ser um exército clandestino, as decisões não eram tomadas individualmente, e a autoridade do superior implicava relações erótico-afetivas, embora garantisse atendimento ágil em casos de emergência. Após a assinatura do convênio, com sua consequente inserção no sistema de saúde colombiano, ampliam-se as possibilidades de atendimento aos casos não urgentes, mas enfatizam-se as barreiras para o atendimento no sistema de saúde.

An epidemiological evaluation of COVID-19 in La paz, Bolivia.

INTRODUCTION: The Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia) has experienced four major waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) so far. Although the ministry of health has been tracking morbidity and mortality through each wave, epidemiology of COVID-19 in Bolivia is not well defined, despite a need for more accurate measurement of the number of cases and deaths to allow for forecasting of the pandemic. This study examined prevalence of COVID-19 at community level, determinants of its occurrence and vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in La Paz city on 2,775 individuals between March 2020 and February 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 morbidity, mortality and vaccination status. RESULTS: Of the 2,775 participants, 1,586 (57.1%) were infected with COVID-19, and 187 (6.7%) were suspected cases. The mortality rate was 2.9%. Sinopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Gamaleya, Pfizer-BioNtech, Moderna and AstraZeneka vaccines are in use, and all vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the risk of onset. Risk for mortality was significantly lower in the vaccinated group with an odds ratio of 0.037 (95％ confidential interval: 0.01-0.10, p-value: <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Actual prevalence of COVID-19 in La Paz (the prevalence rate: 63.8%, including suspected case) was higher than that reported by the Ministry of Health and Sports in Bolivia (7.5%). In addition, vaccination has contributed significantly to the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Bolivia. We believe that our report will be useful for COVID-19 prevention strategies in Bolivia for the future.

PAZ domain is critical for spermatogenesis in chicken.

Piwi-like protein 1 (PIWIL1) plays a crucial role in stem cell proliferation, embryogenesis, growth, and development. We aimed to unravel the function of PIWIL1 and its Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille (PAZ) domain in chicken embryogenesis. The expression of PIWI1 at different stages of spermatogenesis was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the PAZ domain was mutated based on its 3D structure model using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. The results indicated that PIWIL1 mRNA was specifically expressed in spermatogonium cells undergoing meiosis. After targeting the PAZ domain (300-370 amino acid residues), we obtained two mutant DF-1 cell clones with 23-bp and 8-bp deletions. Injection of the pCMV-Cas9-puro-sgRNA-2 construct into 2.5-day embryos resulted in generation of 19 different PAZ mutants (13 males and 6 females), which showed delayed hatching, reduced quality of semen, and decreased expression of PIWIL1 and SOX2 at embryonic days 5 and 18. However, we could not obtain PAZ double knockout (KO) chickens by crossing of the F0 generation, suggesting that PAZ double KO may halt embryonic development. Our results indicate that PIWIL1 plays an important role in meiosis and that PAZ mutations can lead to decreased sperm quality, whereas its double KO may arrest embryogenesis in chicken.

Teatro-pedagogía, una experiencia de construcción de paz en Antioquia, Colombia. Sus aportes a la salud mental / Teatro pedagogia, uma experiência de construção de paz na Antioquia, Colômbia. Seus aportes à saúde mental / Theater-pedagogy, a peacebuilding experience in Antioquia, Colombia. Its contributions to mental health

Resumen El estudio de la salud mental, en Colombia y en el mundo, ha sido enfocado desde una perspectiva morbicéntrica y conductual. Este trabajo presenta un estudio de caso que tuvo como objetivo comprender de qué manera el proceso de formación en teatro-pedagogía, como iniciativa de construcción de paz, puede aportar a la salud mental. A partir de la confluencia del teatro social, la pedagogía crítica y las experiencias de vida de los y las participantes, se realizó análisis documental, y categorización al diario de campo, entrevistas y grupos de discusión. Participaron personas involucradas en la formación y público asistente en los foros de las presentaciones teatrales. Se encontraron elementos sobre sanación, cuerpo, juego, movimiento y simbolización en relación con salud mental. Se espera que este sea un aporte a la democratización en salud mental en contextos de sufrimiento social. (AU)

Resumo O estudo da saúde mental na Colômbia e no mundo tem focado numa perspectiva morbicentrica e comportamental. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso que teve como objetivo compreender de que maneira o processo de formação em teatro pedagogia, como iniciativa de construção de paz, pode contribuir à saúde mental. A partir da confluência do teatro social, a pedagogia crítica e as experiências de vida dos e das participantes, e mediante categorização, realizou-se análise documental, de diário de campo, entrevistas e grupos de discussão. Participaram pessoas envolvidas na formação e público assistente nos foros das apresentações teatrais. Foram encontrados elementos sobre cura, corpo, jogo, movimento e simbolização na relação com a saúde mental. Espera-se que este seja uma contribuição à democratização na saúde mental em contextos de sofrimento social. (AU)

Abstract Research on mental health in Colombia and worldwide has emphasized a morbicentric and behavioral perspective. This article reports a case study that aimed to understand how theater-pedagogy education, as an initiative to build peace, can contribute to mental health. Due to the confluence of social theater, critical pedagogy, and the life experiences of participants, documentary analysis was carried out. Data obtained from a field diary, interviews, and discussion groups was categorized. The participants got involved in the theater-pedagogy and attended forums of theatrical performances. Elements of healing, body, playing, movement, and symbolization concerning mental health were found. This work is expected to contribute to the democratization of mental health in contexts of social suffering. (AU)