"Holding back my own emotions": Evaluation of an online education module in pediatric end-of-life care.

Providing quality end-of-life care to a child who is dying in hospital can be stressful and challenging, and health professionals often feel ill-prepared and require additional support. End-of-Life Essentials offers online education modules for health professionals working in acute hospitals, including one on end-of-life care in pediatric settings. This study aimed to evaluate this module and explore learners' views on challenges faced when caring for a dying child and their family in a hospital setting. Learners comprised nurses, doctors, and allied health professionals. A quantitative pre-/post-evaluation analysis was conducted using learner data (n = 552) on knowledge and skills gained from engagement with the module, along with a qualitative thematic content analysis on learner responses (n = 395) to a post-evaluation free-text response question, between May 2019 and May 2020. Learners' post-evaluation ranks of perceived knowledge, skill, attitude, and confidence were significantly higher than pre-evaluation ranks (p < 0.001). Effect sizes were small to medium, ranging from 0.31 to 0.38 (95% confidence intervals from 0.23 to 0.45). Emerging themes from the qualitative data were dealing with emotions, and communicating effectively. This evaluation suggests that the Pediatrics module could be a useful online learning resource for health professionals. A planned longitudinal study will further investigate practice change.

Values of the apparent diffusion coefficient in the differential diagnosis of tumors of the posterior fossa in the pediatric population of Colombia / Valores del coeficiente de difusión aparente en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de la fosa posterior en población pediátrica de Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Posterior fossa tumors are common in the pediatric population and require adequate characterization by means of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced MRI techniques to achieve an appropriate therapeutic approach. Objectives: To determine the usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors in the pediatric population treated at a reference hospital in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materials and methods: Diagnostic accuracy study carried out in 28 pediatric patients diagnosed with posterior fossa tumor between 2017 and 2019 at the Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia, a quaternary care institution. ADC values were measured and compared with histopathological diagnosis as gold standard, obtaining sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Differences between medians were determined using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The p value between the quantitative ADC value and the gold standard was calculated using Pearson's chi-squared test, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 83.9 months (SD=57 months), and 64.28% of them were boys. Medulloblastoma was the most frequent tumor (39.29%). For the diagnosis of medulloblastoma, an ADC value of 0.6210x10-3mm2/s was established, obtaining a sensitivity and specificity of 81.82% and 76.47%, respectively. For the diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma, an ADC of 1.03x10-3mm2/s was determined, with a sensitivity of 66.67% and a specificity of 89.40%. Conclusions: ADC value is useful to classify and differentiate posterior fossa tumors in the Colombian pediatric population, showing an inversely proportional relationship with the tumor grade.

Resumen Introducción. Los tumores de la fosa posterior son frecuentes en población pediátrica y requieren de una adecuada caracterización mediante resonancia magnética (RM) estructural y técnicas avanzadas de RM para lograr un enfoque terapéutico apropiado. Objetivo. Determinar la utilidad de los valores del coeficiente de difusión aparente (ADC cuantitativo) en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de la fosa posterior en población pediátrica de un hospital de referencia en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de validez de prueba diagnóstica realizado en 28 pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados con tumor de fosa posterior entre 2017 y 2019 en la Fundación Hospital Pediátrico de la Misericordia, hospital de IV nivel de complejidad. Se midieron los valores del ADC cuantitativo, los cuales fueron comparados con el diagnóstico histopatológico como estándar de oro, obteniendo datos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos. Las diferencias entre medianas fueron determinadas mediante la prueba de Kruskall-Wallis. El valor p entre el valor del ADC cuantitativo y el estándar de oro se calculó con la prueba X2 de Pearson, con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. La edad media fue 83.9 meses (DE=57 meses) y 64.28% fueron niños. El tumor más frecuente fue el meduloblastoma (39.29%). Para el diagnóstico de meduloblastoma se estableció un valor ADC cuantitativo de 0.6210x10-3mm2/s, obteniéndose una sensibilidad y especificidad de 81.82% y 76.47%, respectivamente, y para el diagnóstico de astrocitoma pilocítico, un ADC cuantitativo de 1.03x10-3mm2/s, con una sensibilidad de 66.67% y una especificidad de 89.40%. Conclusiones. El valor del ADC cuantitativo es útil para clasificar y diferenciar los tumores de la fosa posterior en población pediátrica colombiana, mostrando una relación inversamente proporcional con el grado tumoral.

Wilms or non-Wílms tumors? Imaging features of renal tumors in pediatrics / ¿Tumores de Wilms o no Wilms? Características por imagen de los tumores renales en pediatría

Abstract Introduction: Identifying the imaging features of renal tumors in pediatric population allows reaching more accurate diagnoses and implementing more appropriate treatments. Objective: To describe the imaging findings of renal tumors in children and to assess the association between imaging findings and histological diagnosis of Wilms tumors versus Non-Wilms tumors, and between imaging features and intraoperative rupture of Wilms tumors, as well as the level of agreement between radiological and histological diagnosis (Wilms vs. Non-Wilms tumor). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 47 children with a pathological diagnosis of kidney tumor and treated between 2012 and 2018 in a pediatric hospital in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. The patients' medical records, as well as their ultrasound, tomography and magnetic resonance studies were reviewed. Two univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between imaging findings and histopathological diagnosis and between imaging features and intraoperative rupture of Wilms tumors, calculating the respective Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. In addition, the level of agreement between radiological and histological diagnosis was determined using the Cohen's kappa coefficient. Results: A significant association was found between histological diagnosis of Wilms tumor and the presence of necrosis, tumor enhancement, pseudocapsule, rupture signs, tumor volume and tumor size (OR: 21.6, 15.17, 14.57, 8.21, 7.93, and 4.37, respectively; p<0.05). An association between having Wilms tumors and a lower frequency of metastases was also found (OR: 0.19; p<0.05). The kappa coefficient between radiological diagnosis of Wilms/non- Wilms tumors and histological diagnosis was 0.78 (CI95%: 0.59-0.96; p<0.05). Additionally, Wilms tumors volumen was significantly associated with the occurrence of rupture (OR: 3.08; p<0.05). Conclusions: There are imaging findings such as necrosis, tumor enhancement and tumor volume that can help predict the histological diagnosis of Wilms tumors, as well as perioperative rupture. In addition, a moderate to very good concordance between radiological diagnosis of Wilms/non-Wilms tumors and histological findings was found.

Resumen Introducción. Identificar las características por imagen de los tumores renales en la población pediátrica permite realizar diagnósticos más precisos e implementar tratamientos más apropiados. Objetivo. Describir los hallazgos de imagen de tumores renales en niños y evaluar la asociación entre hallazgos imagenológicos y el diagnóstico histopatológico de tumores de Wilms versus tumores no Wilms, y entre las características de imagen y ruptura quirúrgica de tumores Wilms, así como el grado de concordancia entre el diagnóstico radiológico e histológico. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 47 niños con diagnóstico patológico de tumor renal atendidos entre 2012 y 2018 en un hospital pediátrico de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes, así como sus estudios de ultrasonografía, tomografía y resonancia magnética. Se realizaron dos análisis de regresión logística univariados para evaluar la asociación entre hallazgos imagenológicos y diagnóstico histopatológico y entre las características imagenológicas de los tumores de Wilms y ruptura quirúrgica, calculando los respectivos odds ratio (OR) con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Además, se determinó el grado concordancia entre el diagnóstico radiológico e histopatológico mediante el coeficiente de kappa de Cohen. Resultados. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre el diagnóstico histológico de tumor de Wilms y la presencia de necrosis, realce tumoral, pseudocápsula, signos de ruptura, volumen y tamaño del tumor (OR: 21.6, 15.17, 14.57, 8.21, 7.93 y 4.37, respectivamente; p<0.05). También se observó una asociación entre tener tumores de Wilms y menor frecuencia de metástasis (OR:0.19; p<0.05). El coeficiente de Kappa entre el diagnóstico radiológico de los tumores (Wilms/no-Wilms) y el diagnóstico histológico fue 0.78 (IC95%: 0.59-0.96; p<0.05). Además, el volumen de los tumores de Wilms se asoció significativamente con la ocurrencia de ruptura (OR: 3.08; p<0.05). Conclusiones. Hay hallazgos imagenológicos como la necrosis, el realce tumoral y el volumen tumoral que ayudan a predecir el diagnóstico histológico de tumores de Wilms, así como la ruptura perioperatoria. Además, se observó una muy buena concordancia entre el diagnóstico radiológico de tumores Wilms/no Wilms y los hallazgos histológicos.

Pediatric unilateral spatial neglect: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Unilateral spatial neglect (USN), an inability to attend to one side of space or one's body, is commonly reported in adult stroke survivors and is associated with poor outcomes. USN has been reported in pediatric survivors of stroke, but its impact is unclear. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize and evaluate the literature regarding USN in pediatric stroke survivors. METHODS: PRISMA guidelines, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, and other relevant databases were searched with terms including "children", "stroke", and "unilateral neglect", with the ages of participants limited from to birth to 18 years. Data were extracted from studies on the clinical presentation of pediatric USN, the assessment of this condition, treatment options, or USN recovery. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles met inclusion criteria. There were no current prevalence data available. USN presents similarly in children compared to adults. Several different USN assessments were used, however, there were little data regarding treatment options. Furthermore, the data suggest that not all children fully recover. CONCLUSION: This systematic review reveals a lack of quality research to inform the assessment and treatment of children with USN. Although the literature spans decades, there remain no guidelines for standardized assessment or treatment. Similar to adults, paper-and-pencil testing may be less able to identify USN than functional assessments. It is likely that there are children who struggle with undetected USN-related deficits years after their injuries. With a rise of pediatric stroke survivors, there is a pressing need for clinicians to be educated about USN in children, clinical presentations, assessments, and treatments.

Sindrome de Guillain-Barre variante axonal en pediatria: reporte de caso / Guillain-Barre Syndrome axonal variant in pediatrics: case report

RESUMEN El síndrome de Guillain-Barré es una polirradiculoneuropatía inflamatoria aguda, caracterizada por debilidad simétrica de carácter progresivo, de inicio distal asociado con arreflexia y síntomas sensitivos leves. La variante NMAA es una entidad poco frecuente en América Latina. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de seis años, previamente sano, con diagnóstico de síndrome de Guillain-Barré variante axonal, secundario a cuadro de vías aéreas superiores. La importancia del reporte radica en informar al pediatra y a otros profesionales de la salud acerca de la existencia de esta entidad y así aumentar la sospecha diagnóstica, considerando su baja incidencia. Se destaca también la posibilidad de encontrar variabilidad en las formas clínicas típicas de presentación, como lo fue el caso presentado, ya que es un subtipo de la enfermedad que está clásicamente caracterizada como grave, de evolución tórpida y con frecuentes secuelas.

SUMMARY Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by progressive symmetric weakness of distal onset associated with areflexia and mild sensory symptoms. The AMAN variant is a rare entity in Latin America. The case of a 6-year-old male patient, previously healthy, with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, axonal variant, secondary to upper airway symptoms, is reported. The importance of the report lies in informing the pediatrician and other health professionals about the existence of this entity and thus increasing the diagnostic suspicion considering its low incidence. We also highlight the possibility of finding variability in the typical clinical forms of presentation, as was the case presented, since it is a subtype of the disease that is classically characterized as severe and with torpid evolution. It is also associated with frequent sequelae.

Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada: simulando enfermedad cerebrovascular en un adolescente / Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: simulating cerebrovascular disease in an adolescent

RESUMEN La encefalomielitis aguda diseminada (ADEM) es una enfermedad desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central (SNQ, de baja prevalencia, con predominio de presentación en población pediátrica. Describir y revisar la presentación clínica de un paciente con ADEM, su proceso diagnóstico y el manejo terapéutico, de acuerdo con la evidencia disponible. Adolescente masculino de 17 años, sin antecedentes de importancia, con cuadro de cefalea hemicraneal derecha, tipo punzada, de alta intensidad, dos semanas de evolución y posterior compromiso agudo neurológico multifocal con encefalopatía, hemiparesia y diplopía. Se realiza estudio con resonancia de cerebro contrastada que pone en evidencia lesiones hiperintensas a nivel de tallo, cerebelo y ganglios basales. Estas lesiones son asimétricas, unilaterales y agudas y siguen el trayecto vascular de la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior (PICA), sin restricción a la difusión o cambios en mapa ADC. Inicialmente se sospecha evento cerebrovascular (ECV) y se estudia con angiorresonancia normal, ayudas diagnósticas para causas cardioembólicas y trombofilias negativas. Al considerar lesiones no se sugieren cambios de origen isquémico, pero si desmielinizantes. Se inicia manejo con pulsos de metilprednisolona con resolución de hemiparesia y encefalopatía. En seguimiento a 18 meses, el paciente no ha presentado nuevos eventos clínicos o radiológicos. La ADEM es una patología infrecuente en la edad pediátrica, con un diagnóstico basado en la clínica y hallazgos imagenológicos en resonancia magnética. Su presentación clínica puede ser inespecífica y como en este caso simular enfermedad cerebrovascular, y el tratamiento se basa en inmunomoduladores, principalmente corticoides, con una tasa de recuperación favorable en las series previamente reportadas.

SUMMARY Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a low-prevalence demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a predominance of presentation in the pediatric population. To describe and review the clinical presentation of a patient with ADEM, its diagnostic process and therapeutic management according to the available evidence. A 17-year-old male adolescent, with a 2-week history of high-intensity right-sided headache, stitching type, subsequent acute multifocal neurological compromise with encephalopathy, hemiparesis, and diplopia. A contrast-enhanced brain resonance study with evidence of hyperintense lesions at the level of the stem, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, asymmetric, unilateral, acute, following the vascular path of the posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA), but without restriction to diffusion or changes on the ADC map, so that an initial suspicion of cerebrovascular event (CVD) is made, studying with normal angioresonance, diagnostic aids for negative cardioembolic causes and thrombophilias. Considering that lesions do not suggest changes of ischemic origin, but if they are demyelinating, management with methylprednisolone pulses with resolution of hemiparesis and encephalopathy is initiated. In the 18-month follow-up, the patient has not presented new clinical or radiological events. ADEM, is an infrequent pathology in pediatric age, with a diagnosis based on the clinic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, its clinical presentation may be nonspecific and as in this case simulate cerebrovascular disease, the treatment is based on immunomodulatory treatment, mainly corticosteroids, with a favorable recovery rate in the previously reported series.

Fístula arteriovenosa pial no galénica como causa de hipertensión pulmonar y falla cardiaca en un lactante / Non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistula as cause of pulmonary hypertension and heart failure in an infant

RESUMEN Las manifestaciones clínicas de las malformaciones vasculares intracraneanas en niños incluyen las derivadas de sangrados, así como las hemodinámicas que dependen del tamaño de la malformación. Algunas pueden consumir un alto porcentaje del gasto cardiaco, y llevar a falla cardiaca o a hipertensión pulmonar derivada del hiperflujo. Se presenta el caso de un lactante con hipertensión pulmonar y falla cardiaca que fue diagnosticada tardíamente, aunque con corrección endovascular dentro de la edad recomendada y buen desenlace neurológico. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de considerar las malformaciones vasculares intracraneales dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de niños con hipertensión pulmonar que no responden al tratamiento.

SUMMARY Clinical manifestations of intracranial vascular malformations in children include those derived from bleeding, as well as hemodynamic problems due to the size of some large malformations These may consume a high percentage of cardiac output, leading to heart failure, or pulmonary hypertension. We present the case of an infant with pulmonary hypertension and heart failure who was diagnosed late, but with endovascular correction within the recommended age, and had good neurological outcome. Emphasis is placed on the need to consider intracranial vascular malformations within the differential diagnosis of children with pulmonary hypertension who do not respond to treatment.

Acute abdomen and perforated duodenal ulcer in an adolescent: case report / Abdomen agudo quirúrgico, úlcera duodenal perforada en un adolescente: reporte de caso

Abstract Acute abdominal pain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in emergency departments. Its causes are diverse and are divided into surgical and medical. Surgical causes may be traumatic, obstructive or inflammatory. The last category includes perforated hollow viscus as a complication of duodenal ulcer, a rare condition in pediatrics. This paper presents the case of a previously healthy 14-year-old adolescent who attended the emergency department due to the sudden onset and rapid progression of abdominal pain in the right hypochondrium, which radiated to the lower back on the same side. This condition was associated with vasovagal symptoms and was initially managed as urolithiasis, considering clinical deterioration and obvious signs of generalized peritonitis, which required a diagnostic laparoscopy followed by laparotomy by pediatric surgery. Perforated duodenal ulcer was diagnosed during the procedure as the cause of the symptoms. This paper intends to show the experience of clinical cases with an initial diagnostic error and include complicated duodenal ulcer as a differential diagnosis.

Resumen El dolor abdominal agudo es uno de los principales motivos de consulta en los servicios de urgencias, sus causas son diversas y se dividen en quirúrgicas y médicas. En este artículo se hace mención a las causas quirúrgicas que pueden ser de tipo traumático, obstructivo o inflamatorio. En esta última categoría se encuentra la perforación de víscera hueca como complicación de ulcera duodenal, entidad poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 14 años, previamente sano, quien consultó a urgencias de medicina general por dolor abdominal de inicio súbito y de rápido progreso en hipocondrio derecho, con irradiación a zona lumbar del mismo lado, asociado a síntomas vaso vágales. Se da manejo primario como urolitiasis. Ante el deterioro clínico y los signos evidentes de peritonitis generalizada, el paciente es llevado a laparoscopia diagnóstica que requiere conversión a laparotomía por cirugía pediátrica. El hallazgo quirúrgico es úlcera duodenal perforada como causa del cuadro clínico. Este reporte pretende mostrar la experiencia de los casos clínicos en los que se da un error diagnóstico inicial e incluir a la ulcera duodenal complicada como diagnóstico diferencial.

Study protocol: evaluation of specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC) in the German state of Hesse (ELSAH study) - work package II: palliative care for pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) provided a comprehensive set of recommendations and standards for the provision of adequate pediatric palliative care. A number of studies have shown deficits in pediatric palliative care compared to EAPC standards. In Germany, pediatric palliative care patients can be referred to specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC) services, which are known to enhance quality of life, e.g. by avoiding hospitalization. However, current regulations for the provision of SOPC in Germany do not account for the different circumstances and needs of children and their families compared to adult palliative care patients. The "Evaluation of specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC) in the German state of Hesse (ELSAH)" study aims to perform a needs assessment for pediatric patients (children, adolescents and young adults) receiving SOPC. This paper presents the study protocol for this assessment (work package II). METHODS/DESIGN: The study uses a sequential mixed-methods study design with a focus on qualitative research. Data collection from professional and family caregivers and, as far as possible, pediatric patients, will involve both a written questionnaire based on European recommendations for pediatric palliative care, and semi-structured interviews. Additionally, professional caregivers will take part in focus group discussions and participatory observations. Interviews and focus groups will be tape- or video-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed in accordance with the principles of grounded theory (interviews) and content analysis (focus groups). A structured field note template will be used to record notes taken during the participatory observations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22 or higher) will be used for descriptive statistical analyses. The qualitative data analyses will be software-assisted by MAXQDA (version 12 or higher). DISCUSSION: This study will provide important information on what matters most to family caregivers and pediatric patients receiving SOPC. The results will add valuable knowledge to the criteria that distinguish SOPC for pediatric from SOPC for adult patients, and will provide an indication of how the German SOPC rule of procedure can be optimized to satisfy the special needs of pediatric patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Internet Portal of the German Clinical Trials Register ( www.germanctr.de , DRKS-ID: DRKS00012431).

Abscesos renales en pediatría: reporte de caso / Pediatric renal abscess: Case report

Resumen Los abscesos renales y perirrenales hacen parte de un grupo de infecciones poco frecuentes en pediatría que comprometen el parénquima renal y el espacio perinefrítico. Estas entidades no tienen una clínica específica y, por lo tanto, se deben sospechar en todos los pacientes con infección urinaria que no respondan a la terapia antimicrobiana adecuada. De su apropiado diagnóstico dependerá la evolución y el pronóstico del paciente. Si bien el drenaje percutáneo mediante radiología intervencionista es un procedimiento descrito para el tratamiento de esta patología en los adultos, este puede hacer parte del manejo en pediatría. En este artículo, se presenta el caso clínico de un niño de tres años con diagnóstico de absceso renal y su manejo en un centro pediátrico de Bogotá, junto a una revisión actualizada de esta patología.

Abstract Renal and perinephric abscesses are part of a group of rare pediatric infections that compromise the renal parenchyma and the perinephritic space. These entities do not have a specific clinical picture and, therefore, should be suspected in all patients with urinary tract infection that does not respond to antimicrobial therapy. The evolution and prognosis of the patient depend on appropriate diagnosis. Although percutaneous abscess drainage by interventional radiology is indicated for the treatment of this pathology in adults, it could also be considered for pediatric management. This article reports the clinical case of a three-year-old child diagnosed with renal abscess, who was treated in a pediatric center of Bogotá, as well as an updated review of this pathology.

Premature Discontinuation of Pediatric Randomized Controlled Trials: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of pediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that are prematurely discontinued, examine the reasons for discontinuation, and compare the risk for recruitment failure in pediatric and adult RCTs. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of RCTs approved by 1 of 6 Research Ethics Committees (RECs) in Switzerland, Germany, and Canada between 2000 and 2003. We recorded trial characteristics, trial discontinuation, and reasons for discontinuation from protocols, corresponding publications, REC files, and a survey of trialists. RESULTS: We included 894 RCTs, of which 86 enrolled children and 808 enrolled adults. Forty percent of the pediatric RCTs and 29% of the adult RCTs were discontinued. Slow recruitment accounted for 56% of pediatric RCT discontinuations and 43% of adult RCT discontinuations. Multivariable logistic regression analyses suggested that pediatric RCT was not an independent risk factor for recruitment failure after adjustment for other potential risk factors (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.57-2.63). Independent risk factors were acute care setting (aOR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.72-9.31), nonindustry sponsorship (aOR, 4.45; 95% CI, 2.59-7.65), and smaller planned sample size (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09, in decrements of 100 participants). CONCLUSION: Forty percent of pediatric RCTs were discontinued prematurely, owing predominately to slow recruitment. Enrollment of children was not an independent risk factor for recruitment failure.

Encefalitis herpética en pediatría: reporte de caso / Herpetic encephalitis in pediatrics: case report

RESUMEN La encefalitis herpética es una enfermedad aguda o subaguda causante de signos generales y focales de disfunción cerebral. Se presenta un caso de encefalitis herpética en una preescolar, dada su baja frecuencia en pediatría, presentado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Doña Pilar, Hospital Infantil Napoleón Franco Pareja. A pesar de los avances en la terapia antiviral durante las últimas dos décadas, la encefalitis herpética sigue siendo una enfermedad grave con riesgos significativos de morbilidad y muerte. Un tercio de los casos de las encefalitis por herpes simplex se presenta en niños. Las secuelas entre los sobrevivientes son significativas y dependen de la edad y del estado neurológico del paciente en el momento del diagnóstico.

SUMMARY Introduction: Herpetic encephalitis is an acute or subacute disease that causes general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction. We present a case of herpes simplex encephalitis in a given low frequency presented at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Doña Pilar, Children's Hospital Napoléon Franco Pareja. Despite advances in antiviral therapy during the past 2 decades, herpes encephalitis remains a serious disease with significant risk of morbidity and death. One third of cases of herpes simplex encephalitis occur in children, sequelae among survivors are significant and depend on the age and neurological status of the patient at the time of diagnosis.

Nasal high flow nebulization in infants and toddlers: An in vitro and in vivo scintigraphic study.

Aerosol therapy in infants and toddlers is challenging. Nebulization within a nasal high flow (NHF) circuit is attractive. The aim of this study was to quantify aerosol lung deposition when combined with NHF as compared with standard practice. Lung doses were measured scintigraphically after nebulization with jet and mesh nebulizer placed within a NHF circuit in a spontaneously breathing non-human primate model (macaque) and in the anatomical bench SAINT model, respectively representing a full-term newborn and a 9-month-old toddler. In the SAINT model, lung depositions observed with the mesh nebulizer placed in the NHF circuit set at 2 and 4 L/min were 3.3% and 4.2% of the nebulizer charge, respectively, and similar to the 1.70% observed with the control standard facemask jet nebulization (6 L/min flow). In the macaque model, the depositions observed with the mesh nebulizer in the NHF circuit set at 2 and 4 L/min were 0.49% and 0.85%, respectively, also similar to the control measurement (0.71%). Mesh nebulization within a NHF circuit set at 8 L/min and jet nebulization either within a NHF circuit or placed on top of the cannula (NHF set at 2 L/min; total flow of 8 L/min), resulted in a significantly lower lung depositions. Mesh nebulization within a NHF circuit delivering up to 4 L/min gas is likely to be at least as effective than jet nebulization with a facemask in infants and toddlers. Aerosol facemask placement on top of cannulas or jet nebulization within the NHF circuit may be less effective. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:337-344. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efectos de la terapia física intensiva sobre la función motora de un niño con hemiparesia espástica / Effects of intensive physical therapy on the motor function of a child with spastic hemiparesis

Resumen Introducción. La fisioterapia es una profesión del área de la salud cuyo objeto de estudio es el movimiento corporal humano, por lo que es responsable de aquellos casos que involucran problemas en el desarrollo motor, como el manejado en la presente investigación. Objetivo. Describir el efecto a corto plazo causado por un tratamiento intensivo de terapia física, realizado con Therasuit, sobre la función motora de un niño con hemiparesia espástica derecha. Materiales y métodos. Investigación descriptiva de tipo cualitativo llevada a cabo bajo la metodología de estudio de caso con un periodo de observación de dos años. Resultados. Los resultados incluyen, además de la detección y el diagnóstico del caso, el análisis de la información a partir de la aplicación de la metodología y la observación de resultados en pruebas clínicas para valorar el movimiento, el diseño y la implementación de un plan terapéutico basado en el método Therasuit. Conclusiones. En este estudio de caso es posible observar cómo la presencia del programa de fisioterapia en la institución de práctica clínica permitió que un niño de cuatros años fuera diagnosticado con secuelas de hemiparesia espástica derecha y fuera tratado con el método Therasuit, el cual mejoró su marcha y función motora.

Abstract Introduction: Physical therapy is a health profession whose object of study is the movement of the human body, therefore, it is responsible for cases involving motor development problems, as in the case presented here. Objective: To describe the short-term effect caused by intensive physical therapy treatment, performed with Therasuit, on motor function of a child with spastic right hemiparesis. Materials and methods: Descriptive qualitative research conducted based on the case study methodology with an observation period of two years. Results: The results include, besides the detection and diagnosis of the case, the analysis of information based on the application of the methodology and the observation of results in clinical trials to assess movement, design and implementation of a treatment plan using the Therasuit method. Conclusions: This case study makes possible to observe how the presence of a physical therapy program at a clinical practice institution allowed Therasuit method treatment to a four-year-old child diagnosed with right spastic hemiparesis sequelae, which improved gait and motor function.

Morbilidad en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica / Morbidity in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is a prevalent disease in Chile. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence regarding the results of cholecystectomy in adults; however, information in pediatric population is scarce. The aim of this study is to report the results of a series of pediatric patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Material and Methods: Retrospective case series. All patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in the period 2004 to 2013, in the Department of Surgery of Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile, were included. The main outcome variable was POM. Other variables of interest were cause of consult, coexistence of choledocholithiasis, concomitant diseases, nature of surgery, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate percentages, measures of center tendency and dispersion. Results: 71 patients, with a median age of 13 years, 84.5 percent female, were operated. POM was 1.4 percent (one case of hemoperitoneum that required reoperation, Dindo-Clavien IIIb). The most frequent cause of consultation was biliary colic (95.8 percent of cases). Coexistence of choledocholithiasis was determined in 6 cases (8.5 percent). The most common concomitant disease was familiar microspherocytosis (4 cases, 5.6 percent). The surgery was elective in 62 patients (87.3 percent). Median hospital stay were 2 days. The serie has no mortality. Conclusion: The observed results are comparable with those from other series of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients.

Introducción: La colelitiasis es una enfermedad prevalente en Chile; por ende, existe suficiente evidencia respecto de los resultados de la colecistectomía en población adulta; sin embargo, la información en población pediátrica es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio, es reportar los resultados de una serie de pacientes pediátricos, intervenidos quirúrgicamente por colelitiasis, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Material y Método: Serie de casos retrospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes pediátricos colecistectomizados vía laparoscópica en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile; en el período 2004 y 2013. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron causa de consulta, coexistencia de coledocolitiasis, enfermedades concomitantes, carácter de la cirugía, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con cálculo de porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: Se intervinieron 71 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 13 años; 84,5 por ciento de sexo femenino. La MPO fue de 1,4 por ciento (un caso de hemoperitoneo que requirió reoperación; Dindo-Clavien IIIb). La causa de consulta más frecuente fue el cólico biliar (95,8 por ciento de los casos). Se determinó coexistencia de coledocolitiasis en 6 casos (8,5 por ciento). La enfermedad concomitante más frecuente fue microesferocitosis familiar (4 casos; 5,6 por ciento). La cirugía fue electiva en 62 pacientes (87,3 por ciento). La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue 2 días y no se reporta mortalidad. Conclusión: Los resultados observados son comparables con los de otras series de colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes pediátricos.