Potassium permanganate use in the management of a wound induced by contact with Paederus: A case report.

Pederin is a vesicant toxic amide, found in the hemolymph of the beetle genus, Paederus. Physical contact with these insects produces a type of irritant dermatitis with variable clinical symptoms. It has been identified that Pederin (a vesicant toxic amide responsible for the ulcerative lesion) is produced by Gram-negative endosymbiotic bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus. The present study describes the case of a patient who had come into contact with the insect Paederus sp. and developed an ulcerative lesion. He was first treated with topical steroids, as part of the conventional management, and following no response to treatment, he was treated locally with a 5% potassium permanganate solution, in conjunction with systemic antibiotic therapy, obtaining a good response in the healing process. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that potassium permanganate solutions, in conjunction with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, may be beneficial in the treatment of dermatitis or ulcerative lesions caused by insects of the Paederus genus. However, further research is required to fully determine the complete benefits and any side-effects.

Improved Pastures Support Early Indicators of Soil Restoration in Low-input Agroecosystems of Nicaragua.

Pasture degradation hinders livestock production and ecosystem services that support rural smallholder communities throughout Latin America. Silvopastoral systems, with improved pasture cultivars (especially Brachiaria spp.) and multipurpose trees, offer a promising strategy to restore soils and improve livelihoods in the region. However, studies evaluating the impact of such systems on pasture productivity and soil health under realistic smallholder constraints are lacking. We evaluated the impact of improved pasture grass and tree establishment on a suite of soil health indicators in actively grazed, low-input, farmer-managed silvopastoral systems. In August 2013, paired pasture treatments (improved grass with trees vs. traditional pastures) were established on nine farms with similar land-use histories near Matagalpa, Nicaragua. On each farm, one treatment was left as traditional pasture with naturalized grass (Hyparrhenia rufa), while the adjacent treatment was sown with the improved grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and planted with tree saplings without fertilizer. In August 2015, we measured standing biomass and a suite of chemical, biological, and physical soil health variables. Improved silvopastoral systems with B. brizantha produced more standing grass biomass and supported higher levels of earthworm populations and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) compared to the traditional control. Correlations suggest that earthworms and POXC were associated with incipient improvements to soil aggregate stability and water holding capacity. We report measurable improvements to soil health just two years following the establishment of improved pasture systems under common smallholder management practices and suggest that these systems, even with minimal fertility inputs, have the potential to enhance regional sustainability.

Use of fish trypsin immobilized onto magnetic-chitosan composite as a new tool to detect antinutrients in aquafeeds.

The unplanned inclusion of antinutrients in fish food affects many biological processes, such as digestibility of amino acids and diet conversion, resulting in undesirable effects on body growth. Thus, the objective of this research was to propose the use of immobilized fish proteases in the detection of protease inhibitors, one of the most important antinutrients. In order to evaluate the detection of antinutritional factors through the immobilized trypsin, the enzyme was incubated with eight diets developed for commercial fish, and residual activity was measured. Comparatively, the tilapia trypsin showed an inhibition of antinutrients (protease inhibitors), present in the eight studied diets, up to 48% greater than the porcine trypsin immobilized in magnetic chitosan. Thus, it is possible to suggest the use of immobilized derivatives containing specific proteases of the target organism in the detection of antinutritional factors that reduce animal's digestive capacity and negatively influence their growth during husbandry.

Topical 5% potassium permanganate solution accelerates the healing process in chronic diabetic foot ulcers.

Potassium permanganate has been reported to be an effective treatment for certain types of wounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of potassium permanganate in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. A single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that presented with a foot ulcer persisting for >3 months. The control group (n=10) was treated with the current standard treatment, which comprises of measures for reducing pressure in the ulcerated area, daily cleansing of the ulcer with potable water and antiseptic wash solution, and the application of a disinfectant solution on the entire surface area of the ulcer; while the intervention group (n=15) received the standard treatment plus 5% topical potassium permanganate solution applied once a day for 21 days. In the intervention group, 1 patient did not tolerate the treatment and was eliminated from the study on the first day. The remaining patients tolerated the interventions well. At the end of the treatment period, ulcers in the control group had decreased by 38% whereas those in the intervention group decreased by 73% (P<0.009). The degree of decrease was also investigated; the ulcer size was ≥50% decreased in 40% of patients in the control group and in 86% of patients in the intervention group (P=0.02). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that topical potassium permanganate is well tolerated and significantly accelerates the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers.

Uso concomitante de permanganato de potássio no curativo da inserção do cateter venoso central e a prevalência de infecções da corrente sanguínea / Concomitant use of potassium permanganate at central venous catheter insertion dressing and the prevalence of bloodstream infections

As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde lideram as causas de morte entre as doenças de notificação obrigatória nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte e são responsáveis por custos elevados, dentre elas, um terço está relacionado às infecções de corrente sanguínea, ocupando a 3a causa de infecções em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e a 10a causa de morte nos EUA. Portanto, a busca de medidas que possam reduzir estas infecções se faz necessária e, neste contexto, a adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo feito no local de punção venosa central pode ser uma medida eficaz, uma vez que pouco se estuda acerca da técnica do curativo. Em novembro de 2013, este fármaco passou a ser adicionado aos curativos da punção venosa central, na UTI do Hospital Policlin, mantendo-se todas as recomendações do 2011 Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections do Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), isto é, curativo estéril, limpeza com clorexidina 0,5%, e como medida complementar adicionar uma compressa, por 20 minutos, de permanganato de potássio 1:10.000. Assim, a proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de infecção de corrente sanguínea, antes e após esta intervenção, nos pacientes internados na UTI do Hospital Policlin 9 de Julho ­ São José dos Campos ­ SP. Tratou-se de um estudo de coorte, transversal e retrospectivo, com avaliação do banco de dados de 10.573 cateteres/dia de pacientes internados na UTI do Hospital, que foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro composto por 5.273 cateteres/dia no período de 01/06/2011 a 31/10/2013 que não foram submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo do cateter venoso central, e o segundo composto por 5.300 cateteres/dia no período de 01/11/2013 a 30/08/2015, que foram submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo. Foram excluídos do estudo os cateteres/dia dos pacientes transferidos de outras unidades com diagnóstico de infecção; cateteres/dia dos pacientes transferidos de outras unidades que já estavam com cateter venoso central. Para avaliar prevalência de infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada à utilização de cateter venoso central, foram analisados os dados clínicos que levaram ao diagnóstico de infecção, bem como os resultados das hemoculturas. No grupo de 5.273 cateteres/dia não submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo aconteceram 20 casos de infecção de corrente sanguínea; e no grupo de 5300 cateteres/dia que receberam curativo habitual (2011 Guidelines CDC), submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo do cateter venoso central aconteceram 6 casos de infecção de corrente sanguínea. Os resultados apresentaram significância estatística. Em conclusão, a redução de infecções de corrente sanguínea pela adição do permanganato de potássio 1:10.000 ao curativo habitual (2011 Guidelines CDC) é uma medida efetiva e de baixo custo no gerenciamento e prevenção das infecções de corrente sanguínea em UTI(AU)

Health-care-related infections lead the causes of death among mandatory reporting diseases in the United States and are responsible for high costs, among which onethird is related to bloodstream infections, and is the third leading cause of infection in the United States. Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Therefore, the search for measures that can reduce these infections is necessary and, in this context, the addition of Potassium Permanganate to the dressing done at the central venous puncture site can be an effective measure, since little is studied about the technique of band Aid. In November 2013, this drug was added to the dressings of the central venipuncture in the ICU of the Policlin Hospital, maintaining all the recommendations of the 2011 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, I.e., sterile dressing, 0.5% chlorhexidine cleansing, and as a supplementary measure add a pad for 20 min of 1: 10,000 Potassium Permanganate. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bloodstream infection, before and after this intervention, in patients hospitalized in the ICU of Hospital Policlin 9 de Julho - São José dos Campos - SP. This was a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study with a database of 10,573 catheters / day of patients hospitalized in the Hospital ICU, divided into two groups, the first consisting of 5,273 catheters / day in the period From 01/06/2011 to 10/31/2013 that were not submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing of the central venous catheter, and the second compound for 5,300 catheters / day from 01/11/2013 to 30/08 / 2015, who were submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing. The catheters / day of the patients transferred from other units with a diagnosis of infection were excluded from the study; Catheters / day of the patients transferred from other units that already had a central venous catheter. To evaluate the prevalence of bloodstream infection related to the use of central venous catheter, we analyzed the clinical data that led to the diagnosis of infection, as well as the results of blood cultures. In the group of 5,273 catheters / day not submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing occurred 20 cases of bloodstream infection; And in the group of 5300 catheters / day who received usual dressing (2011 Guidelines), submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing of the central venous catheter, 6 cases of bloodstream infection occurred. The results were statistically significant. In conclusion, the reduction of bloodstream infections by the addition of 1: 10,000 potassium permanganate to the usual dressing (2011 Guidelines CDC) is an effective and low-cost measure in the management and prevention of bloodstream infections in ICU. However, it was a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study, with an evaluation of the hospital infection control database; And this study design may generate selection bias, so that to confirm our results, it is desirable to initiate a prospective, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled study(AU)

Sensitive spectrophotometric assay of simvastatin in pharmaceuticals using permanganate / Ensaio espectrofotométrico sensíveis de sinvastatina em medicamentos utilizando permanganato

Two simple, sensitive, selective and inexpensive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of simvastatin (SMT) in bulk drug and in tablets using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent. In method A, SMT is treated with a measured excess of permanganate in acetic acid medium and the unreacted oxidant is measured at 550 nm, whereas in method B the reaction is carried out in alkaline medium and the resulting manganate is measured at 610 nm. In method A, the amount of permanganate reacted corresponds to the SMT content and the absorbance is found to decrease linearly with the concentration; and in method B, the absorbance increases with concentration. The working conditions of assays were optimized, and the methods were validated according to the current ICH guidelines. Under optimum conditions, SMT could be assayed in the concentration ranges, 1.47 - 17.67x10-5 and 2.27 - 27.18 x10-6 mol/L by method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivities are 3.2 x 10³ and 2.5 x 10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively with corresponding Sandell sensitivity values of 0.0387 and 0.0178 μg/cm². The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. Accuracy and precision for the assay were determined by calculating the intra-day and inter-day at three concentrations; the intra-day RSD was < 2 percent and the accuracy was better than 2.15 percent (RE). The methods were applied successfully for the determination of SMT in tablet dosage form with a high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision, and without measurable interference by the excipients. The accuracy was further ascertained from placebo and synthetic mixture analysis and also from the spike-recovery method.

Dois métodos espectrofotométricos simples, sensíveis, seletivos e baratos são descritos para a determinação de sinvastatina (SMT) a granel e em comprimidos, utilizando permanganato como reagente oxidimétrico. No método A, a SMT é tratada com excesso conhecido de permanganato em meio de ácido acético e o oxidante que não reage é medido a 550 nm, enquanto no método B, a reação é efetuada em meio alcalino e o manganato resultante é medido a 610 nm. No método A, a quantidade de permanganato que reage corresponde ao conteúdo de SMT e a absorbância diminui linearmente com o aumento da concentração; no método B, a absorbância aumenta com o aumento da concentração. As condições de trabalho do ensaio foram otimizadas e os métodos, validados de acordo com as normas do ICH. Sob condições ótimas, a SMT pode ser ensaiada nas faixas de concentração de 1,47- 17,67x10-5 e de 2,27-27,18 x10-6 mol/L pelo método A e B, respectivamente. As absortividades molares calculadas são 2 x 10³ e 2,5 x 10(4) L/ mol/cm, respectivamente, para os métodos A e B, com os valores correspondentes de sensibilidade de Sandell de 0,0387 e 0,0178 μg/cm². Os limites de detecção (LOQ) também foram relatados. A exatidão e a precisão do ensaio foram determinadas pelo cálculo de três concentrações intra- e inter-dia; a RSD intra-dia foi <2 por cento e a exatidão foi melhor que 2,15 por cento (RE). Os métodos foram aplicados com sucesso à determinação de SMT em comprimidos com alta porcentagem de recuperação, boa exatidão e precisão e sem interferência mensurável dos excipientes. A exatidão foi posteriormente determinada no placebo e na mistura sintética e, também, pelo método de spike recovery.

Determination of olanzapine by spectrophotometry using permanganate / Determinação de olanzapina por espectrofotometria utilizando permanganato

Two new spectrophotometric methods using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent for the determination of olanzapine (OLP) were developed and validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods involved the addition of known excess of permanganate to OLP in either acid or alkaline medium followed by the determination of unreacted permanganate at 550 nm (method A) or bluish-green color of manganate at 610 nm (method B). The decrease in absorbance in method A or increase in absorbance in method B as a function of concentration of OLP was measured and related to OLP concentration. Under optimized conditions, Beer's law was obeyed over the ranges 2.0 to 20 and 1.0 to 10 μg mL-1 in method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values were 1.34 x 10(4) and 2.54 x 10(4) l mol-1cm-1 for method A and method B respectively, and the respective Sandell sensitivities were 0.0233 and 0.0123 μg cm-2. The LOD and LOQ for method A were calculated to be 0.37 and 1.13 μg mL-1and the corresponding values for method B were 0.16 and 0.48 μg mL-1. Intermediate precision, expressed as RSD was in the range 0.51 to 2.66 percent, and accuracy, expressed as relative error ranged from 0.79 to 2.24 percent. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the assay of OLP in commercial tablets with mean percentage recoveries of 102 ±1.59 percent (method A) and 101 ±1.53 percent (method B). The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further confirmed by performing recovery tests via standard addition procedure.

Dois métodos espectrofotométricos novos, usando o permanganato como o reagente oxidimétrico para a determinação da olanzapina (OLP) foram utilizados e validados de acordo com as diretrizes atuais do ICH. Os métodos envolveram a adição de excesso conhecido de permanganato à OLP em meio ácido ou alcalino, determinando-se o permanganato que não reagiu em 550 nm (método A), ou pela cor verde-azulada do manganato a 610 nm (método B). A diminuição da absorbância no método A ou o aumento da absorbância no método B, em função da concentração de OLP, foi medida e relacionada à concentração de OLP. Sob condições otimizadas, a lei de Beer foi obedecida, nas faixas de concentração de 2,0 a 20 e 1,0 a 10 ao μg mL-1, no método A e no método B, respectivamente. Os valores de absortividade molar foram de 1,34 x 104 e 2,54 x 104 l mol-1cm-1 para o método A e para o método B, respectivamente, e as sensibilidades respectivas de Sandell foram de 0,0233 e 0,0123 μg cm-2. Os LOD e os LOQ para o método A calculados foram 0,37 e 1,13 μg mL-1e os valores correspondentes para o método B foram 0,16 e 0,48 μg mL-1. A precisão intermediária, expressa como RSD, encontrou-se na faixa de 0,51 a 2,66 por cento, e a exatidão, expressa como o erro relativo, variou de 0,79 a 2,24 por cento. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso ao ensaio de OLP em comprimidos comerciais, com porcentagens médias de recuperação de 102± 1,59 por cento (método A) e de 101± 1,53 por cento (método B). A exatidão e a confiabilidade dos métodos foram confirmadas executando testes de recuperação através de procedimento padrão de adição.

Qualidade pós-colheita de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis gigante' tratada com etileno, absorvedor de etileno e 1-metilciclopropeno

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the application and absorption of ethylene, as well as the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concerning the postharvest quality of ‘Teresópolis Gigante' cauliflower. According to the results, the greenest value of the head and of the leaf were got in treatments with application of 1-MCP and use of potassium permanganate. The least stem's firmness was got with the application of ethylene. Then the application of 1-MCP, as well as the use potassium permanganate promoted the maintenance of the green color of the head and of the leaf, as well as exogenous ethylene reduced the stem's firmness of the ‘Teresópolis Gigante' cauliflower.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito da aplicação e absorção de etileno, assim como o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis Gigante'. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: armazenamento refrigerado, uso de saches de permanganato de potássio (80g), 1-MCP (1,0 e 0,5µl L-1) e aplicação de etileno (1,0µl L-1). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a coloração mais verde da cabeça e das folhas foi obtida nos tratamentos com a aplicação de 1-MCP e uso de saches de permanganato de potássio. A menor firmeza da haste foi obtida com a aplicação de etileno. Conclui-se que a aplicação de 1-MCP, assim como o uso de saches de permanganato de potássio promovem a manutenção da cor verde da cabeça e das folhas, assim como o etileno exógeno reduz a firmeza da haste de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis Gigante'.

Qualidade pós-colheita de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis gigante' tratada com etileno, absorvedor de etileno e 1-metilciclopropeno

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the application and absorption of ethylene, as well as the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concerning the postharvest quality of ‘Teresópolis Gigante' cauliflower. According to the results, the greenest value of the head and of the leaf were got in treatments with application of 1-MCP and use of potassium permanganate. The least stem's firmness was got with the application of ethylene. Then the application of 1-MCP, as well as the use potassium permanganate promoted the maintenance of the green color of the head and of the leaf, as well as exogenous ethylene reduced the stem's firmness of the ‘Teresópolis Gigante' cauliflower.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito da aplicação e absorção de etileno, assim como o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis Gigante'. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: armazenamento refrigerado, uso de saches de permanganato de potássio (80g), 1-MCP (1,0 e 0,5µl L-1) e aplicação de etileno (1,0µl L-1). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a coloração mais verde da cabeça e das folhas foi obtida nos tratamentos com a aplicação de 1-MCP e uso de saches de permanganato de potássio. A menor firmeza da haste foi obtida com a aplicação de etileno. Conclui-se que a aplicação de 1-MCP, assim como o uso de saches de permanganato de potássio promovem a manutenção da cor verde da cabeça e das folhas, assim como o etileno exógeno reduz a firmeza da haste de couve-flor ‘Teresópolis Gigante'.