FT-MIR-ATR Associated with Chemometrics Methods: A Preliminary Analysis of Deterioration State of Brazil Nut Oil.

Brazil nut oil is highly valued in the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as other sectors of the economy. This work aims to use the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique associated with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component analysis (PCA) to demonstrate that these methods can be used in a prior and rapid analysis in quality control. Natural oils were extracted and stored for chemical analysis. PCA presented two groups regarding the state of degradation, subdivided into super-degraded and partially degraded groups in 99.88% of the explained variance. The applied PLS reported an acidity index (AI) prediction model with root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 1.8564, root mean square error of cross-validation (REMSECV) = 4.2641, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 2.1491, R2cal (calibration correlation coefficient) equal to 0.9679, R2val (validation correlation coefficient) equal to 0.8474, and R2pred (prediction correlation coefficient) equal to 0, 8468. The peroxide index (PI) prediction model showed RMSEC = 0.0005, REMSECV = 0.0016, RMSEP = 0.00079, calibration R2 equal to 0.9670, cross-validation R2 equal to 0.7149, and R2 of prediction equal to 0.9099. The physical-chemical analyses identified that five samples fit in the food sector and the others fit in other sectors of the economy. In this way, the preliminary monitoring of the state of degradation was reported, and the prediction models of the peroxide and acidity indexes in Brazil nut oil for quality control were determined.

Efecto de cocción en horno convencional y microondas sobre rancidez, pérdida por cocción y diferencia sensorial de hamburguesas / Effect of conventional oven versus microwave cooking on rancidity, cooking loss and sensory difference of hamburger patties

El uso de microondas está muy extendido a nivel doméstico gracias a su rapidez y facilidad de uso. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar el efecto de cocción de hamburguesas de distintos tipos de carne, en microondas y en horno convencional, sobre la pérdida de peso y estabilidad oxidativa. Además, determinar si existen diferencias desde el punto de vista sensorial aplicando una prueba triangular, comparando 2 productos presentados en tríos, uno que corresponde a hamburguesa cocida en microondas y otro a hamburguesa cocida en horno convencional. Se adquirieron hamburguesas de pollo, pavo, cerdo y vacuno en el comercio, se cocinaron en horno convencional y en microondas. Se calculó pérdida por cocción, se evaluó la rancidez y diferencias sensoriales entre hamburguesas del mismo tipo de carne, cocidas en distinto tipo de horno. La pérdida por cocción fue menor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas. La acidez e índice de peróxido aumentaron en las muestras cocidas en ambos tipos de hornos respecto a hamburguesas crudas. La acidez fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional, y el índice de peróxido fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas, llegando a 10,6 meq O2/kg. En el análisis sensorial se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional y en microondas. Resulta mejor opción cocinar hamburguesas en horno convencional, ya que el índice de peróxidos es menor que al cocinar en microondas; dentro del tipo de hamburguesas, son más estables las de vacuno y cerdo frente a la oxidación.

The use of microwaves is very widespread at the domestic level thanks to its speed and ease of use. The aim of this study was to compare cooking loss, rancidity and sensory differences for hamburger patties cooked in conventional versus microwave ovens. We also determined sensorial differences with the triangular test, comparing two products presented in threesomes, one that corresponded to a patty cooked in the microwave and the other in a conventional oven. Chicken, turkey, pork and beef patties were purchased commercially, cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. Cooking loss was calculated, rancidity and sensory differences were evaluated between patties of the same type of meat and cooked in the different oven types. Cooking loss was lower in patties cooked in microwaves compared to those cooked in conventional ovens. For both oven types, acidity and peroxide index increased with respect to raw ones. Acidity was higher in hamburgers cooked in conventional ovens and the peroxide index was higher in burgers cooked in microwaves, reaching 10.6 meq O2/kg. In sensory analysis, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between patties cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. It is a better option to cook patties in a conventional oven, because the peroxide index is smaller than in microwaves; and within types of patties, beef and pork are more stable against oxidation.

Effect of Drying Operating Conditions on Canola Oil Tocopherol Content.

The aim of this work was to evaluate two operating parameters of seed drying (temperature and initial moisture content) on the tocopherol content of canola oil. The raw material was characterized by moisture, oil, protein, crude fiber and ash content. Seeds at 13.6% and 22.7% moisture content (dry basis, db) were dried at temperatures in the range of 35-100 °C to a safe storage moisture of 7% db. Oil was extracted from each treated sample. The oil extracted from the samples dried at the extreme temperatures was analyzed by means of the acidity value, peroxide index and fatty acid composition, finding no significant differences among treatments or among untreated and treated samples. Tocopherol contents in the oils obtained for all the assayed temperatures were determined. Differences were found for the samples with 22.7% (db) initial moisture content. Except at 35 °C, temperature affected negatively the oil tocopherol content. However, when 13.6% (db) moisture seeds were processed, no significant differences were observed in the amount of this minor oil component among assays.

Avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras de fritura em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes / Assessment of used frying oils and fats in bars, restaurants and snack bars

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de óleos e/ou gorduras utilizados para fritura por imersão em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes, foram coletadas 180 amostras de óleo e/ou gordura, sendo 90 antes e 90 após fritura. Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliar as técnicas de fritura e a infra estrutura dos estabelecimentos. Foram realizados os métodos analíticos para avaliar a alteração dos óleos e gorduras a saber, compostos polares totais (%), acidez (mgKOH/g) e índice de peróxido (mEq/kg). Das 90 amostras coletadas antes da fritura, 18,18 % demonstraram valores de compostos polares superiores ao limite estabelecido (5%), predominantemente nas amostras coletadas de lanchonetes. Quanto aos compostos polares totais, acidez e índice de peróxidos para óleos e gordura de fritura, 7,78%, 12,22 % e 2,22 % das amostras, respectivamente, apresentaram valores acima dos limites estabelecidos para efetuar o descarte. A avaliação das técnicas de fritura demonstrou dados insatisfatórios, tais como falta de controle da temperatura, tipo de óleo e equipamentos empregados. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de ações educativas no setor, assim como efetiva fiscalização por parte dos órgãos competentes.

Aiming at assessing the quality of oils and fats employed for frying food in bars, restaurants and snack bars, 180 samples were analyzed, from which 90 were collected before use and 90 after the frying process. A questionnaire was used in order to collect information on food frying procedures and on the respective food-serving places infrastructure. The analysis on alterations in oil and fat samples was performed by using the following analytical methods: total polar compounds (%), free fatty acid (mg KOH/g) and peroxide index (meq/kg). Among the 90 samples collectedbefore the frying procedure, 18.18% showed higher values of polar compounds over the established limit (5%), predominantly in samples collected from snack bars. In 7.78%, 12.22% and 2.22% of the analyzed frying oil and fat samples, the total polar compounds, free fatty acids and peroxide indices, respectively, were in a higher rate than those limit values established for discarding them. The inadequacy on the employed frying procedure was observed as this process was performed without control over the frying temperature, type of oil, and employed equipment.These findings indicate that the food-service locations require close surveillance supervisions.

Assessment of used frying oils and fats in bars, restaurants and snack bars / Avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras de fritura em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes

Aiming at assessing the quality of oils and fats employed for frying food in bars, restaurants and snack bars, 180 samples were analyzed, from which 90 were collected before use and 90 after the frying process. A questionnaire was used in order to collect information on food frying procedures and on the respective food-serving places infrastructure. The analysis on alterations in oil and fat samples was performed by using the following analytical methods: total polar compounds (%), free fatty acid (mg KOH/g) and peroxide index (meq/kg). Among the 90 samples collected before the frying procedure, 18.18% showed higher values of polar compounds over the established limit (5%), predominantly in samples collected from snack bars. In 7.78%, 12.22% and 2.22% of the analyzed frying oil and fat samples, the total polar compounds, free fatty acids and peroxide indices, respectively, were in a higher rate than those limit values established for discarding them. The inadequacy on the employed frying procedure was observed as this process was performed without control over the frying temperature, type of oil, and employed equipment. These findings indicate that the food-service locations require close surveillance supervisions.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de óleos e/ou gorduras utilizados para fritura por imersão em bares, restaurantes e lanchonetes, foram coletadas 180 amostras de óleo e/ou gordura, sendo 90 antes e 90 após fritura. Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliar as técnicas de fritura e a infraestrutura dos estabelecimentos. Foram realizados os métodos analíticos para avaliar a alteração dos óleos e gorduras a saber, compostos polares totais (%), acidez (mg KOH/g) e índice de peróxido (mEq/kg). Das 90 amostras coletadas antes da fritura, 18,18% demonstraram valores de compostos polares superiores ao limite estabelecido (5%), predominantemente nas amostras coletadas em lanchonetes. Quanto aos compostos polares totais, acidez e índice de peróxidos para óleos e gordura de fritura, 7,78%, 12,22% e 2,22% das amostras, respectivamente, apresentaram valores acima dos limites estabelecidos para efetuar o descarte. A avaliação das técnicas de fritura demonstrou dados insatisfatórios, tais como falta de controle da temperatura, tipo de óleo e equipamentos empregados. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de ações educativas no setor, assim como efetiva fiscalização por parte dos órgãos competentes.

Antioxidant activity of lemon (Citrus limon) seeds extract with addition of soybean oil under thermoxidation process / Ação antioxidante do extrato de sementes de limão (Citrus limon) adicionado ao óleo de soja sob processo de termoxidação

The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of lemon seed extract added to soybean oil, submitted to thermoxidation, and its synergistic effect with synthetic antioxidant tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).For carrying out the proposed investigation, the following treatments were prepared: Control, TBHQ (50mg.kg-1), LSE (2.400 mg.kg-1 Lemon Seed Extract), Mixture 1 (LSE + 50 mg.kg-1 TBHQ), and Mixture 2 (LSE+ 25 mg.kg-1 TBHQ). These preparations were incubated at 80ºC for 20 hours, and samples were collected at time intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 hours which were analyzed in regarding to peroxide indices and conjugated dienes. The obtained results from the analytical determinations were statistically analyzed as for variance analysis and Tukey test at 5% significance level, at factorial scheme, using completely randomized experimental delineation. The LSE, Mixtures 1 and 2 presented the ability in delaying the lipid oxidation, when added to the soybean oil. However, Mixtures 1 and 2 presented a highest antioxidant ability, and thus proved the synergistic effect of these investigated antioxidants.

No presente trabalho foram avaliados a ação antioxidante do extrato de sementes de limão adicionado ao óleo de soja, submetido à termoxidação, e o seu efeito sinergístico com o antioxidante sintético tercbutilhidroquinona (TBHQ). Desta forma, foram preparados os seguintes tratamentos: Controle, TBHQ (50 mg.kg-1), ESL (2.400 mg.kg-1 Extrato de Sementes de Limão), Mistura 1 (ESL + 50 mg.kg-1 TBHQ) e Mistura 2 (ESL + 25 mg.kg-1 TBHQ), que foram incubados a 180ºC durante 20 horas. As amostras foram coletadas nos intervalos de tempo de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 horas e analisadas quanto ao índice de peróxidos e dienos conjugados. Os resultados obtidos das determinações analíticas foram estatisticamente estudadas pela análise de variância e teste de Tukey a 5% de nível de significância, em esquema fatorial, no delineamento inteiramente randômico. Verificou-se que o ESL e as Misturas 1 e 2 apresentaram capacidade de retardara oxidação lipídica, quando adicionados ao óleo de soja. Entretanto, as Misturas 1 e 2 apresentaram um maior poder antioxidante, o que comprova o efeito sinergístico dos antioxidantes em estudo.