The Involvement in Domestic Violence and the Severity of Legal, Moral and Social Consequences for the Perpetrators in the Perceptions of Students in Poland and Belarus.

Domestic violence is sequential, developmental and dynamic. The aim of this study was to examine whether, in the perceptions of students in Poland and Belarus, there is a relationship between involvement in violence and the legal and social consequences for the perpetrators. A total of 482 university students took part in the study, including 251 students from Poland and 231 students from Belarus. Statistically, Polish respondents were more frequently involved in domestic violence as witnesses and victims, which was confirmed by χ2 test. Based on the 95% confidence interval (CI), it can be concluded that the largest number of respondents from both countries surveyed who have been involved in violence as witnesses (85.2-94.8) indicated that an adequate punishment for perpetrators of violence is imprisonment. Students who have never been involved in domestic violence indicated social consequences as appropriate punishment for the use of violence more often than those who have been involved in violence as witnesses, victims or perpetrators. Witnesses and victims were not found to be in favour of more severe punishment or more serious moral and social consequences than perpetrators. The largest number of respondents indicated that the appropriate consequence of using violence should be imprisonment, followed by a restraining order and eviction from the place of residence.

PERPETRATION OF VIOLENCE BY FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 'WE WILL CRUSH THEIR BONES'.

There is a small but important body of literature on female sex workers' (FSWs) violence towards others, but little of that focused on low- and middle-income countries. Drawn from a larger biobehavioural study of FSWs in three cities in Papua New Guinea, we analyse the interviews from 19 FSWs who reported having perpetrated physical violence towards four major groups: (1) ex-husbands; (2) clients; (3) other sex workers and (4) other people (mainly women). Our study demonstrates that FSWs' use of violence arises from a complex set of social, material and gendered circumstances and cannot be addressed in isolation from other aspects of their lives.

Caracterização, reincidência e percepção de homens autores de violência contra a mulher sobre grupos reflexivos / Caracterización, reincidencia y percepción de hombres autores de violencia contra la mujer sobre grupos reflexivos / Characterization, recidivism and perception of men perpetrators of violence against women about reflective groups

RESUMO Este estudo busca caracterizar homens autores de violência contra mulheres (HAV) que participaram de Grupos Reflexivos (GR) do Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) em Belém-PA, com destaque para a reincidência e a percepção dos HAV sobre os GR. Trata-se de um estudo documental, com registros feitos entre 2012 e 2015. Entre os resultados, verificou-se que 33,8% desses homens (n=24) não haviam completado o Ensino Fundamental, 58,8% (n=40) eram usuários de álcool e 54,8% (n=40) conviviam com a mulher no momento da agressão. Ademais, 61,2% (n=41) deles foram processados por violência física contra a mulher, mas apenas 1,3% (n=1) reincidiram nesta forma de agressão após a participação no GR. Estes foram descritos como um mecanismo acessível na prevenção da violência, pois proporciona cuidado, aprendizado e reflexão, porém, demanda por maiores pesquisas e investimentos que se aproximem de outras políticas sociais a fim de construir uma rede sólida de reformulação das relações sociais de gênero.

RESUMEN Este estudio busca caracterizar a hombres autores de violencia contra mujeres (HAV) y su participación en Grupos Reflexivos (GR) del Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) en Belém-PA, con destaque para la reincidencia y la percepción de los HAV sobre los GR. Se trata de un estudio documental con registros realizados entre 2012 y 2015. Entre los resultados, se verificó que el 33,8% de esos hombres (n = 24) no habían completado la Enseñanza Fundamental, el 58,8% (n = 40) eran usuarios de alcohol y el 54,8% (n = 40) residían con la mujer en el momento de la agresión. Además, 61,2% (n = 41) de ellos fueron procesados por violencia física contra la mujer, pero sólo el 1,3% (n = 1) reincidieron en esta forma de agresión después de la participación en Grupos Reflexivos. Estos fueron descritos como un mecanismo accesible en la prevención de la violencia, pues proporciona cuidado, aprendizaje y reflexión, pero demanda mayores investigaciones e inversiones que se aproximen a otras políticas sociales a fin de construir una red sólida de reformulación de las relaciones sociales de género.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to characterize men who were perpetrators of violence against women (HAV) and their participation in Reflexive Groups (GR) of the Nucleus X in Belém-PA, Brazil, highlighting the recidivism and the perception of HAV about GR. This is a documentary study with records made between 2012 and 2015. Among the results, 33.8% of these men (n = 24) did not complete Elementary School, 58.8% (n = 40) were alcohol users, 54.8% (n = 40) lived with the woman at the time of the aggression. In addition, 61.2% (n = 41) were prosecuted for physical violence against women, but only 1.3% (n = 1) relapsed in this form of aggression after participating in the GR. These have been described as an accessible mechanism in the prevention of violence that provides care, learning and reflection, demand for more research and investments that approach other social politics in order to build a solid network of reformulation of social relations of gender.

[Intimate partner violence: suffering for the child, a challenge for parenthood]. / Violence dans le couple : une souffrance pour l'enfant, un défi pour la parentalité.

Intrafamily violence has a significant impact on the child's neurobiological, psychological and social development. While psychosomatic and psychotraumatic suffering is frequent, parenthood is also impacted, caught up in this context of violence. The support provided to the children and the couple must respond to specific practices.

Definitions of Violence: Narratives of Survivors From the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Previous research on violence during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has resulted in a one-sided presentation of the phenomenon of "war violence." Researchers have emphasized the importance of narratives in general but have not analyzed stories on war violence that were the product of interpersonal interaction and meaning-making activity. The aim of this article is to fill this knowledge gap by analyzing survivor narratives of the 1990s war in northwestern Bosnia. The focus is on analyzing interviewees' descriptions of wartime violence and the discursive patterns that contribute to constructing the phenomenon of "war violence." My analysis reveals an intimate relationship between how an interviewee interprets the biographical consequences of war violence and the individual's own war experiences. All interviewees described war violence as something that is morally reprehensible. These narratives, from both perpetrators of violence and those subjected to violence, recount violent situations that not only exist as mental constructions but also live on even after the war; thus, they have real consequences for the individuals and their society.