Estrés académico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos en el contexto del COVID-19: una revisión sistemática / Academic stress in Peruvian university students in the context of COVID-19: a systematic review / Estresse acadêmico em estudantes universitários peruanos no contexto da COVID-19: uma revisão sistemática

Asociado a la pandemia de COVID-19, los estudiantes universitarios peruanos se vieron obligados a adaptarse al cambio abrupto de la educación presencial a la virtual, como consecuencia pudieron padecer alguna afectación psicológica como estrés académico. Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de estrés académico que presentaron los estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa, donde se utilizó el método PRISMA, en el que se seleccionaron 29 artículos publicados entre el año 2021 y 2023. En el 75,86 % de los estudios recuperados predominó en los alumnos el nivel moderado de estrés académico; además, las mujeres, los que viven en ciudades grandes y los de menor edad mostraron mayores niveles. Los agentes estresores que más destacaron fue la sobrecarga de tareas, la forma de evaluación, el tipo de trabajo que le solicitan los profesores y el tiempo limitado para su realización. En el caso de los síntomas más comunes resultaron ser la falta de concentración, trastornos del sueño, fatiga crónica, ansiedad, depresión y dolores de cabeza. Las principales estrategias coincidentes para afrontarlo fueron escuchar música, ver televisión y navegar en internet. Conclusiones: El COVID-19 propició un estrés académico mayoritariamente moderado en los estudiantes universitarios peruanos.

Associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, Peruvian university students were forced to adapt to the abrupt change from in-person to virtual education, as a consequence they may have suffered some psychological effects such as academic stress. Objective: Analyze the level of academic stress that Peruvian university students presented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A qualitative systematic review was carried out, where the PRISMA method was used, in which 29 articles published between 2021 and 2023 were selected. In 75.86% of the recovered studies, the moderate level predominated in the students; In addition, women, those who live in large cities and those who are younger showed higher levels. The stressors that stood out the most were the overload of tasks, the form of evaluation, the type of work that teachers request and the limited time for its completion. In the case of the most common symptoms, they turned out to be lack of concentration, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, anxiety, depression and headaches. The main coincident coping strategies were listening to music, watching television and surfing the Internet. Conclusions: COVID-19 caused mostly moderate academic stress in Peruvian university students.

Associada à pandemia da COVID-19, os estudantes universitários peruanos foram forçados a se adaptar à mudança abrupta da educação presencial para a virtual, e como consequência podem ter sofrido alguns efeitos psicológicos, como o estresse acadêmico. Objetivo: Analisar o nível de estresse acadêmico que os estudantes universitários peruanos apresentaram durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática qualitativa, onde foi utilizado o método PRISMA, no qual foram selecionados 29 artigos publicados entre 2021 e 2023. Em 75,86% dos estudos recuperados, predominou nos estudantes o nível moderado de estresse acadêmico; Além disso, as mulheres, as que vivem nas grandes cidades e as mais jovens apresentaram níveis mais elevados. Os estressores que mais se destacaram foram a sobrecarga de tarefas, a forma de avaliação, o tipo de trabalho que os professores solicitam e o tempo limitado para sua realização. No caso dos sintomas mais comuns, acabaram por ser falta de concentração, distúrbios do sono, fadiga crónica, ansiedade, depressão e dores de cabeça. As principais estratégias de coping coincidentes foram ouvir música, ver televisão e navegar na Internet. Conclusões: A COVID-19 causou principalmente estresse acadêmico moderado em estudantes universitários peruanos.

Internal Structure and Invariance of a Brief Version of the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM-P15) in a Peruvian Population of Marijuana users / Estructura Interna e Invarianza de una Versión Breve del Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM-P15) en Población Peruana de Consumidores de Marihuana

Antecedentes: La identificación de los motivos por los cuales se consume marihuana se ha visto apoyada por instrumentos como el MMM. A pesar de su importancia, aún no se cuenta con versiones breves válidas de este en países latinoamericanos. Este trabajo busca cubrir esta carencia aportando evidencia de validez y confiabilidad, así como la invarianza estructural del MMM. Método: La muestra comprende 1164 consumidores de marihuana, varones y mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 49 años, de Lima y Callao. Resultados: El análisis factorial halló una estructura pentafactorial. La versión breve (MMM-P15) y extensa (MMM) muestran favorables propiedades de estructura y consistencia interna (ꙍ> .88, H > .84) con adecuados índices de ajuste del instrumento corto (RMSEA = .058 [IC 90% .050, .067], SRMR = .044, GFI = .99, TLI = .99, CFI = .99). Asimismo, ambas versiones mantienen la invarianza según el sexo y se encontró evidencia de validez interna (AVE > .50) y con otros constructos (CAST y SWLS). Conclusiones: El MMM-P15 evidencia propiedades psicométricas que respaldan su uso tanto en hombres y mujeres consumidores de marihuana, además es un instrumento corto, versátil y útil para fines de investigación incluso en contextos clínicos.(AU9

Background: The identification of the reasons for marijuana use has been supported by instruments such as the MMM. Despite its importance, there are still no valid brief versions of this instrument in Latin American countries. This paper seeks to fill this gap by providing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as the structural invariance of the MMM. Method:The sample consisted of 1164 male and female marijuana users, aged between 18 and 49 years, from Lima and Callao. Results: The factor analysis found a pentafactorial structure. The brief version (MMM-P15) and the wide MMM showed favorable properties from structure and reliability (ꙍ> .88, H > .84) with appropriate indicators of the short instrument adjustment (RMSEA = .058 [CI 90% .050, .067], SRMR = .044,TLI = .99, CFI = .99). Likewise, both versions maintain the invariance of the instrument according to sex and evidence of internal validity was found (AVE > .50). Aside from bringing evidence of validity with other constructs like CAST and SWLS scale. Conclusions:The MMM-P15 shows psychometric properties that support its use in both male and female marijuana users, and it is a short, versatile, and useful instrument for research pur-poses even in clinical settings.(AU)

Indígenas tristes y degenerados: la mirada psiquiátrica de Hermilio Valdizán sobre la diferencia racial en Perú, 1910-1925 / Sad and degenerate indigenous: the psychiatric view of Hermilio Valdizán on racial difference in Peru, 1910-1925

Resumen Hermilio Valdizán publicó numerosos trabajos sobre lo que se denominó folklor psiquiátrico, entendido como las formas de comprender y tratar las enfermedades mentales por parte de los indígenas, tanto del pasado colonial y prehispánico como del presente del autor. En este artículo analizamos los textos de Valdizán sobre las características psiquiátricas y psicológicas de los indígenas peruanos. Desde la perspectiva de este psiquiatra, los indígenas contemporáneos eran restos arqueológicos del antiguo imperio inca, ruinas en proceso de degeneración. En un contexto marcado por el indigenismo donde se buscaba integrar al indio, la psiquiatría desempeñó un papel conservador y racista que reprodujo modelos evolucionistas del siglo XIX.

Abstract Hermilio Valdizán published several papers on what was called psychiatric folklore, understood as the ways of understanding and treating mental illnesses by indigenous people, both from the colonial and pre-Hispanic past and from the author's present. In this article, we analyze Valdizán's texts on the psychiatric and psychological characteristics of indigenous Peruvians. From the perspective of this psychiatrist, contemporary indigenous people were archaeological remains of the ancient Inca empire, ruins in the process of degeneration. In a context marked by indigenism, in which it was sought to integrate the Indians, psychiatry played a conservative and racist role that reproduced evolutionary models of the nineteenth century.

Diseño y validación de una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos para la confección de dietas y planificación de menús / Design and validation of a peruvian food exchange list for meal planning

Objetivo: La finalidad del estudio fue diseñar y validar una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos (LIA) para la confección de dietas y planificación de menús. Material y métodos: Se tomó como base la metodología para diseñar listas de intercambio descrita en trabajos previos, desarrollándose en seis fases realizadas en múltiples intervenciones en laboratorio, en donde se evaluaron 273 alimentos, que fueron estudiados a través de un análisis descriptivo cualitativo. Se realizó una validación con 12 nutricionistas que elaboraron un plan nutricional y luego se comparó la composición nutricional obtenida usando la tabla peruana de composición de alimentos 2017 (TPCA) con la composición nutricional aplicando LIA. Para la comparación de métodos se aplicó la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Se elaboró una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos (LIA) que incluyó 273 alimentos categorizados en siete grupos de intercambio. Se estimó la media del aporte de energía y macronutrientes por cada grupo de intercambio y se compiló un álbum fotográfico con las porciones de intercambio. Respecto a la validación de la LIA, en la comparación de la cantidad de energía, carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas de los planes alimentarios usando TPCA versus LIA no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Conclusión: Se obtuvo una LIA válida que permite la confección y planificación de dietas de forma eficiente, dentro de un margen de error adecuado, se recomiendan nuevos estudios que incorporen otras poblaciones más específicas y nuevos alimentos.(AU)

Objective: The purpose of the study was to design andvalidate a Peruvian food portions exchange list (LIA) for thepreparation of diets and menu planning. Methodology: The methodology for designing exchangelists described in previous studies was used as a basis, devel-oped in six phases carried out in multiple laboratory interven-tions, where 273 foods were evaluated and studied through aqualitative descriptive analysis. A validation was performedwith 12 nutritionists who elaborated a nutritional plan andthen the nutritional composition obtained using the Peruviantable of food composition 2017 (TPCA) was compared withthe nutritional composition applying LIA. For the comparisonof methods, the Wilcoxon test was applied. Results: A Peruvian food exchange list (LIA) was devel-oped that included 273 foods categorized into seven ex-change groups. The mean energy and macronutrient intakefor each exchange group was estimated and a photographicalbum was compiled with the exchange portions. Regardingthe validation of the LIA, in the comparison of the amount ofenergy, carbohydrates, proteins and fats of the meal plans us-ing TPCA versus LIA no significant differences were found. Conclusion: A valid LIA was obtained that allows thepreparation and planning of diets in an efficient way, withinan adequate margin of error, new studies incorporating othermore specific populations and new foods are recommended.(AU)

Psychometric properties of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition in Peruvian students / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños Revisada, Segunda Edición, en estudiantes peruanos

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition (RCMAS-2) among Peruvian students. The sample consisted of 472 participants aged between 7 and 18 years, of whom 250 were female (53%). Likewise, 191 were enrolled from third to sixth grade of primary school (40.5%), and 281 were registered from first to fifth grade of secondary school (59.5%). The results of the study indicated that the RCMAS-2 scores had adequate levels of reliability for all its dimensions (ordinal alpha > .70). On the other hand, a four-factor structure (Physiological anxiety, Worry/Social anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II) was found to be invariant to gender and schooling level. Also, convergent and discriminant validity evidence was provided. Finally, a moderate difference in Defensiveness II according to the schooling level through the latent mean structure analysis was found. Taking into account the results, it was concluded that the RCMAS-2 scores have evidence of reliability, validity, and equity for its use in Peruvian regular elementary school students.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños Revisada, Segunda Edición (CMASR-2), en estudiantes peruanos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 472 participantes con edades entre 7 y 18 años, siendo 250 mujeres (53%). Asimismo, 191 pertenecían del tercero al sexto grado de primaria (40.5%) y 281 cursaban del primero al quinto grado de secundaria (59.5%). Los resultados del estudio indicaron que las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 presentan adecuados niveles de fiabilidad para todas sus dimensiones (alfa ordinal > .70). Por otro lado, se encontró una estructura de cuatro factores (Ansiedad fisiológica, Inquietud/Ansiedad social, Defensividad I y Defensividad II) que se mantuvo invariante al sexo y nivel de escolaridad. Además, se aportaron evidencias de validez discriminante y convergente. Finalmente, el análisis de medias latentes encontró una diferencia moderada en Defensividad II según el nivel de escolaridad. A partir de los resultados, se concluyó que, las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 cuentan con evidencias de fiabilidad, validez y equidad para su uso en estudiantes peruanos de educación básica regular.

Análisis comparativo de machismo sexual en estudiantes universitarios peruanos y chilenos / Comparative analysis of sexual machismo in Peruvian and Chilean university students

Resumen Introducción: El machismo sexual es una forma de sexismo que denigra a la mujer y que se asocia a diversos factores de riesgo de la salud mental. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se comparan los niveles de machismo en estudiantes universitarios de Perú y Chile en función de su nacionalidad y de otras variables sociodemográficas. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 303 estudiantes varones de dos universidades privadas de una ciudad de provincia de ambos países. Se aplicó la Escala de Machismo Sexual de Díaz et al. (2010) que consta de 12 ítems y fue construida y validada previamente para ambas muestras. Resultados: 28% de los estudiantes evaluados presenta altos niveles de machismo, y que los estudiantes peruanos tienen niveles mayores de machismo que los estudiantes chilenos. Además, los estudiantes que consumen alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales, de manera frecuente obtuvieron mayores puntajes de machismo sexual. Conclusiones: Se concluye que los estudiantes peruanos son más machistas que sus pares chilenos y que, el machismo sexual está asociado al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

Introduction: The sexual machismo is a sort of sexism that denigrate the women and it is associated with several risk factors for mental health. Objective: In the present study we compare the levels of machismo among university students from Peru and Chile according to their nationality and other sociodemographic variables. Method: 303 male students from two private universities located in both countries formed the sample. They were assessment by the 12 items Sexual Machismo Scale designed by Díaz et al. (2010) that was previously validated for both samples. Results: 28% of the students assessment presents high levels of machismo, and Peruvian students have higher levels of machismo comparing to the Chilean students. Moreover, the students who use to frequently consume alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, obtained higher punctuations on sexual machismo. Conclusions: We conclude that Peruvian students are more chauvinist than their Chilean counterparts, and sexual machismo is associated to de consumption of psychoactive substances.

Validación de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en trabajadores peruanos / Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Peruvian workers

Se presenta la validación de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS, por sus siglas en inglés). Participaron 177 trabajadores (74% varones) de 19 a 64 años de edad (M = 36.24; DE = 9.75) provenientes de una industria pesquera de diversas ciudades del Perú. Se obtuvo la evidencia de validez relacionada con la estructura interna mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio complementado con el análisis de la varianza extraída promedio para la convergencia interna entre los ítems. Además, se examinó la evidencia de validez por su relación con otros constructos cumpliendo la satisfacción con la vida el papel de variable dependiente frente a los efectos del síndrome de burnout. La confiabilidad de consistencia interna fue calculada con los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, Omega y H. Los resultados demuestran una estructura unidimensional de la SWLS con errores correlacionados entre los pares 1-2 y 4-5. En el análisis de regresión, las dimensiones de eficacia profesional e agotamiento emocional del síndrome de burnout influenciaron en la satisfacción con la vida en contraste con la dimensión de indiferencia. La consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de la SWLS fue aceptable. Se discute la implicancia de los resultados a nivel práctico y teórico además de las limitaciones y recomendaciones futuras

This paper presents the validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Participants were 177 workers (74% males) between 19 and 64 years of age (M = 36.24, SD = 9.75) from fishing companies located in different cities of Peru. Evidence of validity related to the internal structure was obtained through the confirmatory factor analysis complemented with the analysis of the average variance that determines the internal convergence between the items. In addition, evidence of validity was examined to assess its relationship with other constructs: the satisfaction with life fulfilled the role of dependent variable versus the effects of the burnout syndrome. The reliability of the internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega coefficient, and Mueller & Hancock´s H coefficient. The results demonstrate a one-dimensional structure of the SWLS with errors correlated between pairs 1-2 and 4-5. In the regression analysis, the dimensions professional efficacy and emotional exhaustion of burnout syndrome influenced the satisfaction with life dimension in contrast to the indifference dimension. The internal consistency of the SWLS scores was acceptable. The implication of the results at practical and theoretical level is discussed, as well as the limitations and future recommendations.

Análisis psicométrico preliminar de una medida breve de autoeficacia profesional en trabajadores peruanos: AU-10 / Preliminary psychometric analysis of a brief measure of job self-efficacy in Peruvian workers: AU-10

Resumen Objetivo: El fin de este trabajo es presentar un análisis preliminar de la escala de autoeficacia profesional (AU-10) inistrativos de una empresa retail de la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 100 trabajadores (55 % varones) con edades entre 21 y 58 años (M = 31,20; DE = 7,02) con ocupaciones de asistentes (38 %) analistas (42 %) y jefes (20 %), siendo sus años de experiencia desde los 6 hasta los 219 meses (M = 43,05; DE = 34,59; Mdn = 36,00). Se exploró la representatividad de los ítems respecto al constructo a través del método de jueces aplicando la V de Aiken y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza, se analizó la estructura interna mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad. Resul tados: Indican representatividad de los ítems frente al constructo a un nivel liberal (Vo = 0,50, Cicchetti, 1994), se encontró un factor unidimensional aunque con errores correlacionados en uno de los ítems que al ser retirado ajustó el modelo y reguló la estimación de la confiabilidad en contrándose este último a un nivel elevado (>.80). Conclusiones: Las implicancias de la utilidad del AU-10, la importancia de estudios de la autoeficacia en el contexto del trabajo peruano y las limitaciones del estudio. Por otra parte el presente estudio constituye un aporte meritorio para los profesionales e investigadores relacionados al mundo de las organizaciones quienes pueden dirigir su atención en seleccionar a la autoeficacia como una medida priorizable en el campo laboral peruano.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to show a preliminary analysis of the job self-efficacy scale (AU-10) in administrative workers in a retail company in Lima Metropolitan. Method: 100 workers (55 % males) between 21 and 58 years old (M = 31.20; DE = 7.02) who were assistants (38 %), analysts (42 %) and bosses (20 %) with an experience from 6 to 219 months (M = 43.05, DE = 34.59; Mdn = 36.00) were sampled. Representativeness of items regarding construct through judge's method was explored by employing the coefficient V of Aiken and their respective confidence intervals. The internal structure was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and reliability. Results: Show representativeness of items against construct in a liberal level (Vo = 0.50, Cicchetti, 1994). A one-dimensional factor was found but with correlated errors in one of the items which when removed, the model was adjusted and reliability estimation was regulated, this latter was at a high level (> 0.80). Conclusion: The implications of the utility of AU-10, the importance of studies of self-efficacy in the Peruvian context related to work and limitations of this study. On the other hand, the present study constitutes a meritorious contribution for the professionals and researchers related to the world of the organizations that can direct their attention in selecting to the self-efficacy like a prioritized measure in the Peruvian labor field.

Preparación, caracterización y aplicación de sensores de Pd-SnO como nariz electrónica en la clasificación de vinos peruanos y su comparación con técnicas cromatográficas / Preparation, characterization, and application of Pd-SnO sensors as an electronic nose in Peruvian wine classification and its comparison with chromatographic techniques / Preparação, caracterização e aplicação de sensores de Pd-SnO como nariz eletrônico na classificação dos vinhos peruanos e sua comparação com técnicas cromatográficas

Resumen Se prepararon sensores basados en SnO dopados con paladio (0, 1, 3, 5 y 7%) mediante el método de impregnación húmeda. Para caracterizarlos, se usaron las técnicas de espectroscopia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), adsorción y desorción de N2 (BET), difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y espectroscopia de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX). Los sensores se evaluaron con etanol para que conformaran, junto a dos sensores comerciales, una nariz electrónica (E-nose) que lograse detectar componentes volátiles del aroma en vinos peruanos. Los resultados fueron interpretados a través del análisis de componentes principales (PCA) con la finalidad de buscar una técnica que complementase la información recolectada por la cromatografía de gases (GC) y la cromatografía líquida (HPLC), y justamente comparando los PCAs obtenidos del GC y el HPLC con los resultantes de la E-nose se encontró que estos últimos clasificaban mejor las muestras. Fue posible diferenciar tanto vinos de la misma uva como de distinta cepa. Además, se logró detectar vinos adulterados, lo cual contribuye a la industria vitivinícola en el control de su producción con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de esta bebida para el consumidor.

Abstract SnO-based sensors doped with palladium (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7%) were prepared by the wet impregnation method. To characterize them, the techniques ofinfrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), adsorption and desorption of N2 (BET), XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray dispersive energy (EDX) spectroscopy were used. The sensors were evaluated with ethanol to form, together with two commercial sensors, an electronic nose (E-nose) that could detect volatile aroma components in Peruvian wines. The results were interpreted through principal component analysis (PCA) to find a technique that complemented the information collected by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC), and by comparing the PCAs obtained from GC, and HPLC with those resulting from E-nose. It was found that the latter classified the samples better. It was possible to differentiate both wines from the same grape and from a different strain, and to detect adulterated wines, which contributes to the wine industry in controlling its production to improve the quality of this drink for the consumer.

Resumo Os sensores baseados em SnO dopados com paládio (0, 1, 3, 5 e 7%) foram preparados pelo método de impregnação por via húmida. Para caracterizá-los, as técnicas de espectroscopia infravermelha com transformação de Fourier (FTIR), adsorção e dessorção de N2 (BET), XRD, microscopia eletrônica de varredura SEM) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX). Os sensores foram avaliados com etanol para formar, junto com dois sensores comerciais, um nariz eletrônico (E-nose) que poderia detectar componentes de aroma volátil em vinhos peruanos. Os resultados foram interpretados através da análise de componentes principais (PCA) para encontrar uma técnica que complementasse a informação coletada por cromatografia gasosa (GC) e cromatografia líquida (HPLC) e comparando os PCA obtidos de GC e HPLC com os resultantes do E-nose, descobriu-se que este classificou melhor as amostras. Foi possível diferenciar os vinhos da mesma uva e de uma variedade diferente. Além disso, foi possível detectar vinhos adulterados, o que contribui para a indústria do vinho no controle de sua produção, a fim de melhorar a qualidade desta bebida para o consumidor.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations and related disabilities in a Peruvian urban population living at high altitude. COPCORD Study. Stage I. / Prevalencia de manifestaciones musculoesqueléticas y discapacidad asociada en una población peruana urbana habitante a gran altura. Estudio COPCORD. Estadio I.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations and related disabilities of an urban population living at high altitude in Juliaca, Puno, Peru, using the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) questionnaire and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 1095 people. In each interview, the COPCORD methodology and the HAQ were applied. The city was divided into 8 sectors. RESULTS: In all, 614 (56.1%) women were evaluated; 44% were from the Quechua community and 5.1% were Aymara. Before the final 7 days of the study, 132 people (12.05%; 95% CI 9.99-14.11) reported musculoskeletal pain. During the final 7 days of the study, 347 people (31.69%; 95% CI 28.36-35.02) who were predominately women (218; 35.5%; 95% CI 30.8-40.2) reported musculoskeletal pain. The most frequent rheumatic diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (1.27%), gout (0.64%), hand osteoarthritis (OA) (2.83%), knee OA (1.55%), hip OA (0.37%), fibromyalgia (1.09%), and soft tissue rheumatism (8.86%). The HAQ showed an incremental increase proportional to age. The HAQ average for the population was 0.18 (±0.36). Ten people (5.71%) of 175 with rheumatic disease received the services of a shaman. CONCLUSION: It is the first COPCORD study in an urban native population living at high altitude in Peru. The population affected by chronic rheumatic disease preferred professional rather than traditional care; this population had access to limited medical services. Impaired functional capacity measured by HAQ was associated with advanced age.

Distances between mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in Peruvians with normal occlusion

ABSTRACT Objective: The purposes of this investigation were to determine the horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in a sample of Peruvians with normal occlusion and to compare them by tooth type, sex, arch side, and age groups. Methods: 65 dental casts of subjects with normal occlusion were collected. Posterior teeth, except for third molars, were evaluated. The horizontal distances between the occluso-gingival midpoints of the buccal surfaces (FA points) of each tooth and the WALA ridge were measured using a modified digital caliper. The values between each different tooth type within the sample were compared using the ANOVA and Scheffe tests, while comparisons by sex, arch side and age groups, using the Student's t-test. Results: The mean distances in the sample was 0.96 mm for first premolars, 1.45 mm for second premolars, 2.12 mm for first molars and 2.55 mm for second molars. Statistically significant differences between each of the four tooth types were found. There were no significant differences found between sex, arch side and age groups. Conclusion: The horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge increased progressively from the first premolars to the second molars in Peruvians with normal occlusion. The WALA ridge was a good landmark to evaluate the positions of posterior teeth in Peruvians with normal occlusion.

RESUMO Objetivos: o objetivo dessa investigação foi determinar a distância horizontal entre os dentes posteroinferiores e a borda WALA, em uma amostra de peruanos com oclusão normal, e compará-la por tipo de dente, sexo, lado da arcada dentária e grupo etário. Métodos: foram selecionados 65 modelos dentários de indivíduos com oclusão normal, nos quais foram avaliados os dentes posteriores, com exceção dos terceiros molares. As distâncias horizontais entre o ponto oclusogengival médio da face vestibular (pontos EV) de cada dente e a borda WALA foram medidas utilizando-se um compasso digital modificado. Os testes de Scheffe e ANOVA foram usados para comparações entre os valores de cada tipo de dente estudado, enquanto o teste t de Student foi usado para as comparações entre sexos, lados da arcada e faixa etárias. Resultados: as distâncias médias nessa amostra foram de 0,96 mm para os primeiros pré-molares; 1,45 mm para os segundos pré-molares; 2,12 mm para os primeiros molares, e 2,55 mm para os segundos molares. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre cada um dos quatro tipos dentários. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os sexos, lados da arcada e grupos etários. Conclusão: nos peruanos com oclusão normal dessa amostra, as distâncias horizontais entre os dentes posteroinferiores e a borda WALA aumentaram progressivamente dos primeiros pré-molares para os segundos molares. Nesses pacientes, a borda WALA funcionou como um bom ponto de referência para se avaliar a posição dos dentes posteroinferiores.

Relationship between dental calcification and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample

ABSTRACT Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample. Methods: panoramic, cephalometric and carpal radiographs of 78 patients (34 girls and 44 boys) between 7 and 17 years old (9.90 ± 2.5 years) were evaluated. Stages of tooth calcification of the mandibular canine, first premolar, second premolar, and second molar and the skeletal maturation with a hand-wrist and a cervical vertebrae method were assessed. The relationships between the stages were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Additionally, the associations of mandibular and pubertal growth peak stages with tooth calcification were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Results: all teeth showed positive and statistically significant correlations, the highest correlation was between the mandibular second molar calcification stages with hand-wrist maturation stages (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) and with vertebrae cervical maturation stages (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). The pubertal growth spurt was found in the G stage of calcification of the second mandibular molar, and the mandibular growth peak was found in the F stage of calcification of the second molar. Conclusion: there was a positive relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation stages by hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods in the sample studied. Dental calcification stages of the second mandibular molar showed the highest positive correlation with the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae stages.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a correlação entre o estágio de calcificação dentária e a maturação esquelética, em uma amostra de indivíduos peruanos. Métodos: radiografias panorâmicas, cefalométricas e carpais de 78 pacientes (34 meninas e 44 meninos) com idades entre 7 e 17 anos (média = 9,90 ± 2,5 anos) foram avaliadas. Nelas, avaliaram-se os estágios de calcificação dentária (canino, primeiro pré-molar, segundo pré-molar e segundo molar inferiores) e de maturação esquelética, pelas avaliações radiográficas da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. As correlações entre esses estágios foram avaliadas usando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Adicionalmente, a associação entre os estágios em que ocorreram os picos de crescimento mandibular e de crescimento puberal e o grau de calcificação dentária foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: todos os dentes demonstraram correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas. A correlação mais elevada foi verificada entre o estágio de calcificação do segundo molar inferior e o estágio de maturação esquelética da mão e do punho (r= 0,758, p < 0,001) e o estágio de maturação das vértebras cervicais (r = 0,605, p < 0,001). O surto de crescimento puberal foi identificado no estágio G de calcificação do segundo molar inferior, e o pico de crescimento mandibular foi detectado no estágio F de calcificação do segundo molar. Conclusão: na amostra estudada, houve uma correlação positiva entre os estágios de calcificação dentária e os estágios de maturação esquelética avaliada nas radiografias de mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. Os estágios de calcificação dentária do segundo molar inferior demonstraram a mais alta correlação positiva com os estágios de maturação da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais.

Leguminosas (Fabaceae) silvestres de uso medicinal del distrito de Lircay, provincia de Angaraes (Huancavelica, Perú) / Wild medicinal Legumes species (Fabaceae) in the district of Lircay, province of Angaraes (Huancavelica, Peru)

Se presenta un estudio etnobotánico sobre las Leguminosas (Fabaceae) silvestres de uso medicinal de una región altoandina del Perú (distrito de Lircay, provincia de Angaraes, departamento de Huancavelica). La metodología se basó en entrevistas semiestructuradas a 33 informantes clave, calculando el índice de Importancia Cultural. Se registran 12 géneros con 17 especies. Todas las plantas poseen por lo menos un nombre vernáculo y tienen usos adicionales a la categoría medicinal. Dos especies son comercializadas en Lircay: Desmodium molliculum y Otholobium pubescens. Se reportan nueve categorías de uso, siendo la categoría medicinal la que presentó mayor número de especies (17 especies) y la que tuvo más reportes de uso (125 reportes). La Leguminosa con mayor Importancia Cultural es Senna versicolor, lo que demuestra que es la especie más arraigada al conocimiento tradicional de los pobladores locales.

What follows is an ethnobotanical study of wild medicinal Legumes from a high Andean region of Peru (district of Lircay, province of Angaraes, department of Huancavelica). The methodology was based on 33 semi-structured interviews with key informants, and the Cultural Importance Index was calculated. A total of 12 genera with 17 species were recorded. All of the plants possessed at least one vernacular name and in addition to their medicinal function had other uses. Two species are traded in the Lircay: Desmodium molliculum and Otholobium pubescens. Nine categories of use were reported, with the medicinal category registering the highest number of species (17 species) and the greatest number of reported uses (125 reports). The legume of greatest cultural importance is Senna versicolor, which was shown to be the most deeply-rooted plant in the traditional knowledge of the local.

Nuevos registros de la liquenobiota del Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu, Perú

Los líquenes (hongos liquenizados) son organismos que presentan una alta diversidad, especialmente en las regiones tropicales; sin embargo, en Perú su conocimiento aún es escaso. Utilizando una metodología convencional, así como literatura actualizada sobre la descripción de géneros y especies, se presenta una lista de los macro-líquenes presentes en el Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu (Cusco, Perú). Se reportan 67 especies de macro-líquenes, 9 de los cuales son nuevos registros para el Perú. Las familias Parmeliaceae, Physiciaceae y Lobariaceae son las que presentan mayor riqueza de especies en el área de estudio.

While high species diversity of lichen - lichenized fungi - is reported especially in the tropics, the studies on these organisms are still scarce in Peru. Using conventional methodology and current literature on the description of genera and species, we reported macro-lichens collected from Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (Cusco, Peru). Sixty seven species of macro-lichens are reported to SHMP, nine new records to Peru are documented. Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae and Lobariaceae are the families with major number of species.

Plantas medicinales de uso ginecológico de cuatro comunidades del Distrito de Huambos, Provincia de Chota, Departamento de Cajamarca / Medicinal plants of gynecological use of four communities of the District of Huambos, Province of Chota, Department of Cajamarca

Con el objetivo de identificar las plantas medicinales utilizadas con fines ginecológicos en cuatro comunidades mestizas del distrito de Huambos, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 11 informantes clave, de los cuales 6 eran parteras. Adicionalmente se colectaron muestras botánicas con la guía de los informantes en paseos etnobotánicos. Se reconoció la identidad científica de cada especie y se describió el uso y aplicación de cada planta empleada por parteras y curanderos de las comunidades de Cutervillo, Huambos, Lancheconga y Succhabamba Alta, ubicadas en el distrito de Huambos, provincia de Chota, departamento de Cajamarca, Perú. El área de estudio comprende una altitud entre los 1841 y los 2404 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Las entrevistas y la colecta botánica fueron ejecutadas en los meses de marzo y abril del 2011 y mayo y junio del 2012, abarcando así una época húmeda y una época seca. Se reportan 39 especies de plantas en total (32 identificadas con recolecta y 7 sin recolecta) con 51 usos ginecológicos en general: se destacan 23 usos para enfermedades del aparato reproductor femenino, 11 para complicaciones posparto, 9 para la menstruación, 5 de uso durante el parto, 1 para el manejo de la fertilidad, y 2 en otros usos. La familia botánica más diversa fue Asteraceae (20.5% del total de especies), seguida por Lamiaceae (7.7% de especies). En cuanto al hábito, predomina el herbáceo (56.4%) sobre el arbustivo (28.2%), el arbóreo (12.8%) y las suculentas (2.6%). Se infiere que las parteras y su conocimiento sobre las plantas útiles para las mujeres embarazadas o con alguna afección ginecológica se mantienen vigentes en las 4 comunidades de estudio.