Pharmaceutical care reducing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cardiovascular health of hypertensive and diabetic patients / O cuidado farmacêutico na redução do impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde cardiovascular de pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the provision of health services to patients with chronic dis-eases, and the Medication Therapy Management, an integral part of pharmaceutical care can lead to an improvement in clinical parameters impacted by the pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical impact of MTM-PC on systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) in comparison with the changes imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the primary healthcare scope. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental, single-arm, be-fore-and-after study, with data collection from July 1, 2019 to October 31, 2022. Data from patients at the pharmaceutical services, of the teaching-Pharmacy of UFJF, were included in the study and were divided into pre-pandemic and pandemic period, considering baseline data and the data related to the reintroduction of face-to-face care in the office as an endpoint.. Data were collected on blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemia, use of statins and acetylsalicylic acid, cardiovascular risk, and psychosocial data, consequences of social isolation on mental health, medication prescription and life habits. Data were analyzed using the MINITAB v19 software, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: During the pandemic without MTM-PC it was found that blood pressure and HDL increased comparing the pre-pandemic with the pandemic without MTM-PC, respectively, SBP 117.5±8.86 and 134.75±12.43; DBP 71.25±3.54 and 83.25±11.65; HDL 45.25±7.80 and 52.38±12.52. Comparatively, it was verified that the blood pressure values were maintained and, the MTM-PC changed parameters like HbA1c 7.890±1.798, [p=0.028] and 7.325±1.30; HDL48.00±6.00 and 59.00±10.56, [p=0.020]. There was a change in both mean of cardiovascular risk, the global scale 13.69±8.08 to 22.38±7.28 and the optimized scale 8.35±6.71 to 16.10±5.83, [p=0.38], with a break in the trend of increased risk with the MTM-PC. The therapeutic load of drugs used for hypertension and diabetes remained below the limit value of 75%. Conclusion: There was evidence that the pandemic changed parameters such as blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Additionally, the MTM-PC may be able to reduce the impact of the pandemic on glycated hemoglobin, improve HDL cholesterol levels and break a trend of increased cardiovascular risk (AU).

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 impactou na prestação de serviços à saúde aos pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas e o Medication Therapy Management (MTM-PC), parte integrante do cuidado farmacêutico, pode acarretar melhora dos parâmetros clínicos impactados pela pandemia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto clínico do cuidado farmacêutico na hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e diabetes mellitus (DM) diante às mudanças impostas pela pandemia de COVID-19 no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, single arm, do tipo antes e depois, com a coleta de dados de 01 julho de 2019 a 31 de outubro de 2022. Foram incluídos no estudo dados de pacientes do consultório farmacêutico da Farmácia Uni-versitária - UFJF que foram divididos em pré-pandemia e pandemia, considerando o baseline e os dados relativos à reintrodução do atendimento presencial no consultório como endpoint. Foram coletados dados de pressão arterial, perfil lipídico, glicemia capilar, uso de estatinas e ácido acetilsalicílico, risco cardiovascular e dados psicossociais, consequências do isolamento social na saúde mental, prescrição de medicamentos e hábitos de vida. Os dados foram analisados no software MINITAB v19, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Durante a pan-demia sem o MTM-PC verificou-se que a pressão arterial e o HDL aumentaram, PAS 117,5±8,86 e 134,75±12,43; PAD 71,25±3,54 e 83,25±11,65; HDL 45,25± 7,80 e 52,38±12,52. Comparativamente, verificou-se que os valores de pressão arterial se mantiveram e os parâmetros de hemoglobina glicada e HDL melhoraram com o MTM-PC, HbA1c 7,890±1,798, [p=0,028] e 7,325±1,30; HDL 48,00±6,00 e 59,00±10,56, [p=0,020]. Consequentemente, refletiu-se no aumento do risco cardiovascular pela pandemia, tanto na escala global 13,69±8,08 para 22,38±7,28, quanto otimizada, 8,35± 6,71 para 16,10±5,83, [p=0,38], havendo a quebra de tendência no aumento do risco com o MTM-PC. A carga terapêutica dos medicamentos utilizados para hipertensão e diabetes se manteve abaixo do valor limite de 75%. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que a pandemia modificou parâmetros como pressão arterial e risco cardiovascular. E que o MTM-PC foi capaz de reduzir o impacto da pandemia na hemoglobina glicada, melhorar os níveis de colesterol HDL e quebrar uma tendência do aumento do risco cardiovascular (AU).

Evaluación de la gestión de recetas en un servicio farmacéutico de un hospital especializado / Evaluation of prescription management in a specialty hospital pharmacy service

error de medicación es cualquier incidente prevenible que puede causar daño al paciente o dar lugar a una utilización inapropiada de los medicamentos, cuando estos están bajo el control de los profesionales sanitarios o del paciente, con potenciales consecuencias para estos últimos. En Paraguay las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (EPOC, asma, etc.), junto con la diabetes, los problemas cardiovasculares y el cáncer son responsables de una alta morbi-mortalidad, registrando una prevalencia que va en aumento. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de evaluar las recetas prescriptas en el consultorio externo de un hospital especializado en enfermedades respiratorias y dispensadas en la farmacia, gracias a un estudio observacional de corte transversal, retrospectivo, y un muestreo no probabilístico que consistió en la revisión de recetas médicas de pacientes que acudieron al consultorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente durante los meses de septiembre de 2015 y 2016. Los datos se registraron en planillas. Se analizaron 4828 recetas, de las cuales 2421 corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2015, y 2407 recetas que corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2016. Los errores técnicos de prescripción más frecuentes fueron la ilegibilidad y la ausencia de dosis e indicación. Por ello, se plantea la importancia de establecer un programa de gestión de riesgos en los hospitales, para implementar nuevas tecnologías que faciliten la prescripción.

Medication error is any preventable incident that may cause harm to the patient or result in inappropriate use of medications when these are under the control of healthcare professionals or the patient, with potential consequences for patients. In Paraguay, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma, etc. ), together with diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and cancer, are responsible for a high morbi-mortality in the country, with an increasing prevalence; therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the prescriptions that were prescribed in the outpatient clinic of a hospital specialized in respiratory diseases and dispensed in the pharmacy through a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study and a non-probabilistic sampling, by convenience, which consisted of the review of medical prescriptions issued to patients of both sexes who attended the adult outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Respiratory and Environmental Diseases, during the months of September 2015 and 2016. The data were recorded in spreadsheets designed for this purpose, and a total of 4828 prescriptions were analyzed, of which 2421 correspond to the month of September 2015, with a total of 5955 drugs prescribed, and 2407 prescriptions correspond to the month of September 2016, with 6195 drugs prescribed. The most frequent technical prescription errors found in the prescriptions were the illegibility of the prescriptions and the absence of dosage and indication, being the most frequent errors for September 2015, and the absence of dosage and therapeutic indication (79.76 %)and illegibility of the prescription in September 2016 (87.00 %). Considering the legal requirements, the absence of diagnosis was the prevalent error (Sep-15: 64.19 %; Sep-16:60.08 %). This is why it is important to establish a risk management program in hospitals to implement new technologies that facilitate prescribing.

erro de medicação é qualquer incidente evitável que pode causar danos ao paciente ou resultar no uso inadequado de medicamentos, quando estes estão sob o controle dos profissionais de saúde ou do paciente, com potenciais consequências para os pacientes. No Paraguai, as doenças respiratórias crônicas (doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, asma etc.), juntamente com o diabetes, os problemas cardiovasculares e o câncer são responsáveis por uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade no país, com uma prevalência crescente. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as prescrições feitas no ambulatório de um hospital especializado em doenças respiratórias e dispensadas na farmácia por meio de um estudo observacional transversal, retrospectivo e de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, que consistiu em uma revisão das prescrições emitidas para pacientes de ambos os sexos que frequentaram o ambulatório de adultos do Instituto Nacional de Doenças Respiratórias e Ambientais, em setembro de 2015 e 2016. Os dados foram registrados em planilhas elaboradas para esse fim, e foi analisado um total de 4.828 prescrições, das quais 2.421 correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2015, com um total de 5.955 medicamentos prescritos, e 2.407 prescrições correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2016, com 6.195 medicamentos prescritos. Os erros mais frequentes encontrados nas prescrições foram a ilegibilidade destas e a ausência de dosagem e indicação, sendo que os erros mais frequentes em setembro de 2015 foram a ausência de dosagem e indicação terapêutica (79,76%) e em setembro de 2016, a ilegibilidade da prescrição (87%). Levando em conta os requisitos legais, a ausência de diagnóstico foi o erro prevalente (set.-15: 64,19%; set.-16:60,08%). Por isso, é importante estabelecer um programa de gestão de riscos nos hospitais para implementar novas tecnologias que facilitem a prescrição.

Pharmaceutical services in public hospitals in Mexico: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the provision of pharmaceutical services within Ministry of Health hospitals in Mexico and identify the main factors that affect their implementation. METHODS: Between November 2018 and April 2019, we conducted telephone interviews with the heads of pharmacy departments of 413 state and federal Ministry of Health hospitals in Mexico. Responses were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics to determine the main factors influencing the implementation of pharmaceutical services within these public hospitals. KEY FINDINGS: Of the 413 hospitals, a total of 96 hospitals in 27 states reported the provision of at least one pharmaceutical service. The most frequently reported services were: patient education on the correct use of medications (23%), provision of information to other health professionals on the rational use of medications (21%), and participation in the hospital´s pharmacovigilance system (19%). The main factors associated with the implementation of HPS were the number of pharmacists (46%, n = 215, p=0.001) and the pharmaceutical- or health sciences-oriented education of the head of the pharmacy department of the hospital (46%, n = 215, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hiring more pharmacists and ensuring the appropriate professional education of the head of the pharmacy department are key factors to expanding the implementation of pharmaceutical services in Mexico's public hospitals.

The clinical pharmacist's role in a high-cost medicine pharmacy: Patient-centered care

Abstract In Brazil, medicine dispensing is a pharmacy service provided within the national health system that allows the pharmacist to interact directly with the patient in order to prevent, detect and solve problems related to pharmacotherapy and health needs. However, it is known that most dispensing services provided in the country are still limited to supplying medications and, at their finest, offering advice on medication utilization. Attempts to change this scenario present new challenges the area of pharmacy, which involve the need for a patient-centered pharmaceutical service model. This paper describes the patient-centered pharmaceutical service of high-cost medicine dispensing performed at a pharmacy linked to the Brazilian Unified Health System. In the model described here, the medicine-dispensing activity is the pharmacist's main field of practice, which consists of identifying patient needs related to health care itself and medication utilization. It also aims to introduce the instrument developed (a Pharmaceutical Care Protocol) that contributed to implementing this clinical service provided by the pharmacist. The protocols guide and qualify the service by providing information that helps in evaluating the effectiveness and safety of treatments and in the preparation of the care plan and can be used as a basis for other services that intend to adopt clinical pharmacy practices.

Implementation of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In the Brazilian public health system, primary health care (PHC) is provided by the municipalities and is considered the entry level of the Unified Health System (SUS). Governmental pharmaceutical services (PharmSes) are part of the SUS, including PHC, and are the most significant way in which patients access medicine and services. Considering the diversity of the country, the municipalities have the autonomy to decide how PharmSes are implemented. Even though policies and procedures should be implemented as expected by policy makers and experts, municipality characteristics may interfere with implementation fidelity. Therefore, this study evaluated the degree to which the PharmSes in PHC were delivered as intended in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: We analysed data from a secondary database originating from a cross-sectional nationwide study carried out by the Ministry of Health and the World Bank from 2013 to 2015. Data on 465 municipalities and the Federal District were collected from 4939 governmental PharmSes. A rating system comprising 43 indicators was developed and applied to the dataset to obtain the implementation degree (ID) of each PharmSe. Additionally, the IDs of the two PharmSes dimensions and the nine components were measured. RESULTS: Overall, the ID of the PharmSes in Brazilian PHC was evaluated as critical. The ID was critical in 81% of the municipalities (n = 369), incipient in 14% (n = 65) and unsatisfactory in 4.8% (n = 22). Regarding the PharmSes dimensions, the 'medicine management' (MM) ID was considered critical (Mean = 46%), while the 'care management' (CM) ID was incipient (Mean = 22%). In terms of the PharmSes components, the highest ID was achieved by 'forecasting' (58%). In contrast, 'continuing education and counselling' showed the lowest figure (ID = 11%) in the whole sample, followed by 'information and communication' and 'teamwork'. CONCLUSIONS: The degree to which PharmSes were implemented was critical (ID< 50%). This analysis demonstrated that PharmSes were implemented with low fidelity, which may be related to the low availability of medicine in PHC. Although the care management component requires more attention, considering their incipient ID, all components must be reviewed. Municipalities must increase their investment in PharmSes implementation in order to maximize the benefits of these services and guarantee the essential right of access to medicine.

Intervenciones farmacéuticas y desenlaces clínicos en un programa de gerenciamiento de antimicrobianos / Pharmaceutical interventions and clinical outcomes in an antimicrobial stewardship program

Resumen Introducción: La participación del farmacéutico en el programa de gerenciamiento de antimicrobianos (PGAn) se ha asociado con mejores resultados. Objetivos: Describir las intervenciones farmacéuticas y desenlaces clínicos de un PGAn centrado en antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, en pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de alta complejidad. Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, en pacientes ingresados a una clínica de alta complejidad entre agosto de 2016 y septiembre de 2017. En el entorno de un PGAn, un farmacéutico con entrenamiento en enfermedades infecciosas evaluó e intervino la antibioticoterapia, en conjunto con el médico infectólogo, quien realizó la modificación de la antibioticoterapia pertinente. Adicionalmente, se documentó el desenlace clínico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 258 pacientes. El 16,1% de los antimicrobianos se valoró como no indicado. Se realizaron 126 intervenciones farmacéuticas con 82,5% de aceptación. El desenlace principal fue la curación clínica y/o microbiológica de la patología infecciosa. Conclusión: El problema asociado al antimicrobiano con mayor frecuencia en la población de estudio fue el espectro antimicrobiano con respecto a la sensibilidad del microorganismo. Siendo consecuentes, el de-escalamiento fue la intervención farmacéutica con mayor prevalencia. Se alcanzó un porcentaje de aceptación similar a otros estudios, de las intervenciones realizadas por el farmacéutico en el entorno del PGAn. La curación clínica y/o microbiológica fue la principal causa de egreso hospitalario.

Abstract Background: The pharmacist's participation in the antimicrobial stewardship program (AMSP) has been associated with better outcomes. Aims: To describe the pharmaceutical interventions and clinical outcomes of a PGA focused on broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients in a tertiary healthcare setting. Method: Prospective observational study in patients admitted to a tertiary healthcare setting between August-2016 and September-2017. In the context of a AMSP, a pharmacist training in infectious diseases evaluated and intervened antibiotic therapy, with the infectious disease specialist, who performed relevant modification of the antibiotic therapy. In addition, the clinical outcome was evaluated and documented. Results: 258 patients were included. 16.1% of antibiotics were assessed as not indicated. A total of 126 pharmaceutical interventions were performed with 82.5% acceptance. The main outcome was the clinical and/or microbiological cure of infection. Conclusion: The problem associated with the antibiotic most frequently in the study population was the antimicrobial spectrum. Being consistent, de-escalation was the pharmaceutical intervention with the highest prevalence. A high percentage of acceptance of the interventions performed by the pharmacist in the environment of the PGAn was considered. Clinical and/or microbiological cure was the main cause of hospital discharge.

A Distance-Learning Course to Improve Drug-Dispensing Behaviors Among Brazilian Community Pharmacists.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a distance-learning course in the training of pharmacists in drug dispensing. Methods. This interventional study was carried out with community pharmacists throughout Brazil. A 12-week distance-learning course was conducted. Pharmacists' knowledge and performance during drug dispensing were evaluated before and after completion of the course. Results. Community pharmacists' knowledge of drug dispensing was greater after completing the distance-learning course than before (mean=5.7, SD=2.8 points vs mean=3.8, SD=1.9 points, respectively). However, no improvement was observed in pharmacists' drug-dispensing practice. Almost all participants (96.5%) considered that they were more qualified to perform the drug dispensing after the course. There were 1492 pharmacists enrolled in the course, of which 1061 were included in the study, and 472 completed the surveys. Only pharmacists from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, were invited to take the mytery shopper evaluation (n=26). However, 10 pharmacists completed the mystery shopper encounter. Conclusion. A distance-learning course was effective in improving community pharmacists' knowledge. However, the course did not seem to improve overall drug-dispensing performance. Additional educational strategies should be adopted in future studies to address this gap.

Caracterización de la prestación del servicio farmacéutico en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia / Characterization of the provision of the pharmaceutical service in the department of Sucre, Colombia

RESUMEN Con la ejecución de este estudio se pretende evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento de los servicios farmacéuticos del departamento de Sucre con las condiciones esenciales y procedimientos establecidos en la normatividad legal vigente en el país, así como determinar las características de la prestación de este servicio. Para lo cual, se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio. Primero se solicitó el censo de establecimientos farmacéuticos del departamento de Sucre a la Secretaría Departamental de Salud y Cámara de Comercio, y fue seleccionado una muestra de servicios farmacéuticos dependientes e independientes por municipios, posteriormente se diseñó una herramienta de verificación basada en los requisitos exigidos por la Resolución 1403 de 2007, la cual fue aplicada en los sitios seleccionados. En el departamento de Sucre, el 99,47% de los servicios farmacéuticos se encuentran ubicados en zonas urbanas, la prestación del servicio es predominantemente independiente, la dirección técnica es ejercida en su mayoría por químicos farmacéuticos. En cuanto al nivel de cumplimiento, los servicios farmacéuticos dependientes presentan un 70,21% de cumplimiento y los independientes, 49,61%. En conclusión, se evidencia un problema de acceso a los medicamentos en las zonas rurales y una alta proporción de servicios farmacéuticos que no hacen parte del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, además de falencias en cuanto al nivel de cumplimiento sobre todo en los servicios independientes, lo cual genera una gran preocupación y la necesidad de generar acciones conjuntas entre las universidades, IPS, EPS y Gobierno para garantizar el acceso, la calidad y el uso adecuado de los medicamentos.

SUMMARY The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of compliance of the pharmaceutical services of the Department of Sucre with the essential conditions and procedures established in the legal regulations in the country, as well as to determine the characteristics of the provision of this service. For which, an exploratory descriptive study was carried out. First, a census of pharmaceutical establishments from the department of Sucre was requested from the Departmental Secretary of Health and the Chamber of Commerce, and a sample of dependent and independent pharmaceutical services by municipalities was selected, after which a verification tool was designed based on the requirements demanded by Resolution 1403 of 2007, which was applied in the selected sites. In the Department of Sucre, 99.47% of pharmaceutical services are located in urban areas, the service is predominantly independent and the technical direction is exercised mostly by pharmaceutical chemists. Regarding the compliance level, the dependent pharmaceutical services have 70.21% compliance and the independent 49.61%. In conclusion, there is evidence of a problem of access to medicines in rural areas and a high proportion of pharmaceutical services that are not part of the General System of Social Security in Health, in addition to shortcomings in the level of compliance especially in independent services, which generates great concern and the need to generate joint actions among universities, IPS, EPS and government to guarantee access, quality and proper use of medicines.

Evaluating the Role of Clinical Pharmacists in Providing Pharmaceutical Care to Improve Adherence in Hypertensive Patients at a Rural Hospital in Southern Chile: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The majority of patients who receive antihypertensive treatment do not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) outcomes. Adherence to antihypertensive therapy contributes to adequate control of BP and is a substantial reason for therapeutic success. This study aims to evaluate the role of clinical pharmacists in improving patient adherence to pharmacological treatment and in improving BP outcomes. METHODS: A pre- and postpharmaceutical care interventional study was provided to hypertensive patients in the Cardiovascular Health Program of the Family Health Community Hospital in rural Coelemu, Chile. Patients received pharmaceutical care in three individualized sessions over 6 months. Written educational materials including basic information on high BP were provided to each patient in every session using easy-to-understand language. BP was measured at the beginning and end of each session using an electronic tensiometer, and patients reported their adherence to therapy using indirect, self-reported measures. FINDINGS: Over the study period, patients experienced average decreases in systolic and diastolic BP of 7.68 mmHg (P < 0.001) and 2.91 mmHg (P < 0.001), respectively. Patient adherence to medication, according to self-reported measures, increased from 22% to 60% over the study period. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical care, including education about hypertension, healthy lifestyle habits, and adherence, was associated with improved adherence to antihypertensive drug treatment and control of BP in hypertensive patients at a rural hospital in Chile.

Modelos de atención en salud en enfermedades raras: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Healthcare Models for Rare Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Literature / Modelos de atenção em saúde em doenças raras: revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen Las enfermedades de baja prevalencia requieren modelos de gestión diferentes a los de otras condiciones. Este trabajo buscó recoger las experiencias internacionales. Se realizaron búsquedas en numerosas bases de datos de literatura indexada y de documentos grises. Un panel de expertos de diferentes disciplinas revisó los resúmenes de la literatura y su posible adaptación al contexto colombiano. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 5604 referencias; la búsqueda manual adicionó 31 referencias, finalmente 78 artículos aportaron información útil para el análisis. Los resultados permiten afirmar que existen varios componentes de un modelo de gestión, estos son: políticas, legislación y aspectos administrativos; definición y codificación de enfermedades; investigación y educación; centros especializados, centros de excelencia y redes de atención; diagnóstico, tamizaje, prevención y promoción; inclusión de medicamentos huérfanos; rehabilitación y manejo paliativo; organizaciones de pacientes, grupos o redes de apoyo; y apoyo sociosanitario (inclusión laboral y educativa).

Abstract Low prevalence diseases require management models different from those used in other conditions. This work was intended to gather international experiences on this issue. Searches were made in many indexed literature databases as well as in those with gray literature. A panel of experts from different disciplines checked the abstracts and their potential adaptation into the Colombian context. The initial search retrieved 5604 references and the manual search added other 31 references. At the end, 78 articles provided useful information for the analysis. The results allow to state that a management model consists of several components, to wit: policies, legislation and administrative aspects; definition and coding of the diseases; research and education; specialized centers; excellence centers and service networks; diagnosis, screening, prevention, and promotion; orphan drug inclusion; rehabilitation and palliative care; organizations of patients and support groups or networks; and social-sanitary support (labor and educational inclusion).

Resumo As doenças de baixa prevalência requerem modelos de gestão diferentes aos de outras condições. Este trabalho visou coletar experiências internacionais. Realizaram-se pesquisas em numerosos bancos de dados de literatura indexada e documentos cinza. Um painel de expertos de diferentes disciplinas revisou os resumos da literatura e sua possível adaptação no contexto colombiano. A procura inicial resultou em 5604 referências; a procura manual adicionou 31 referências, por fim 78 artigos forneceram informações úteis para a análise. Os resultados permitem afirmar que existem vários componentes de um modelo de gestão, quais são: políticas, legislações e aspetos administrativos; definição e codificação de doenças; pesquisa e ensino; centros especializados, centros de excelência e redes de atendimento; diagnóstico, triagem, prevenção e promoção; inclusão de medicamentos órfãos; reabilitação e cuidados paliativos; organizações de pacientes, grupos ou redes de apoio; e apoio sócio-sanitário (inclusão laboral e educativa).

Hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe the distribution of the hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil. METHODS: Data were acquired, during 2016, through the Brazilian National Database of Healthcare Facilities (CNES). The following variables were extracted: hospital name, registry number, telephone, e-mail, state, type of institution, subtype, management nature, ownership, presence of research/teaching activities, complexity level, number of hospital beds, presence of pharmacists, number of pharmacists, pharmacist specialization. All statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS v.19. RESULTS: The number of hospitals with a complete registry in the national database was 4790. The majority were general hospitals (77.9%), managed by municipalities (66.1%), under public administration (44.0%), had no research/teaching activities (90.5%), classified as medium complexity (71.6%), and had no pharmacist in their team (50.6%). Furthermore, almost 60.0% of hospitals did not comply with the minimum recommendations of having a pharmacist per 50 hospital beds. The Southeast region had the highest prevalence of pharmacists, with 64.4% of hospitals having a pharmaceutical professional. This may have occurred as this region had the highest population to hospital ratio. Non-profit hospitals were more likely to have pharmacists compared to those under public administration and private hospitals. CONCLUSION: This study mapped the hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil, showing a higher prevalence of hospital pharmacists in the Southeast region, and in non-profit specialized hospitals.

Aplicação de recursos financeiros para aquisição de medicamentos para atenção básica em municípios brasileiros / Investment of financial resources for the procurement of medicines for primary care in Brazilian municipalities

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o valor financeiro aplicado por habitante/ano em municípios brasileiros para aquisição de medicamentos do Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica, segundo porte populacional e região geográfica do país. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados de aquisição de medicamentos, registrados na Base Nacional de Dados das Ações e Serviços de Assistência Farmacêutica, no período de julho de 2013 a junho de 2014 (n = 960). A grande maioria dos municípios (73%) aplicou um valor por habitante/ano menor do que o mínimo recomendado pela legislação vigente e, desses, 47% possuem até 20 mil habitantes. Verificou-se também que a região Norte é a que possui maior número de municípios com menor aplicação de recursos e que os da região Sudeste, em média, aplicaram um valor por habitante/ano maior e adquiriram mais itens do que aqueles das demais regiões. As disparidades regionais e demográficas na aplicação de recursos financeiros trazem como reflexão a importância da rediscussão do modelo de financiamento da assistência farmacêutica básica e da responsabilidade das esferas do SUS na gestão eficiente desse recurso para prover o acesso a medicamentos à população.

Abstract This study shows a descriptive data analysis related to the procurement of medicines for primary care in Brazilian municipalities, as recorded in the National database of Pharmaceutical Service Actions and Services for the period July 2013 - June 2014, by geographic region and population size. Nine hundred and sixty municipalities were analyzed, of which 27% invested monetary value equal to or greater than the minimum statutory recommendations and 43% of these are located in the Southeast. The North region has the highest number of municipalities with less investment. Municipalities with a population over 500,000 inhabitants used, on average, lower resources to provide more items to users. The average number of items purchased was 86 and represents 25% of the National List of Essential Medicines (Rename); 64% had a decentralized resource management and the most commonly used procurement method was "tender". The most purchased drugs are in line with the most prevalent primary care diseases. Findings showed that most municipalities invests below statutory recommendations and are located mainly in the North, Northeast and Midwest. It was not possible to establish a trend between population and amount invested per capita/year.

Resultados de seguimento farmacoterapêutico a pacientes hipertensos em farmácia comunitária privada do interior da Bahia / Results of hypertensive patients pharmacotherapeutic follow up in a private community pharmacy in Bahia / Resultados del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico a pacientes hipertensos en una farmacia comunitaria privada en Bahia

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma doença de alta prevalência e grande morbidade, quando não tratada de forma correta. A adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso é um fator determinante no controle da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir o papel do farmacêutico, por meio dos resultados encontrados, no tratamento de pacientes hipertensos, na adesão à farmacoterapia e sua influência nos níveis pressóricos, na qualidade de vida e na satisfação dos pacientes. Foi realizada a análise dos dados obtidos por meio do seguimento farmacoterapêutico de 60 pacientes atendidos em uma farmácia comunitária privada, no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Esta análise permitiu observar uma redução significativa dos níveis de pressão arterial dos pacientes, assim como resultados positivos na satisfação com o serviço e na possibilidade de remuneração pela prestação de serviços de Atenção Farmacêutica.

Hypertension is a disease of high prevalence and high morbidity, if not treated correctly. Adherence to therapy is an important factor in controlling the progression of this disease. The objective of this study was to discuss the role of the pharmacist in the treatment of hypertensive patients, and their influence on adherence to pharmacotherapy, blood pressure control, quality of life and patient satisfaction. Data of 60 patients from a pharmaceutical care program in a private community pharmacy in the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia were analyzed. From this analysis, a significant reduction on blood pressure levels, as well as positive results regarding satisfaction with the service, and the possibility of compensation for the provision of pharmaceutical care were observed.

La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia y gran morbilidad, cuando no tratada de forma correcta. La adhesión al tratamiento farmacológico es un factor determinante en el control de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue discutir el papel del farmacéutico, por medio de los resultados encontrados, en el tratamiento de pacientes hipertensos, en la adhesión a la terapia farmacológica, y su influencia en los niveles de presión arterial, en la calidad de vida, y en la satisfacción de los pacientes. Fue realizado un análisis de los datos obtenidos por medio del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico de 60 pacientes, atendidos en una farmacia comunitaria privada, en el municipio de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Este análisis, permitió observar una reducción significativa de los niveles de Presión Arterial de los pacientes, así como resultados positivos en la satisfacción con el servicio, y la posibilidad de remuneración por la prestación de servicios de Atención Farmacéutica.

Disponibilidade de medicamentos nas unidades básicas de saúde e fatores relacionados: uma abordagem transversal / Availability of medicines in primary health care facilities and related factors: a cross sectional approach

Este estudo objetivou a caracterização da disponibilidade de medicamentos nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) do Brasil e a identificação de fatores organizacionais a ela associados, utilizando banco de dados secundários do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. O desfecho relacionado à disponibilidade de medicamentos, expresso de três diferentes formas, foi explorado em relação a variáveis explicativas relacionadas a características da UBS e à assistência farmacêutica. Encontrou-se disponibilidade média de 58,5%, que foi também baixa em todos os estratos populacionais; houve associação estatisticamente significativa da variável desfecho com todas as explicativas. Foi baixa a disponibilidade de medicamentos, mostrando-se inversamente associada com a organização geral da unidade de saúde em geral e da assistência farmacêutica em particular.

The study aimed to characterize the availability of medicines in public Primary Health Care facilities in Brazil and to identify its related organizational factors Using data from the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) were used. The outcome related to de availability of medicine, expressed in three different ways, was explored in relation to explanatory variables concerned to health facilities and pharmaceutical services organizational characteristics. We found an average of 58,5% of availability, which was also low in all population strata; there was a statistically significant association of the outcome variable with all the explanatory ones. The availability of medicine was low and inversely associated to the general organization of the health facility in general and to the pharmaceutical services.

Gestão da assistência farmacêutica em municípios do estado da Paraíba (PB): olhando a aplicação de recursos públicos / Gestión de servicios farmacéuticos en municipalidades del estado de Paraíba (PB): mirando a la aplicación de recursos públicos / Management of pharmaceutical service in towns of Paraíba, Brazil: looking at the application of public resources

No contexto da gestão pública contemporânea, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar o desempenho de distintos aspectos da assistência farmacêutica em municípios da Paraíba. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada a partir de relatórios de fiscalização dos municípios (no período de 2003 a 2010), produzidos pela Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU). O estudo apontou que 98,1% dos municípios apresentaram pelo menos um problema na gestão de recursos e/ou de serviços farmacêuticos; que em 52,7% o controle de estoque não existia ou era deficiente; que em 52,7% não foram observadas as normas de aquisição de medicamentos; que em 38,2% foram constatados desvios de recursos e fraudes do programa; e que em 27,3% dos municípios faltavam medicamentos básicos. Conclui-se que houve importantes problemas de gestão que afetaram processos e a qualidade da prestação dos serviços aos cidadãos.

In the context of contemporary public management, this study aimed to check the performance of various aspects of pharmaceutical service in towns of Paraíba, Brazil. This is a descriptive research, conducted by means of inspection reports from the towns (within the period from 2003 to 2010), produced by the Office of the Inspector General of the Union (CGU). The study has found that 98.1% of the towns had at least one problem in the management of resources and/or pharmaceutical services; that in 52.7% stock control did not exist or it was deficient; that in 52.7% the rules for acquiring medicines were not observed; that in 38.2% misappropriation of resources and fraud concerning the program were found; and that in 27.3% of towns there was lack of basic medicines. It was concluded that there were important management problems that affected processes and the quality of services provided to citizens.

En el contexto de la gestión pública contemporánea este trabajo tuve como objetivo verificar el disempeño de diferentes aspectos de los servicios farmacéuticos en municipalidades del estado de Paraíba. Tratase de un estudio descriptivo, a partir de los informes de inspección en las municipalidades (de 2003 a 2010), producidos por la Controladoria Geral da União (CGU). Si encontró que 98.1% de las municipalidades tienen al menos un problema en la gestión de recursos y/o servicios farmacéuticos; que en 52.7% el control de inventario no existía o era deficiente así como no fueron observadas la aplicación de las reglas de adquisición de medicamentos; que en 38.2% se encontraron desvío de recursos y fraude; y que en 27.3% de las municipalidades hay falta de medicamentos básicos. Si concluyó que había problemas de gestión que afectan a importantes procesos así como a la calidad de la prestación de servicios a los ciudadanos.

A model for drug dispensing service based on the care process in the Brazilian health system

Access to medication emphasizes the availability of the product at the expense of providing a service. The goal of this paper is to propose a theoretical model for a drug dispensing service, beginning with a reflection on the current realities of the Unified Health System and drug dispensation in Brazil. A conceptual analytical research made by a methodological course called disciplined imagination was mainly the approach applied to develop the model. The drug dispensing service is part of the care process, which considers access as an attribute; reception, connection and accountability, management, and clinical pharmaceutical aspects as components; and the rational use of drugs as the purpose. The proposed model addresses access to the dispensing service and demands a reorientation of routines, instruments, and practices.

O acesso a medicamentos enfatiza a disponibilidade do produto em detrimento da provisão de um serviço. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo teórico para um serviço de dispensação de medicamentos, iniciando com uma reflexão sobre a realidade atual do Sistema Único de Saúde e a dispensação de medicamentos no Brasil. Uma pesquisa analítica conceitual realizada por meio de um percurso metodológico chamado de imaginação disciplinada constituiu a estratégia principal para o desenvolvimento do modelo. O serviço de dispensação é parte do processo de cuidado, o qual considera o acesso como um atributo; os aspectos acolhimento, vínculo e responsabilização, gestão e clínica farmacêutica como componentes e o uso racional de medicamentos como o propósito. O modelo proposto direciona o acesso para o serviço de dispensação e demanda a reorientação de rotinas, instrumentos e práticas.

Reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome in a community health center after a pharmaceutical care program of pharmacotherapy follow-up

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pharmaceutical care (PC) program in a sample of public outpatients with metabolic syndrome (MS) who were being treated in Brazil's health system; the patients were randomized into PC or standard care. The pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF) was performed in a total of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes for 6 months. Adherence to treatment (measured with the Morisky test), negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM) and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured before and after PF. The Framingham scoring method was used to estimate changes in 10-year coronary heart disease risk scores in all patients. Ninety-six of 120 patients had characteristics of MS and were randomized into two groups (G): the control group (CG: 36) and the intervention group (IG: 38). Among the MS patients, 100% were taking a glucose-lowering drug; many were also taking anti-hypertensive drugs (CG: 72%; IG: 73%), and some patients were also taking hypolipemic drugs (CG: 12.0%; IG: 14.7%). Only 20.7% of the IG patients were considered adherent to their prescribed drugs. In the CG, an increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (22±2 to 26±3; p<0.05) was observed, while in the IG, there was a reduction in CHD risk (22±2 to 14±2%; p<0.01). The PC program administered to patients with MS monitored through the primary healthcare services of the Brazilian public health system improved patient health, resulting in clinical improvements and a decrease in cardiovascular risk in IG patients over a period of ten years.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar o impacto de um Programa de atenção Farmacêutica (AF) em uma amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais de Sistema Público de Saúde do Brasil portadores de Síndrome Metabólica, randomizados em AF ou atenção à saúde usual. Realizou-se o seguimento farmacoterapêutico com 120 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 durante seis meses. Avaliou-se o nível de aderência ao tratamento (teste Morisky), resultados clínicos negativos associados a medicamentos (RNM), parâmetros bioquímicos e antropométricos, antes e após o seguimento. O método de Framingham foi usado para calcular as variações no risco de doenças coronarianas em 10 anos em todos os pacientes. Dos 120 pacientes, 96 tiveram características de SM e foram então randomizados em dois grupos (G): Controle (GC: 36) e Intervenção (GI: 38). Entre os pacientes com SM, 100% faziam uso de medicamentos para diminuir a glicose, anti-hipertensivos (GC: 72%; GI: 73%) e hipoglicemiantes (GC: 12.0%; GI: 14.7%). Apenas 20,7% do GI foram considerados aderentes aos fármacos prescritos. No GC foi observado aumento do risco de Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) (22±2 para 26±3; p<0,05), enquanto no GI foi observado redução (22±2 para 14±2%; p<0,01). O Programa de AF para pacientes com SM monitorados na atenção primária do Sistema de Saúde Pública brasileiro melhora o funcionamento do serviço resultando na melhoria clínica dos pacientes com redução do risco de doença cardiovascular em um período de dez anos.

Análise estrutural da atenção pré-natal e do serviço de farmácia em uma região do Município de Fortaleza ? CE / Structural analysis of the prenatal care and the pharmaceutical service in a region of the municipality of Fortaleza - CE

Objetivo: Analisar a estrutura da atenção pré-natal e do serviço de farmácia em dez Centros de Saúde da Família de uma região do município de Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. As variáveis estudadas foram: condições de estrutura da sala de atendimento; materiais e equipamentos disponíveis; instrumentos de registro e de acompanhamento das atividades; recursos humanos; gestão da assistência farmacêutica local, armazenamento e dispensação dos medicamentos. A coleta de dados consistiu de uma observação sistemática da estrutura da assistência pré-natal nos centros e de um formulário aplicado aos farmacêuticos sobre a gestão do serviço de farmácia. As variáveis relacionadas à estrutura dos centros de saúde da família e dos serviços de farmácia foram analisadas e mensuradas por escala: insuficiente (<49,9%); precário (50-74,9%); satisfatório (75-89,9%) e ótimo (90-100%). Resultados: Os Centros de Saúde da Família proporcionaram uma média geral de classificação das condições de estrutura de 48%, sendo classificadas como insuficientes. Em relação às condições de estrutura da sala de atendimento pré-natal, apresentaram uma média de 74%, sendo classificadas como precárias. A média de disponibilidade dos medicamentos essenciais na assistência pré-natal nos centros analisados foi de 41%. Conclusões: A estrutura dos Centros de Saúde da Família estudados e a disponibilidade de medicamentos foram consideradas insuficientes, enquanto a assistência pré-natal foi precária. Sugere-se incrementar atividades em que a farmácia se identifique e atue frente às atividades de atenção pré-natal.

Objective: To analyze the structure of prenatal assistance and pharmaceutical service in ten family health centers in the municipality of Fortaleza - CE, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive study with quantitative approach, conducted in the period from January to December, 2009. The studied variables were: health center and attendance room structure conditions; available materials and equipments; tools for registration and follow up of activities; human resources; local pharmaceutical assistance management; medicine storage and distribution. Data collection consisted of a systematic observation of the structure of the prenatal care in the centers and of a form applied to pharmacists about the pharmacy service management. The variables related to the structure of the family health centers and of the pharmacy services were analyzed and measured by scale: insufficient (<49.9%); precarious (50-74.9%); satisfactory (75-89.9%) and excellent (90-100%). Results: The family health centers provided, an average of 48% for the classification of structure conditions, classified as insufficient. Regarding the attendance room conditions, they showed and average of 74%, classified as precarious. The average of availability of medicines essential to prenatal care in the analyzed centers was 41%. Conclusions: The structure of the studied Family Health Centers and the availability of drugs were considered insufficient, while prenatal care was precarious. We suggest to increase activities in which the pharmacy can relate toand act towards the prenatal care activities.

Método Dáder de seguimento farmacoterapêutico, terceira edição (2007): Um estudo piloto / The Dader method of pharmacotherapy follow-up, third edition (2007): A pilot study

As doenças cardiovasculares acarretam elevado custo médico-social, sobretudo devido a suas complicações clínicas. Dentre elas, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica é a que apresenta maior prevalência e mortalidade entre os idosos. As doenças crônicas estão relacionadas à utilização de um elevado número de medicamentos, o que predispõe ao maior risco de problemas farmacoterapêuticos. O estudo visou avaliar a influência do serviço de Atenção Farmacêutica na otimização dos resultados terapêuticos em 10 pacientes hipertensos na Farmácia Escola da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. No processo, seguiu-se o Método Dáder de Seguimento Farmacoterapêutico, Terceira Edição. Entre os dados obtidos, identificaram-se 36 resultados negativos associados à medicação. Foram realizadas 69 intervenções farmacêuticas visando a resolução destes problemas, das quais 84,1% foram realizadas pelo farmacêutico, sem a participação do médico. No início da pesquisa, todos os usuários apresentaram hipertensão arterial não controlada apesar da terapia medicamentosa prescrita. Após as intervenções farmacêuticas, todos os pacientes tiveram redução da pressão arterial, e apenas quatro (40%) não alcançaram os níveis pressóricos normais. O estudo mostra a importância e a necessidade do serviço de atenção farmacêutica aos usuários de medicamentos, conduzindo à melhora dos resultados clínicos do tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica.

Cardiovascular diseases entail high medical-social costs, mainly due to the clinical complications. Among these, arterial hypertension is the most prevalent and incurs the highest mortality among the elderly. Chronic diseases involve the use of a large number of drugs, which predisposing the patient to pharmacotherapeutic problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the pharmaceutical care service in the improvement of therapeutic results in 10 hypertensive patients at the School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. To this end, the Dader Method of Pharmacotherapeutic Monitoring (3rd Edition) was used. In all, 36 negative results associated with the medication were identified; 69 pharmaceutical interventions were made in attempts to resolve these problems, 84.1% by the pharmacist, without the participation of the doctor. At the beginning of the study, all users had uncontrolled hypertension, despite the prescribed medication. After the pharmaceutical interventions, all patients had reduced blood pressure and only 4 (40%) failed to reach normal blood pressure levels. The study demonstrates the importance of and need for the pharmaceutical care service to users of medicines, which led to an improvement of clinical results in the treatment of arterial hypertension.