ABSTRACT
Cladomorphus petropolisensis sp. nov., a new species of stick insect from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is herein described and compared to the other sympatric species, C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 (Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). The description of the new species is supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) intraspecific COI divergences among the holotype of C. petropolisensis sp. nov. and C. phyllinus individuals ranged from 2.9% to 4.4%, which are suggestive of distinct species, especially when considering that all Cladomorphus individuals studied were collected in the Petrópolis municipality. The new species can be distinguished from C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 by several characteristics: smaller size, the presence of two spines on the hind femora, the relative longer length of the ovipositor, and spiny tegument, especially in the mesonotum, sculpturing of the operculum of the egg.
ABSTRACT
The present paper describes 16 new species and one new genus from French Guiana and numerous taxonomic changes are proposed prior to the publication of a comprehensive guide to the Phasmatodea of French Guiana. The following 16 new species are described and illustrated: Phanocles procerus n. sp., Phanocloidea lobulatipes n. sp., Cladomorphus guianensis n. sp., Hirtuleius gracilis n. sp., Parastratocles rosanti n. sp., Parastratocles fuscomarginatus n. sp., Paraprisopus apterus n. sp., Paraprisopus multicolorus n. sp., Agrostia longicerca n. sp., Isagoras similis n. sp., Paragrostia brulei n. sp., Prexaspes globosicaput n. sp., Prexaspes guianensis n. sp., Dinelytron cahureli n. sp., Prisopus clarus n. sp. and Prisopus conocephalus n. sp.. The new genus Paragrostia n. gen. is established for the newly described Paragrostia brulei n. sp. and Paragrostia flavimaculata (Heleodoro, Mendes Rafael, 2017) n. comb. the latter of which is here transferred from Agrostia Redtenbacher, 1906. Fifty-six new combinations are proposed with species transferred to other genera: Bacteria pallidenotata Redtenbacher, 1908, is transferred to Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001 (n. comb.); Bacteria maroniensis Chopard, 1911 is transferred to Phanocles Stål, 1875 (n. comb.); Cladomorphus gibbosus (Chopard, 1911) is transferred to Hirtuleius Stål, 1875 (n. comb.); Stratocles soror Redtenbacher, 1906, Parastratocles lugubris (Redtenbacher, 1906) and Parastratocles cryptochloris (Rehn, 1904) are transferred to Brizoides Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Stratocles xanthomela (Olivier, 1792), Stratocles forcipatus Bolívar, 1896 and Stratocles tessulatus (Olivier, 1792) are transferred to Parastratocles (n. comb.); Olcyphides cinereus (Olivier, 1792), Perliodes affinis Redtenbacher, 1906, Perliodes nigrogranulosus Redtenbacher, 1906, Perliodes sexmaculatus Redtenbacher, 1906, Isagoras rugicollis (Gray, 1835), Isagoras sauropterus Rehn, 1947, Brizoides viridipes (Rehn, 1905) and Brizoides graminea Redtenbacher, 1906 are transferred to Agrostia Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Agrostia flavimaculata Heleodoro, Mendes Rafael, 2017 is transferred to Paragrostia n. gen. (n. comb.); Isagoras affinis Chopard, 1911, Isagoras chocoensis Hebard, 1921, Isagoras metricus Rehn, 1947 and Isagoras schraderi Rehn, 1947 are transferred to Tenerella Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Xerosoma glyptomerion Rehn, 1904 is transferred to Isagoras Stål, 1875 (n. comb.); Isagoras venosus (Burmeister, 1838), Paraphasma paulense Rehn, 1918 and Paraphasma quadratum (Bates, 1865) are transferred to Prexaspes Stål, 1875 (n. comb.); Prexaspes (Prexaspes) cneius (Westwood, 1859) is transferred to Tenerella Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Prexaspes lateralis (Fabricius, 1775) is transferred to Paraphasma Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Isagoras santara (Westwood, 1859) and Prexaspes olivaceus Chopard, 1911 are transferred to Periphloea Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Dinelytron agrion Westwood, 1859 is transferred to Paraprisopus Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Anarchodes atrophicus (Pallas, 1772) is transferred to Ignacia Rehn, 1904 (n. comb.); Planudes asperus Bellanger Conle, 2013, Planudes brunni Redtenbacher, 1906, Planudes cortex Hebard, 1919, Planudes crenulipes Rehn, 1904, Planudes funestus Redtenbacher, 1906, Planudes melzeri Piza, 1937, Planudes molorchus (Westwood, 1859), Planudes paxillus (Westwood, 1859), Planudes perillus Stål, 1875, Planudes pygmaeus (Redtenbacher, 1906) and Planudes taeniatus Piza, 1944 are transferred to Isagoras Stål, 1875 (n. comb.); Prisopoides atrobrunneus Heleodoro Rafael, 2020, Prisopoides brunnescens Heleodoro Rafael, 2020, Prisopoides caatingaensis Heleodoro Rafael, 2020 and Prisopoides villosipes (Redtenbacher, 1906) are transferred to Prisopus Peletier de Saint Fargeau Serville, 1828 (n. comb.); Melophasma antillarum (Caudell, 1914), Melophasma brachypterum Conle, Hennemann Gutiérrez, 2011, Melophasma colombianum Conle, Hennemann Gutiérrez, 2011 and Melophasma vermiculare Redtenbacher, 1906 are transferred to Paraprisopus Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. comb.); Prexaspes (Elasia) ambiguus (Stoll, 1813), Prexaspes (Elasia) brevipennis (Burmeister, 1838), Prexaspes (Elasia) pholcus (Westwood, 1859), Prexaspes (Elasia) viridipes Redtenbacher, 1906 and Prexaspes (Elasia) vittata (Piza, 1985) are transferred to Prexaspes Stål, 1875 (n. comb.). Twenty-six new synonymies are established: Perliodes Redtenbacher, 1906 and Chlorophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 are synonymised with Agrostia Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. syn.); Chlorophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Agrostia Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. syn.); Elasia Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Prexaspes Stål, 1875 (n. syn.); Prisopoides Heleodoro Rafael, 2020 is synonymised with Prisopus Peletier de Saint Fargeau Serville, 1828 (n. syn.); Melophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Paraprisopus Redtenbacher, 1906 (n. syn.); Bacteria crassipes Chopard, 1911 is synonymised with Bacteria pallidenotata Redtenbacher, 1908 (n. syn.); Perliodes grisescens Redtenbacher, 1906 and Metriophasma (Metriophasma) pallidum (Chopard, 1911) are synonymised with Agrostia cinerea (Olivier, 1792) (n. syn.); Perliodes nigrogranulosus Redtenbacher, 1906 and Metriophasma (Metriophasma) ocellatum (Piza, 1937) are synonymised with Isagoras rugicollis (Gray, 1835) (n. syn.); Isagoras chopardi Hebard, 1933 is synonymised with Tenerella cneius (Westwood, 1859) (n. syn.); Isagoras proximus Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Isagoras glyptomerion (Rehn, 1904) (n. syn.); Chlorophasma hyalina Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Agrostia graminea (Redtenbacher, 1906) (n. syn.); Isagoras nitidus Redtenbacher, 1906 is synonymised with Anisa flavomaculatus (Gray, 1835) (n. syn.); Prexaspes acuticornis (Gray, 1835) is synonymised with Prexaspes servillei (Gray, 1835) (n. syn.); Prexaspes nigromaculatus Chopard, 1911 is synonymised with Periphloea santara (Westwood, 1859) (n. syn.); Prexaspes (Elasia) janus Kirby, 1904 is synonymised with Paraphasma maculatum (Gray, 1835) (n. syn.); Prexaspes dictys (Westwood, 1859) is synonymised with Prexaspes brevipennis (Burmeister, 1838) (n. syn.); Parastratocles aeruginosus Redtenbacher, 1906: 107 is synonymised with Parastratocles forcipatus Bolívar, 1896 (n. syn.); Parastratocles carbonarius (Redtenbacher, 1906: 106) is synonymised with Parastratocles lugubris (Redtenbacher, 1906) (n. syn.); Prisopus spinicollis Burmeister, 1838, Prisopus spiniceps Burmeister, 1838 and Prisopus cornutus Gray, 1835 are synonymised with Prisopus ohrtmanni (Lichtenstein, 1802) (n. syn.); the genus Planudes Stål, 1875 is synonymised with Isagoras Stål, 1875 (n. syn.); Pseudophasma annulipes (Redtenbacher, 1906) is synonymised with Pseudophasma blanchardi (Westwood, 1859) (n. syn.); Ignacia appendiculatum (Kirby, 1904) is synonymised with Anarchodes atrophicus (Pallas, 1772) (n. syn.). Isagoras obscurum Guérin-Méneville, 1838 is shown to have been erroneously synonymised with Isagoras rugicollis (Gray, 1835) and is here re-established as a valid species (rev. stat.). Pseudophasma castaneum (Bates, 1865) is re-established as a valid species here (rev. stat.). Paraprisopus Redtenbacher, 1906 and the entire tribe Paraprisopodini are transferred to Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae (n. comb.). Lectotypes are designated for Perliodes grisescens Redtenbacher, 1906, Isagoras plagiatus Redtenbacher, 1906.Neotypes are designated for Agrostia cinerea (Olivier, 1792), Prexaspes ambiguus (Stoll, 1813), Prisopus horridus (Gray, 1835) and Prisopus sacratus (Olivier, 1792).
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Heteroptera , Animals , French Guiana , NeopteraABSTRACT
We present new information on the poorly known genus of stick insects, Canuleius Stål, 1875, with redescriptions of two Brazilian species, Canuleius grandis Toledo Piza, 1936 and Canuleius sanguinolentus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) comb. nov., the latter herein transferred from Bacteria Berthold, 1827. Type material of both species was examined, as well as additional specimens recently collected and deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). The types of two other species in the genus, Canuleius affinis Toledo Piza, 1936 and Canuleius brevipes Toledo Piza, 1936, were also examined and both species are herein synonymised under C. grandis (syn. nov.). The study includes the first descriptions of the male of C. grandis, the female of C. sanguinolentus and the eggs of both species, which are the first descriptions of eggs of Canuleius. Some notes are presented on the biology of both species, including the first observations of mating and oviposition in Heteronemiidae. Taxonomic aspects of Canuleius are discussed.
Subject(s)
Insecta , Neoptera , Animals , Female , MaleABSTRACT
The new genus Andeocalynda n. gen. is described and the supposed relationships are discussed. The genus is restricted to the mountainous Andean regions of Ecuador and Colombia. Nine new species are described and illustrated: A. aspericollis n. sp., A. banosense n. sp., A. brevicercata n. sp. and A. lojaense n. sp. from Ecuador based on the males only, A. decorata n. sp., A. mutica n. sp., A. densegranuloa n. sp. and A. tuberculata n. sp. from Ecuador as well as A. putumayoense n. sp. from Colombia based on the male and female. The eggs of the two new Ecuadorian species A. decorata n. sp. and A. tenuis n. sp. are described and illustrated. Two species, previously attributed to other genera are transferred to Andeocalynda n. gen., this is: A. carrikeri (Hebard, 1919) from the genus Bacteria Berthold, 1827 (n. comb.) and A. comis (Bates, 1865) from the genus Clonistria Stål, 1875 (n. comb.). As a result, Andeocalynda n. gen. currently includes eleven known species.
Subject(s)
Neoptera , Animal Distribution , Animals , Colombia , Ecuador , Female , MaleABSTRACT
A revised, geo-referenced, and cross-referenced list of 270 termite type localities in South America is presented. A total of 543 nominal species-group extant taxa are listed, 442 of them valid and 97 synonyms. The type-locality comprising the greatest number of nominal taxa in South America is Kartabo, Guyana (A.E. Emerson study site), with 59 taxa, followed by Cuiabá, Brazil (F. Sivestri), with 34, and Ribeirão Cascalheira, Brazil (Xavantina-Cachimbo Expedition, A.G.A. Mathews) with 26.
Subject(s)
Isoptera , Animals , Brazil , Guyana , South AmericaABSTRACT
We describe a new species of Pachyphloea from the Natural National Park (NNP) Chicaque, Cundinamarca in the Colombian Andes, providing data on the structure and variability of its eggs. In addition, we synonymize Grylloclonia n. syn. under Pachyphloea, and provide a key for distinguishing males and females of the known species. Finally, we discuss the taxonomical delimitation of genera within the tribe Xerosomatini, and highlight the necessity of carrying out additional studies in this particular taxon of stick insects.
Subject(s)
Insecta , Neoptera , Animals , Female , MaleABSTRACT
The neotropical genus of stick insects, Phantasca Redtenbacher, 1906, was recently revised by Hennemann et al. (2018). However, the females and eggs of several species remain unknown, including all five species recorded from Brazil. The female and egg of Phantasca phantasma (Westwood, 1859) are here described for the first time, based on material available at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZSP). A set of measurements of males is also given, in addition to the measurements of the holotype presented in Hennemann et al. (2018). This complement to the description of P. phantasma is particularly important because it is the type species of the genus (designated by Zompro, 2001), therefore providing additional grounds for future taxonomic decisions involving Phantasca.
Subject(s)
Animal Distribution , Insecta , Animals , Brazil , Female , MaleABSTRACT
Isagoras aurocaudata sp. nov. is being described from two female specimens from the States of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Diagnostic characters for the new species are the yellowish compound eye with brown spots, the yellowish spot at basal third of tegmina and the yellowish abdomen segments 8-11. Furthermore, Isagoras aurocaudata sp. nov. is compared to species of Isagoras Stål and Planudes Stål.
Subject(s)
Insecta , Animal Distribution , Animals , Brazil , FemaleABSTRACT
Insects exhibit three patterns of gas exchange: continuous (CoGE), cyclic (CGE) and discontinuous (DGE). In this work, we present the first record of a DGE in Phasmatodea and its transition to CGE and to CoGE through a thermal gradient. The rate of CO2 production (VCO2) at 10, 20 and 30°C was examined in adults of Agathemera crassa, a high-Andean phasmid of central Chile. Carbon dioxide release was recorded during 24 h with L:D cycle of 12:12 h in order to record both rest and activity periods. At rest, A. crassa showed three patterns of gas exchange, highlighting the use of DGE preferably at 10°C. As the temperature increased, the CoGE pattern was more frequent being the only pattern observed in all individuals at 30°C. During activity, patterns changed to CoGE with a significant increase in VCO2. Our results support the idea that gas exchange patterns in insects are not distinct but correspond to a continuum of responses addressed by metabolic demand and where DGE can be expressed only under an absolute state of rest. Our results support the idea that the presence of the DGE may be underestimated in other insect taxa because they may have been measured under conditions where this pattern not necessarily can be expressed.
Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Insecta/physiology , Animals , Female , Male , TemperatureABSTRACT
Cladomorphus trimariensis sp. nov. é descrita de Três Marias, Minas Gerais. A nova espécie difere de C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 principalmente pelo opérculo e placa micropilar do ovo, ausência de espinhos nas pernas médias e posteriores e pelas projeções distais nos tergos IV e V, que são menos desenvolvidas.
Cladomorphus trimariensis sp. nov., from Três Marias, Minas Gerais, is described and illustrated. The new species is different from C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 mainly for the operculum and micropylar plate of egg, absence of spines on the mid and hind legs, for the preopercular organ and distal projection of terga IV and V, that are less developed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Insecta/anatomy & histology , Insecta/classification , BrazilABSTRACT
The type material of Phasmatodea deposited in Brazilian museums and institutions is listed for the first time. New synonyms are proposed: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 and Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 are junior synonyms of Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Nineteen new combinations are established.
O material-tipo de Phasmatodea depositado em museus e instituições brasileiras é listado pela primeira vez. Novas sinonímias são propostas: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 e Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 são sinônimos júnior de Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Dezenove novas combinações são estabelecidas.
ABSTRACT
The type material of Phasmatodea deposited in Brazilian museums and institutions is listed for the first time. New synonyms are proposed: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 and Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 are junior synonyms of Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Nineteen new combinations are established.
O material-tipo de Phasmatodea depositado em museus e instituições brasileiras é listado pela primeira vez. Novas sinonímias são propostas: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 e Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 são sinônimos júnior de Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Dezenove novas combinações são estabelecidas.