Therapeutic efficacy and safety of home-based portable laser irradiation on patients with wrist pain: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of small, portable low-level laser therapy (light sources in square configuration: 830 nm GaAs diode 3.2 mW at the center, 4 × 650 nm InGaAIP diodes over the corners) treatment in reducing and enhancing hand function in patients with wrist pain. This study was a prospective, randomized, sham-controlled, and home-based self-therapy trial. A total of thirty subjects with wrist pain were enrolled. All participants received low-level laser therapy on painful area at the wrist. The experimental group (n = 15) received laser stimulation, while the control group (n = 15) received sham stimulation using identical equipment that generated only a red light without the laser output. Both groups self-treated for 30 min a day, 5 days per week for 3 weeks, total of 15 sessions. The primary outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for wrist pain from 0 (painless) to 10 (extreme pain). The secondary outcomes were measured with patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), grip strength, lateral, palmar, and tip pinch strength. Measures were taken before and after treatment. A total of thirty participants provided outcome data. After the intervention, both groups showed a significant decrease in VAS score, from 4.93 to 3.67 in experimental group, from 5.53 to 4.00 in control group (the experiment group: p = 0.020, the control group: p = 0.003). The experimental group showed a significant improvement in function scale score (p = 0.012), the control group did not. Lateral and pinch strength was significantly improved in the experimental group (p = 0.017) and in the control group (p = 0.034) respectively. There were no side effects in the patients. Medical laser irradiation is a portable and easy-to-use laser irradiator without side effects. Clinical Trial Registration number: KCT0006604.

Comparison of low-level laser therapy and standard treatment for temporomandibular disorders: An assessment of therapeutic and placebo effects.

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive research on the use of low-power lasers for TMD treatment, the extent of their effectiveness remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic or placebo effect of LLLT for TMD, and to compare it with standard treatment methods. A unique aspect of this study was the inclusion of a control group that received only standard treatment, allowing for an assessment of the placebo effect of LLLT. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with TMD were referred to Kerman Dental School Pain Clinic and were randomly assigned to three groups: group A received LLLT, group B was a placebo group and group C was a control group that received only standard treatment. The laser groups received gallium-aluminium-arsenide laser treatment twice a week for 10 sessions. Patients' jaw movement rate indicators and VAS index were evaluated at the start of treatment, and indicators were re-recorded every week for 5 weeks. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests for inter-group comparisons. The repeated measurement test was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: All groups showed significant improvement in VAS indicators (p = .0001), lateral jaw movements (p = .0001), forward jaw movement (p = .007) but not for maximum mouth opening. No significant difference was observed between the groups at the end of the study (p = .000). CONCLUSION: Our study provides insights into LLLT's effectiveness for TMD, suggesting it cannot replace standard treatment alone. These findings contribute to the literature and emphasise the importance of including a control group in future studies to assess the placebo effect of LLLT.

Effect of neural mobilisation in Bell's palsy: A randomised controlled trial.

Background: Neural mobilisation technique is effective in spinal nerve rehabilitation. However, no study has reported the effect of facial nerve mobilisation in acute Bell's palsy. Objectives: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of facial neural mobilisation over conventional therapy in improving facial symmetry in patients with acute Bell's palsy. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted in the physical therapy department for 62 patients with acute Bell's palsy. The intervention included 10 days of drug therapy including 3 weeks of conventional therapy to the experimental and the control group. However, the experimental group received additional nerve mobilisation technique aimed at mobilising the facial nerve at the origin of external auditory meatus. All participants were assessed at baseline and after three weeks using the Sunnybrook facial grading system (SBS) and Kinovea Movement Analysis Software (KMAS). Results: For primary outcome, analysis of covariance with baseline data as covariate showed a significant difference between groups for the post-test mean scores of SBS after 3 weeks (between-group difference, 9.2 [95% CI, 5.1-13.3], p=0.001. Importantly, the effect size calculated by partial η2 for neural mobilisation was 0.258 (small effect size). For secondary outcomes, independent sample t-test showed a significant difference between groups for the scores on KMAS after 3 weeks for zygomatic muscle (between-group difference, -27.2 [95% CI, -31 to -22.6], p=0.001), frontalis muscle -16.7 [95% CI, -9.9 to -23.4], p=0.001, and orbicularis oris muscle -15.0 [95% CI, -11.1 to -18.8], p=0.001. Conclusion: Facial neural mobilisation is likely to be an effective adjunctive intervention in addition to conventional therapy in improving facial symmetry in acute Bell's palsy.

Efficacy of myofascial therapy and kinesitherapy in improving function in shoulder pathology with prolonged immobilization: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The best physiotherapeutic approach in shoulder pathology that generates prolonged immobilization is still uncertain. Kinesitherapy remains the most widely used option. Myofascial therapy is a therapeutic approach in which the aim is to release fascial tension and regain mobility although its efficacy in shoulder pathology has not been sufficiently studied. This Prospective, single-blind randomized controlled trial in a university hospital setting aimed to compare the efficacy of myofascial therapy and kinesitherapy in improving function in shoulder pathology with prolonged immobilization. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to a control group or to the intervention group.Both groups completed a therapeutic exercise program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The QuickDash questionnaire was the primary outcome, Pain Visual Analog Scale and the Range Of Motion of the shoulder were the secondary outcomes. The outcomes were evaluated at baseline (T0), at 4 (T2), 8 (T2), and 12 weeks (T3) RESULTS: 44 participants were included. In the analysis of evolution over time, a significant improvement in functionality and range of motion measurements was observed in both groups (p < 0.05), although at 12 weeks only Myofasical Group achieved a clinically and statistically significant reduction in pain. Comparative analysis at 12 weeks revealed no statistically significant differences between the two therapies in the variables explored. CONCLUSIONS: Both, myofascial therapy and kinesitherapy can improve function, mobility, and pain in patients with painful shoulder associated with prolonged immobilization, with no significant differences between therapies, although in the medium term only myofascial therapy achieves a clinically and statistically significant improvement in pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04944446.

Efectos en la calidad de vida de pacientes con fibromialgia tras un tratamiento integrado de fisioterapia y atención plena: un estudio cuasiexperimental pre-postintervención / Effects on the quality of life of fibromyalgia patients after an integrated physiotherapy and mindfulness treatment: a quasi-experimental pre-post-intervention study

Introducción: El dolor físico es la característica por excelencia de la fibromialgia, pero tan importantes son en esta enfermedad los síntomas físicos como psicológicos, además ambos contribuyen a disminuir la calidad de vida de los pacientes; el dolor corporal no debería ser el único componente a estudiar ni a tratar. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto en la calidad de vida que se produce en una muestra de pacientes con fibromialgia antes y después de un tratamiento integrado de fisioterapia y atención plena. Materiales y métodos: Se ha realizado una evaluación de la calidad de vida y de dolor a 33 mujeres con fibromialgia, utilizando como instrumento de medida el Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire y la Escala Visual Analógica, antes y después de un tratamiento de 8 sesiones de ejercicios de fisioterapia integrada con atención plena. Resultados: Se han obtenido puntuaciones de mejora significativa después del tratamiento de fisioterapia integrada con atención plena. El dolor ha disminuido un punto y medio (p<0,01) y la función física, la sensación de bienestar, la ansiedad y la depresión, también han mejorado significativamente (p<0,01). Conclusión: La introducción de la atención plena al tratamiento fisioterápico consigue disminuir el impacto de la enfermedad, mejorando la salud física y psicológica, y en consecuencia, la calidad de vida.

Introduction: Physical pain is the characteristic par excellence of fibromyalgia, but the physical and psychological symptoms are just as important in this disease, and both can reduce the quality of life of these patients. Therefore bodily pain should not be the only component to study or treat. Objective: To analyse the impact on quality of life in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia before and after a physiotherapy treatment, integrated with mindfulness. Materials and methods: An evaluation of quality of life and pain was carried out in 33 women with fibromyalgia, using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale as a measurement instrument, before and after an integrated physiotherapy treatment with mindfulness. Results: Significant improvement scores were obtained after the mindfulness-integrated physical therapy treatment. Pain decreased by one and a half points (p<.01) and physical function, feeling of well-being, anxiety, and depression also improved significantly (p<.01). Conclusion: The introduction of mindfulness to physiotherapy treatment reduces the impact of the disease, improving physical and psychological health, and consequently, quality of life.

Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of physical therapy outcomes in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate whether the treatment outcomes of patients with a clinical diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis (AC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings consistent with AC undergoing physical therapy (PT) differs to those with AC in the absence of these MRI findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2012 and October 2012, a total of 30 patients (8 males, 22 females; mean age 55.6±12.1 years; range, 35 to 85 years) with a clinical diagnosis of AC underwent MRI of the index shoulder. The MRI scans were evaluated for findings associated with AC: intensity of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) and rotator interval (RI). All patients received a total of 15 sessions of PT: hot pack, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, ultrasound, and shoulder exercises. The patients were assessed for shoulder range of motion (ROM) using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for shoulder pain, Quick Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH), and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) prior to and following completion of PT. RESULTS: Of the patients, 21 had no MRI findings consistent with AC (Group 1), nine patients had changes in the IGHL and/or RI characteristic of AC (Group 2). In both groups, there was a significant improvement in active and passive shoulder ROM and VAS scores for shoulder pain at rest (Group 1: p<0.001, Group 2: p=0.017) with movement (Group 1: p<0.001, Group 2: p=0.007) and at night (Group 1: p<0.001, Group 2: p=0.012) following PT. However, there was no significant inter-group difference in scores. Similar findings were recorded for Q-DASH and HAQ. CONCLUSION: Based on these study findings, the presence of characteristic MRI findings of AC with a clinical diagnosis do not predict clinical response to physical therapy.

Functional changes in the lower extremity after non-immersive virtual reality and physiotherapy following stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of virtual reality (VR) ther-apy combined with conventional physiotherapy on balance, gait and motor functional disturbances, and to determine whether there is an influence on motor recovery in the subacute (< 6 months) or chronic (>> 6 months) phases after stroke. METHODS: A total of 59 stroke inpatients (mean age 60.3 years (standard deviation (SD) 14.8); 14.0 months (SD 25.7) post-stroke) were stratified into 2 groups: subacute (n = 31) and chronic (n = 28). Clinical scales (Fugl-Meyer lower extremity (FM LE); Functional Independence Measure (FIM); Berg Balance Scale (BBS); Functional Ambulation Category (FAC); modified Ashworth scale (MAS); 10-metre walk test (10MWT); and kinematic parameters during specific motor tasks in sitting and standing position (speed; time; jerk; spatial error; length) were applied before and after treatment. The VR treatment lasted for 15 sessions, 5 days/week, 1 h/day. RESULTS: The subacute group underwent significant change in all variables, except MAS and length. The chronic group underwent significant improvement in clinical scales, except MAS and kinematics. Motor impairment improved in the severe ≤ 19 FM LE points, moderate 20-28 FM LE points, mild ≥ 29 FM LE points. Neither time since stroke onset nor affected hemisphere differed significantly between groups. The correlations were investigated between the clinical scales and the kinematic parameters of the whole sample. Moreover, FM LE, BBS, MAS, and speed showed high correlations (R2>> 0.70) with independent variables. CONCLUSION: VR therapy combined with conventional physiotherapy can contribute to func-tional improvement in the subacute and chronic phases after stroke.

The effect of mechanical traction on low back pain in patients with herniated intervertebral disks: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of traction in improving low back pain, functional outcome, and disk morphology in patients with herniated intervertebral disks. DATA SOURCE: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from the earliest record to July 2019. REVIEW METHODS: We included randomized control trials which (1) involved adult patients with low back pain associated with herniated disk confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, (2) compared lumbar traction to sham or no traction, and (3) provided quantitative measurements of pain and function before and after intervention. Methodological quality was assessed using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment. RESULTS: Initial searches for literature yielded 3015 non-duplicated records. After exclusion based on the title, abstract, and full-text review, 7 articles involving 403 participants were included for quantitative analysis. Compared with the control group, the participants in the traction group showed significantly greater improvements in pain and function in the short term, with standard mean differences of 0.44 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.77) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.08-0.76), respectively. The standard mean differences were not significant to support the long-term effects on pain and function, nor the effects on herniated disk size. CONCLUSION: Compared with sham or no traction, lumbar traction exhibited significantly more pain reduction and functional improvements in the short term, but not in the long term. There is insufficient evidence to support the effect of lumbar traction on herniated disk size reduction.

Does the Application of Tecar Therapy Affect Temperature and Perfusion of Skin and Muscle Microcirculation? A Pilot Feasibility Study on Healthy Subjects.

Background: Tecar therapy (TT) is an endogenous thermotherapy used to generate warming up of superficial and deep tissues. TT capability to affect the blood flow is commonly considered to be the primary mechanism to promote tissue healing processes. Despite some preliminary evidence about its clinical efficacy, knowledge on the physiologic responses induced by TT is lacking. Objective: The aim of this quantitative randomized pilot study was to determinate if TT, delivered in two modes (resistive and capacitive), affects the perfusion of the skin microcirculation (PSMC) and intramuscular blood flow (IMBF). Design: A randomized controlled pilot feasibility study. Subjects: Ten healthy volunteers (n = 4 females, n = 6 males; mean age 35.9 ± 10.7 years) from a university population were recruited and completed the study. Intervention: All subjects received three different TT applications (resistive, capacitive, and placebo) for a period of 8 min. Outcome measures: PSMC, IMBF, and the skin temperature (ST) were measured pre- and post-TT application using power Doppler sonography, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), and infrared thermography. Results: Compared with placebo application, statistically significant differences in PSMC resulted after both the resistive (p = 0.0001) and the capacitive (p = 0.0001) TT applications, while only the resistive modality compared with the placebo was capable to induce a significant change of IMBF (p = 0.013) and ST (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The use of power Doppler sonography and LSCI enabled us to evaluate differences in PSMC and IMBF induced by TT application.

Efficacy of wIRA in the treatment of sacroiliitis in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its effect on serum VEGF levels.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) in sacroiliitis in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the effect of wIRA therapy on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHODS: One hundred twenty male AS patients with active sacroiliitis were randomly divided into wIRA group and control group. wIRA treatment was performed twice daily for 5 consecutive days with 24-h interval before switching the treatment (crossover design). Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) scores, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and morning stiffness VAS were recorded prior to and after each treatment period. Additionally, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum VEGF, and resistance index (RI) of sacroiliac joints detected by ultrasonography were recorded at baseline and after the first and second treatment period, respectively. The efficacy was examined by using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: BASDAI, pain VAS, and morning stiffness VAS scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after wIRA treatment and no-wIRA treatment (control group), and the difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.001). CRP declined and RI increased during the wIRA treatment as compared with the no-wIRA treatment (P < 0.001). The increase in RI was associated with improvement of pain VAS scores (P = 0.018), while serum VEGF was unaffected by the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: wIRA treatment achieved symptom and pain relief for AS patients with active sacroiliitis. wIRA treatment also improved RI revealed by ultrasonography, and this effect was associated with improved pain VAS scores.

Evaluation of different doses of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief during labour: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain during labour is one of the most intense pain that women may experience in their lifetime. There are several non-pharmacological analgesic methods to relieve pain during labour, among them transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). TENS is a low-frequency electrotherapy technique, analgesic type, generally used in musculoskeletal pathology, but it has also come to be used as an alternative treatment during labour. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pain-relieving effect of a TENS application during labour and to find out the most effective dose. METHODS: This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. TENS therapy was initiated at the beginning of the active phase of labour. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups (21 per group: two active TENS and one placebo). Active TENS 1 intervention consisted in a constant frequency of 100-Hz, 100-µs, active TENS 2 intervention consisted in a varying high-frequency (80-100 Hz), 350 µs, and in a placebo group, participants were connected to the TENS unit without electrical stimulation. TENS was applied with two self-adhesive electrodes placed parallel to the spinal cord (T10-L1 and S2-S4 levels). The primary outcome was pain intensity (0-10 cm) measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at several stages (at baseline and at 10 and 30 min later). Secondary outcomes included women's satisfaction (via the Care in Obstetrics: Measure for Testing Satisfaction scale). RESULTS: Sixty-three women participated. Regarding baseline characteristics, no differences were found among the three groups. The active TENS 2 group obtained an improvement with clinically significant VAS results (- 2.9, 95% confidence interval - 4.1 to - 1.6, p <  0.001). Regarding satisfaction, the results also revealed better results in the active TENS than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: TENS with high frequencies modified in time as well as high pulse width are effective for relieving labour pain, and they are well considered by pregnant participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03137251 . Registered on 2 May 2017.

Early Intervention with Therapeutic Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Halting the Progression of Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in a Rat Model.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus injuries are highly correlated with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTOA). The aim of this study was to examine whether early intervention with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) at an intensity of 0.1 W/cm2 helps delay PTOA progression. A PTOA model was established by ACL transection and meniscectomy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. LIPUS intervention (1.0 MHz, 0.1 W/cm2) started on the third day after surgery and continued for 4 consecutive wk. Histopathological analyses and immunoassays of collagen type II and matrix metallopeptidase 13 in joints were conducted. Results indicated that compared with the sham treatment, LIPUS significantly reduced Mankin scores, inflammatory cells and matrix metallopeptidase 13 expression and increased collagen type II expression in rats with PTOA (p < 0.05). Early intervention with LIPUS has beneficial effects on delaying cartilage degradation by reducing synovial inflammation and matrix metallopeptidase 13 expression, as well as enhancing collagen type II expression in cartilage.

Efeito do treinamento resistido na redução da dor no tratamento de mulheres com fibromialgia: revisão sistemática / Eff ect of resistance training in pain reduction on the treatment of women with fi bromyalgia: a systematic review

A fi bromialgia (FM) é uma doença reumática, de etiologia desconhecida que apresenta como principal característica a dor musculoesquelética, desencadeando um ciclo de descondicionamento. A fisioterapia exerce um papel muito importante com os programas de exercícios físicos, compostos por alongamento, exercício aeróbio e exercício resistido para reverter os sintomas apresentados. Recentemente, estudos têm apontado para o fato de que os exercícios resistidos poderiam ocasionar uma redução da dor em pacientes com FM, gerando um novo questionamento sobre os efeitos do exercício resistido nestes pacientes. Com isso, este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar o efeito do treinamento resistido na redução da dor em mulheres com FM, bem como estabelecer parâmetros, como volume e duração, para o tratamento da dor nesses pacientes. Para tanto, foi realizado uma revisão sistematizada dos estudos publicados até junho de 2016 nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, PEDro, Scielo e Lilacs. O levantamento dos estudos encontrados foi realizado no período de maio a junho de 2016, usando os seguintes descritores na língua inglesa: Physical Therapy Modalities, strength training, Pain, Fibromyalgia e seus equivalentes na língua portuguesa e espanhola. Após a busca, foram encontrados 85 artigos. Após a análise dos resumos, 80 artigos foram excluídos de acordo com os critérios pré-estabelecidos, restando apenas 5 estudos randomizados controlados, sendo selecionados para análise dos seus dados. Após a análise, conclui-se que o treinamento resistido reduz a dor em mulheres com fi bromialgia, a partir da 8ª semana de treinamento, desde que esse seja realizado de forma continuada e orientada, com duração de no mínimo 30 minutos, com frequência de 2 a 3 vezes por semana....(AU)

The fi bromyalgia (FM) is a rheumatic disease of unknown etiology that has as main characteristic the musculoskeletal pain, triggering a deconditioning cycle. The physical therapy has a very important role with the physical exercise programs, compounds for stretching, aerobic exercise and resistance exercise to reverse the symptoms. Recently, studies have pointed to the fact that resistance exercise could cause a reduction of pain in patients with FM, generating a new questioning of the eff ects of resistance exercise in these patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effi cacy of resistance training in reducing pain in women with FM, as well as establishing, as volume and duration, for the treatment of the pain in these patients. For this, was performed a review of published studies ystematically until June 2016 in electronic databases PubMed, PEDro, Scielo and Lilacs. The survey found the studies was carried out from May to June 2016, using the following key words in English: Physical Therapy Modalities, strength training, Pain, Fibromyalgia and its equivalent in Portuguese and Spanish. After the search, found 85 articles. After analyzing the abstracts, 80 articles were excluded according to pre-established criteria, with only 5 randomized controlled trials, were selected for analysis of their data. After the analysis, it is concluded that resistance training interferes positively in reducing pain in women with fi bromyalgia, from the 8th week of training. This being done continuously and targeted manner, with duration of minimum 30 minutes, often 2 to 3 times per week....(AU)

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces pain and postpones the need for pharmacological analgesia during labour: a randomised trial.

QUESTIONS: In the active phase of the first stage of labour, does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) relieve pain or change its location? Does TENS delay the request for neuraxial analgesia during labour? Does TENS produce any harmful effects in the mother or the foetus? Are women in labour satisfied with the care provided? DESIGN: Randomised trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding for some outcomes, and intention-to-treat analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six low-risk, primigravida parturients with a gestational age > 37 weeks, cervical dilation of 4cm, and without the use of any medications from hospital admission until randomisation. INTERVENTION: The principal investigator applied TENS to the experimental group for 30minutes starting at the beginning of the active phase of labour. A second investigator assessed the outcomes in both the control and experimental groups. Both groups received routine perinatal care. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was pain severity after the intervention period, which was assessed using the 100-mm visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes included: pain location, duration of the active phase of labour, time to pharmacological labour analgesia, mode of birth, neonatal outcomes, and the participant's satisfaction with the care provided. RESULTS: After the intervention, a significant mean difference in change in pain of 15mm was observed favouring the experimental group (95% CI 2 to 27). The application of TENS did not alter the location or distribution of the pain. The mean time to pharmacological analgesia after the intervention was 5.0hours (95% CI 4.1 to 5.9) longer in the experimental group. The intervention did not significantly impact the other maternal and neonatal outcomes. Participants in both groups were satisfied with the care provided during labour. CONCLUSION: TENS produces a significant decrease in pain during labour and postpones the need for pharmacological analgesia for pain relief. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01600495.

Atividade eletromiográfica e cocontração dos músculos do tronco durante exercícios realizados com haste oscilatória: uma análise do efeito de diferentes posturas / Actividad electromiográfica y co-contracción de los músculos del tronco durante ejercicios con barra oscilante: análisis del efecto de diferentes posturas / Electromyographic activity and cocontraction of trunk muscles during exercises performed with an oscillatory pole: an analysis of the effect of different postures

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) e cocontração dos músculos do tronco durante a realização de exercícios com haste oscilatória em duas diferentes posturas (pelve neutra e pelve em retroversão).Participaram do estudo 20 mulheres jovens (idades entre 18 e 28 anos),sem dor lombar, recrutadas em uma população universitária. Para a coleta de dados foi realizado um exercício com haste oscilatória posicionada verticalmente ao solo, sendo segurada com ambas as mãos e oscilando no plano sagital. Este exercício foi realizado em duas diferentes posturas da pelve (neutra e retrovertida). Os sinais EMG foram coletados bilateralmente, sobre os músculos: oblíquo interno (OI), reto abdominal (RA), iliocostal lombar (IL) e multífidos (MU). A análise de variância (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas demonstrou interação entre músculos e posturas (F=5,18; p=0,003), sendo que a ativação do músculo IL na postura neutra foi 7,93% maior do que a postura retrovertida (p=0,055), e a ativação do músculo OI foi 13,62% maior na postura retrovertida do que durante o exercício em postura neutra (p=0,002). De acordo com os nossos resultados, a realização do exercício em postura com retroversão da pelve aumentou a ativação do músculo OI, enquanto o músculo IL apresentou maior ativação durante a realização do exercício em postura neutra. Futuros estudos são necessários para o entendimento das adaptações neuromusculares geradas pelo treino com exercícios com haste oscilatória e sua relevância para a prevenção e tratamento da dor lombar inespecífica.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) y la co-contracción de los músculos del tronco durante el ejercicio con barra oscilante en dos posturas distintas, la pelvis neutral y la en retroversión. Participaron veinte mujeres entre los 18 hasta los 28 años de edad, sin dolor lumbar, reclutadas en una universidad. La recolección de datos se realizó por un ejercicio con barra oscilante, que colocada verticalmente al suelo, podría ser agarrada por ambas manos de las participantes y, así, oscilar en el plan sagital. Las señales EMG se recogieron de forma bilateral en los músculos oblicuo interno (OI), recto abdominal (RA), iliocostal lumbar (IL) y multifidus (MU). El análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) de las medidas repetidas mostró interacción entre músculos y posturas (F=5,18, p=0,003), siendo que la activación del músculo IL en la postura neutral fue un 7,93% mayor que en la postura en retroversión (p=0,055) y la activación del músculo OI fue un 13,62% mayor en la postura en retroversión que durante el ejercicio en la postural neutral (p=0,002). Con respecto a los resultados, el ejercicio realizado con la postura en retroversión de la pelvis aumentó la activación del músculo OI, mientras que el realizado con la postura neutral aumentó la activación del músculo IL. Es necesario que se hagan futuros estudios para comprender mejor las adaptaciones neuromusculares generadas por el entrenamiento con ejercicios con barra oscilante y su importancia para la prevención y el tratamiento del dolor lumbar inespecífico.

This study aimed at analyzing the electromyographic activity (EMG) and cocontraction of torso muscles during exercises with a flexi bar, in two different postures (neutral pelvis and posterior pelvic tilt). 20 young women with no lower back pain took part in the study (ages between 18 and 28 years) and they were recruited from a university population. In order to collect the data, an exercise was performed with a flexi bar being held with both hands. It was perpendicular to the ground and it was oscillating in the sagittal plane. That exercise was conducted in two different pelvis postures (neutral and posterior tilted). The EMG signals were collected bilaterally on the following muscles: internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominals (RA), iliocostalis lumborum (IL) and multifidus (MU). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements was found to display an interaction between muscles and postures (F=5.18; p=0.003). The activation of IL muscle in the neutral posture was 7.93% higher than in the posteriorly tilted posture (p=0.005), and the activation of IO muscle was 13.62% higher in the posteriorly tilted posture than during the exercise in the neutral posture (p=0.002). According to our results, the performance of the exercise with a posteriorly tilted pelvis increased the activation of IO muscle, whereas IL muscle was found to have a higher activation when the exercise was performed in a neutral posture. Future studies need to be conducted in order to understand the neuromuscular adaptations that are generated by exercises with flexi bars, and their relevance to the prevention and treatment of nonspecific lower back pain.

State-of-the-art anterior cruciate ligament tears: A primer for primary care physicians.

The purpose of this article is to provide primary care physicians and other members of the medical community with an updated, general review on the subject of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. We aim to enhance awareness of these injuries and to prepare those practicing in the primary care setting to address these injuries. Because ACL injuries are quite common, it is very likely that a primary care physician will encounter these injuries and need to address them acutely. The current literature is replete with new concepts and controversies regarding ACL injuries, and this article provides a concise review for our target audience in regard to the care of a patient with an ACL injury. This article is composed of an overview with current epidemiologic data, basic anatomy and physiology, clinical presentation, physical examination findings, imaging modalities, and treatment options. After reading this short article, a medical care provider should understand ACL injuries and their appropriate management.