Métodos de exclusión de murciélagos hematófagos en edificaciones humanas / Methods for the exclusion of blood-sucking bats in human buildings

Los murciélagos son los únicos mamíferos capaces de volar, y también son un grupo diverso, dentro de los cuales se han identificado 1.116 especies, 202 géneros y 18 familias. Geográficamente, se distribuyen en casi todo el mundo, con excepción del polo Norte y Sur. Existen al menor tres especies de murciélagos hematófagos, las cuales solo habitan en el continente americano: el vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata), el alas blancas (Diaemus youngi), que tienen preferencia por el consumo de sangre de aves, y el vampiro común (Desmodus rotundus), único de estas especies que se alimenta de sangre de mamíferos, incluyendo humanos, siendo ésta la especie de mayor importancia desde un punto de vista sanitario y económico. Es importante destacar que una variedad de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas zoonóticas ocurridas en los últimos años se ha relacionado con los murciélagos. A pesar de ser portadores de diversas enfermedades, también tiene un lado positivo que señala su importancia en la naturaleza, destaca que, debido a su alta sensibilidad a los cambios climáticos, son considerados como buenos indicadores del estado de conservación de bosques. Además, aportan a la diversidad estructural y funcional de los bosques siendo dispersadores de semillas, polinizadores de plantas y controladores de plagas. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como finalidad, el uso de métodos físicos para la exclusión de murciélagos hematófagos que habitan en la zonificación de San Remo, del sector la Molina en Lima, Perú. Posterior a a un diagnóstico inicial, se implementaron los métodos de barrera física, tales como mallas, cortinas o tubos de PCV que impedieron la pernotación de los murciélagos en los hogares zonificados encontrándose una reducción de los índices de infestación(AU)

Bats are the only mammals capable of flight, and they are also a diverse group, within which 1,116 species, 202 genera, and 18 families have been identified. Geographically, they are distributed throughout almost the entire world, with the exception of the North and South Pole. There are at least three species of blood-sucking bats, which only inhabit the American continent: the hairy-legged vampire (Diphylla ecaudata), the white-winged (Diaemus youngi), which prefers to consume bird blood, and the vampire bat. common (Desmodus rotundus), the only one of these species that feeds on the blood of mammals, including humans, this being the most important species from a health and economic point of view. Importantly, a variety of new zoonotic infectious diseases in recent years have been linked to bats. Despite being carriers of various diseases, they also have a positive side that indicates their importance in nature, noting that due to their high sensitivity to climate change, they are considered good indicators of the state of forest conservation. In addition, they contribute to the structural and functional diversity of forests by being seed dispersers, plant pollinators and pest controllers. Therefore, the purpose of this work is the use of physical methods for the exclusion of blood-sucking bats that inhabit the San Remo zoning, in the La Molina sector in Lima, Peru. After an initial diagnosis, physical barrier methods were implemented, such as meshes, curtains or PCV tubes that prevented bats from staying in zoned homes, finding a reduction in infestation rates(AU)

Liquid preparation of diatomaceous earth against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The lesser mealworm (LMW) is the most important pest in poultry production. Insects are associated to avian pathogens, mainly Salmonella. Its control is based on chemical insecticide, with limited efficacy in population reduction. Also, insect populations are resistant to the main active ingredients used. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a mineral dust that has activity against the LMW when used in dust application. No information is available about DE liquid preparation against this insect. Thus, bioassays were conducted aiming to develop a strategy for DE liquid preparation to this insect control. In laboratory the ideal concentration for poultry house experiment was estimated and the effect of insect contact with poultry litter or chicken feed after application was checked. In the poultry house, DE liquid preparation (10% in water, 1 L·m­2) was applied on the dirt soil of a cleaned and empty poultry house. In the control poultry house, a chemical insecticide was used (cypermethrin 15 g + chlorpyriphos 25 g + piperonyl butoxide 15 g) (1 L·m­2). DE at all concentrations was efficient mainly when insects were dried for 24 h before contact with a substrate. In poultry house, both treatments obtained similar results at 15 days after treatment (94% of reduction of insect population). At 45 days after treatment, the insect population with DE treatment increased 39% while the insect population remained 17% smaller than the initial population with a chemical insecticide. DE liquid preparation has potential to be used as a safe treatment in LMW population management, as a shock treatment.

Efficiency of a walk-through fly trap for Haematobia irritans control in milking cows in Uruguay.

Haematobia irritans (horn fly) is a bloodsucking insect that affects grazing cattle. Since this fly's introduction into Uruguay in 1992, pest management practices used to control the insect have been exclusively based on the use of insecticides, which has caused synthetic pyrethroid resistance. The use of insecticides is a major constraint to livestock production due to food safety and environmental concerns. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a walk-through fly trap for horn fly control. The field trail was conducted in 18 trail evaluations dates from 2015 to 2016 in Holstein-Frisian lactating cows on two dairy farms in southern Uruguay. The traps were placed at the exit of the milking parlor. Two digital cameras were used to record video at the entrances and exits of the traps. On each of the 18 trail evaluation, between 30 and 158 cows were randomly selected for fly counting according to video records. On Farm 1, a total of 718 cows were assessed. The median number of flies per cow at the entrance of the traps was 22 (ranging from 1 to 199), while the median number at the exit was three flies per cow (ranging from 0 to 22). The median efficiency of the trap was 88%. Farm 2 had 345 observations, and the median fly count at the entrance of the traps was of 22 flies per cow (ranging from 1 to 129) and four flies at the exit (ranging from 0 to 35) with a median efficiency of 82%. It was observed that the effectiveness of the fly traps varied depending on the number of flies at entry, the season of the year and the farm site. In conclusion, fly traps could be used for the control of H. irritans in milking cows without the use of insecticides.

Rational Practices to Manage Boll Weevils Colonization and Population Growth on Family Farms in the Semiárido Region of Brazil.

Because boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh. develops partially protected inside cotton fruiting structures, once they become established in a field, they are difficult to control, even with nearly continuous insecticide spray. During two cotton-growing seasons in the Semiárido region of Pernambuco State, Brazil, we tested the use of kaolin sprays to disrupt plant colonization through visual cue interference, combined with removal of fallen fruiting bodies to restrain boll weevil population growth after colonization. Kaolin spray under non-choice trials resulted in 2.2×, 4.4×, and 8.6× fewer weevils, oviposition and feeding punctures on kaolin-treated plants, respectively, despite demonstrating no statistical differences for colonization and population growth. Early season sprays in 2010 occurred during a period of rainfall, and hence, under our fixed spraying schedule no significant differences in boll weevil colonization were detected. In 2011, when kaolin sprays were not washed out by rain, delayed boll weevil colonization and reduction on attacked fruiting bodies were observed in eight out of 12 evaluations, and kaolin-treated plots had 2.7× fewer damaged fruiting bodies compared to untreated plots. Adoption of simple measures such as removal of fallen fruiting bodies and prompt reapplication of kaolin sprays after rainfall show promise in reducing boll weevil infestation.

Parasitoids of boll weevil Anthonomus grandis and resident predators in kaolin-treated cotton / Parasitoides do bicudo Anthonomus grandis e predadores residentes em algodoeiro pulverizado com caulim

Simultaneous use of control methods is essential to reach success in managing arthropod pests. The current study investigated the effect of kaolin application on resident predators in the cotton plant canopy and parasitism of boll weevil on abscised squares in the field, and parasitism of boll weevil in the laboratory. Predators Araneae, Formicidae, Chrysopidae, and Coccinellidae showed similar seasonal densities for kaolin-treated and untreated cotton fields as well as the emergence rate of the parasitoids Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Catolaccus grandis Burks (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from abscised field-collected structures. Under laboratory conditions, the parasitism of boll weevil larvae infesting squares was similar when treated and untreated squares with kaolin were offered to the parasitoid under free choice test. Therefore, the results show that spraying cotton fields with kaolin does not affect the natural biological control by parasitoids of boll weevil and pink bollworm and resident predators naturally occurring in cotton fields.

O uso simultâneo de diferentes métodos de controle é fundamental para o sucesso no manejo de pragas. Esse estudo investigou o efeito de aplicações do caulim nas populações de predadores residentes no dossel do algodoeiro e no parasitismo do bicudo em estruturas coletados do solo em campo e, em botões florais em laboratório. A abundância de predadores residentes no dossel das plantas incluindo Araneae, Formicidae, Chrysopidae e Coccinellidae foi similar entre as áreas tratadas e não tratadas com o caulim, bem como a emergência dos parasitoides Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Catolaccus grandis Burks (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) oriundos de estruturas coletadas no solo em ambas as áreas. Da mesma forma, o parasitismo do bicudo em botões tratados e não tratados com caulim foi semelhante quando foram oferecidos ao parasitoide B. vulgaris em testes com chance de escolha. Sendo assim, os resultados mostram que aplicações do caulim não afetam o controle biológico natural por parasitoides associados ao bicudo e lagarta rosada e predadores residentes no algodoeiro.

Parasitoids of boll weevil Anthonomus grandis and resident predators in kaolin-treated cotton / Parasitoides do bicudo Anthonomus grandis e predadores residentes em algodoeiro pulverizado com caulim

Simultaneous use of control methods is essential to reach success in managing arthropod pests. The current study investigated the effect of kaolin application on resident predators in the cotton plant canopy and parasitism of boll weevil on abscised squares in the field, and parasitism of boll weevil in the laboratory. Predators Araneae, Formicidae, Chrysopidae, and Coccinellidae showed similar seasonal densities for kaolin-treated and untreated cotton fields as well as the emergence rate of the parasitoids Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Catolaccus grandis Burks (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from abscised field-collected structures. Under laboratory conditions, the parasitism of boll weevil larvae infesting squares was similar when treated and untreated squares with kaolin were offered to the parasitoid under free choice test. Therefore, the results show that spraying cotton fields with kaolin does not affect the natural biological control by parasitoids of boll weevil and pink bollworm and resident predators naturally occurring in cotton fields.

O uso simultâneo de diferentes métodos de controle é fundamental para o sucesso no manejo de pragas. Esse estudo investigou o efeito de aplicações do caulim nas populações de predadores residentes no dossel do algodoeiro e no parasitismo do bicudo em estruturas coletados do solo em campo e, em botões florais em laboratório. A abundância de predadores residentes no dossel das plantas incluindo Araneae, Formicidae, Chrysopidae e Coccinellidae foi similar entre as áreas tratadas e não tratadas com o caulim, bem como a emergência dos parasitoides Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Catolaccus grandis Burks (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) oriundos de estruturas coletadas no solo em ambas as áreas. Da mesma forma, o parasitismo do bicudo em botões tratados e não tratados com caulim foi semelhante quando foram oferecidos ao parasitoide B. vulgaris em testes com chance de escolha. Sendo assim, os resultados mostram que aplicações do caulim não afetam o controle biológico natural por parasitoides associados ao bicudo e lagarta rosada e predadores residentes no algodoeiro.