Lumbar Sympathetic Block Leading to Increased Arterial Diameter and Blood Flow: A Mechanism of Therapeutic Benefit.

Lumbar sympathetic blocks (LSBs) have long been used for the treatment of chronic lower extremity pain and for conditions such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). With a better understanding of the autonomic nervous system and its function, these blocks have grown in their utility. Through this growth, however, our understanding of sympathetic-mediated pain is still vaguely understood. Here, we present a case of a patient who underwent a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) before and after an LSB, and we were able to show significant dilation of the posterior tibial artery (PTA) following the block. We propose that this arterial dilation plays a mechanistic role in providing pain relief to patients who undergo LSB. This increased blood flow can not only enhance healing properties to surrounding tissues but also allow for nitric oxide to play potential regulatory roles in pain pathways. Here, we also review potential mechanisms of the amelioration of sympathetic-mediated pain as well as the potential utilization of LSBs and neuromodulation in treating visceral pathologies through a better understanding of visceral somatic relationships.

Comprehensive analysis of publication of physical medicine and rehabilitation theses in Türkiye between years 2010 and 2020: Academic productivity and related factors.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the publication rates of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialty training theses, which are required to complete a residency in Türkiye, and determine the factors that affect publication. Materials and methods: Residency theses involved in this descriptive study were detected from the database of Higher Education Council Thesis Center (tez.yok.gov.tr) between January 2010 and December 2020. Publication of theses and date of publication were investigated by the writer's and supervisor's names on PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Three hundred eighty-eight of 1,130 theses were turned into publications. Two hundred seventy-seven (24.5%) were published in SCI (Science Citation Index)/SCI Expanded indexed journals. The publication rates of residents were 47.1% in private universities, 34.2% in public universities, and 32.3% in training and research hospitals. The trainees who published their theses were more likely to become associate and assistant professors. Conclusion: Although approximately one-third of the theses defended were published, this rate is insufficient for sharing the knowledge. Considering that publishing their theses affected the residents' current academic careers positively, supervisors should provide the residents supportive facilitation to give the knowledge in research and publish their theses.

Should We Consider Routine Blood Work for Diplopia and Ptosis in a Primary Care Setting?

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare disorder that most commonly presents with ocular symptoms. Despite the highly sensitive blood work that can be used to diagnose the disease, it is frequently misdiagnosed until the disease becomes systemic. Literature, however, shows that those who begin treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors before systemic presentation have a better prognosis. We discuss the case of a patient who presented to the clinic with a chief complaint of diplopia that was subsequently referred to ophthalmology. It was not until lab work was done by a subspecialist that the diagnosis of MG was made. The patient quickly responded to an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and has since had a great prognosis. Here, we are advocating for the inclusion of routine lab work in the evaluation of patients who present to the primary care setting with diplopia in the absence of red flag symptoms. This approach aids in deciphering the potential involvement of MG in diplopia or ptosis. While such symptoms justify referral to ophthalmology, logistical challenges often hinder a prompt evaluation. Early diagnosis with the incorporation of routine lab work offers the potential to expedite the diagnosis of a rare disease. In doing so, providers can improve prognosis and potentially mitigate additive medical consultations.

Parent, Physician, and Therapist Experience of In-Person, Hybrid, and All-Virtual Models of Physiatry Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare three models of pediatric physiatry care (in-person, hybrid, and all-virtual) in terms of parent experience and physician- and therapist-reported quality of care. We hypothesized that the all-virtual model would have lower parent experience scores and lower quality scores compared with the other two models of care. METHODS: We designed a convergent parallel mixed methods study incorporating a cluster-randomized crossover design. Quantitative data included surveys of parents, physicians, and therapists after visits to 13 medical therapy units in Northern California between January 2020 and January 2022. Qualitative data were collected in six focus groups with parents, physicians, and therapists. RESULTS: A total of 2455 visits were completed for 1281 unique children during the study period, including 507 in-person visits, 246 hybrid visits, and 1702 all-virtual visits. There were no differences in parent experience scores between the three models of care. Physicians and therapists rated all-virtual visits significantly lower in terms of quality of care, parent education, and physical exam, compared with the other two models of care, but qualitative results highlighted specific instances where all-virtual visits could be useful. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that parents, therapists, and physicians find a hybrid virtual model is an acceptable model of care that maintains the quality of care and facilitates parent education. All-virtual models may be appropriate for specific circumstances but are perceived as lower quality. Research exploring implementation of these models would be valuable for providing practical guidance in the future.

Optimal Duration of Physical Therapy Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Aims & Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with engagement and completion of physical therapy (PT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and examine the relationship between number of PT sessions attended and outcomes during the first 12 weeks after surgery. Methods: Patients underwent unilateral primary TKA by a single surgeon and were advised to complete 17 PT sessions over 6 weeks at a hospital-affiliated facility. Analyses examined predictors of PT engagement (attendance of ≥2 sessions) and completion (attendance of 17 ± 1 sessions) within 6 weeks and associations between number of PT sessions attended and changes in range of motion (ROM) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) values. Results: Patients living <40 km were more likely to be engaged in PT than those living ≥40 km from the clinic (P < .0001). Among patients who completed PT within 6 weeks, 95.0%, 85.1%, and 56.4% achieved flexion of, respectively, ≥90°, ≥100°, and ≥110°. Among engaged patients, the active flexion thresholds of ≥90°, ≥100°, and ≥110° were achieved by, respectively, 94.4%, 82.5%, and 58.1% by 6 weeks and by 96.7%, 92.1%, and 84.2% by 12 weeks. Improvement in KOOS Symptoms (P = .029), Function in daily living (P = .030) and quality of life (P = .031) linearly decreased as number of PT sessions increased. Conclusions: These results raise the question of whether patients who meet satisfactory outcomes before completing 6 weeks of prescribed PT and those who attend more PT sessions than prescribed may be over-utilizing healthcare resources without additional benefit.

A path to recovery for overlooked populations and their unique challenges: integrating rehabilitation in palliative care for patients with substance use disorders.

Palliative care is a growing medical specialty focusing on providing compassionate and holistic management for those facing life-threatening diseases. These patients frequently present with physical, functional, emotional, and psychosocial problems that require comprehensive interdisciplinary management. However, there is a substantial opportunity to improve care for patients in palliative care who also have a substance use disorder (SUD). These opportunities include direct provision of SUD treatments by specialist palliative care providers and the integration of physical medicine and rehabilitation services. The purpose of this article is to examine the misunderstood and underutilized interaction between palliative care and SUDs, as well as describing the unique opportunities provided by physical medicine and rehabilitation providers to achieve a patient's palliative care goals and optimize overall quality of life. Substance Use Disorder is a chronic, often relapsing, illness that is relevant to palliative care practice due to the potential for significant morbidity and mortality through organ failure, chronic infections, and overdose syndromes. In traditional palliative care practice, it has been observed that past or current SUD diagnoses are often left untreated, resulting in increased distress, and exacerbating an already complex medical situation. Furthermore, many of these patients also experience physical, functional, or psychosocial changes that, when left untreated, will worsen distress and quality of life. To provide more comprehensive and successful palliative care for patients with SUD, the authors recommend an increased emphasis on specialist palliative care training in SUD management, proactive integration of rehabilitation services into the palliative care team, and consistent advocacy for these steps in various arenas. Combined, these actions can improve the care team's ability to provide a holistic, patient-centered approach that can have substantial positive outcomes for patients, health systems, and society.

Optimising Rehabilitation Strategies for Primary Central Nervous System Neoplasm-Related Neurological Deficits Using a Comprehensive Multimodality Approach Including Robotic Gloves Technology: A Comprehensive Case Report.

This case study examines the rehabilitation strategy for a 51-year-old farmer with primary neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS)-related hemiparesis, balance issues, and cognitive impairment. Primary neoplasm of the CNS is a rare type of cancer that affects the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the CNS. Hemiparesis, which is weakness on one side of the body, is a common symptom of primary neoplasm of the CNS. The tumour can cause inflammation and swelling in the brain, which can further contribute to weakness. Symptoms include headaches, confusion, seizures, and changes in vision or speech. The patient underwent surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy but faced challenges in physiotherapy. The patient's initial assessment revealed asymmetries and impairments on the right side, including muscle weakness, flexor synergy, trunk imbalance, gait abnormalities, and cognitive impairment. A tailored physiotherapy protocol was implemented, focusing on improving muscle strength, synergy patterns, balance, gait, motor control, speech, and cognitive function. Innovative robotic gloves technology was incorporated to enhance hand functionality. This case study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies, including innovative technologies, in optimising recovery for individuals with CNS lymphoma-related neurological deficits. Further research and exploration could further validate their benefits and enhance the overall rehabilitation journey for such patients.

The Utility of an Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Idiopathic Brachial Neuritis.

Idiopathic brachial neuritis is an uncommon disorder that predominately affects the superior and middle trunks of the brachial plexus. Severe throbbing and aching shoulder pain is initially present for a period of days to weeks, followed by severe weakness and atrophy that can develop for an extended period of months to years. There are currently no known treatments for brachial neuritis, with the standard of care consisting of analgesics and corticosteroids, which typically provide minimal to no benefit in most cases. In this case, we will present a case of a patient who was diagnosed with idiopathic brachial neuritis and underwent an interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ESI) for treatment. Following treatment with the ESI, the patient had a subsequent resolution of symptoms. This case underscores the value of early recognition for the diagnosis of brachial neuritis and the utility of an ESI as a treatment option, thus preventing long-term pathological sequalae. To our knowledge, this is the first known reported case to have successfully cured brachial neuritis.

Rehabilitation Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Ocrelizumab Diagnosed With West Nile Virus Encephalitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a global prevalence exceeding two million people and is a leading cause of non-traumatic physical disability. MS can be treated with ocrelizumab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common cause of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis in North America. It can lead to neuroinvasive WNV disease (WNND) affecting the brain and peripheral nervous system, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those being treated with ocrelizumab for MS. WNND is exceedingly rare and reported in less than 1% of cases of WNV. It has been established that inpatient rehabilitation improves functional outcomes in patients with MS and those with WNND. However, the inpatient rehabilitation outcomes in patients diagnosed with both WNND and MS have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to examine the rehabilitation outcomes of MS patients on ocrelizumab diagnosed with WNND. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with MS treated with ocrelizumab, who were diagnosed with WNND and admitted to a single facility. Rehabilitation outcomes were assessed using functional independence measure (FIM) scores on admission and discharge. Three patients met the inclusion criteria; two in acute rehab, and one in the long-term acute care hospital (LTACH). Both patients admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation showed an improvement in FIM scores from admission to discharge, one patient from 9 to 16 and the other from 14 to 54. However, the patient admitted to the LTACH had no improvement in FIM score from admission to discharge. Patients admitted to acute rehab were ultimately discharged home, while the patient admitted to the LTACH required discharge to a subacute rehabilitation facility. Based on our findings, intense and prolonged comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation is associated with improved functional outcomes and increased likelihood of discharge to home in this population suffering from both central and peripheral nervous system involvement due to MS and WNND.

An Analysis From a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital: Does Physical Activity Play a Role in the Management of Children and Young Adults With Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

INTRODUCTION: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary connective tissue disorder characterized by reduced bone density and increased proneness to fractures. It manifests across a varied clinical spectrum of expressions in children and young adults. It is crucial for children with OI to have a multidisciplinary follow-up, including orthopedics, pediatrics, and physical medicine and rehabilitation. Although exercise may have no effect on the disease itself, it might improve the autonomy, self-esteem, and fitness of these children.  Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis of children and young adults aged three or more years old followed-up in a Level III Pediatric Hospital between 1995 and 2020. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the hospital records and from the caregivers via phone calls. To our knowledge, this is the first national case series published assessing exercise habits in children with this condition. RESULTS: Among the 21 patients studied, the median age was 14 years, with no gender predominance. Eighteen (86%) practiced regular physical activity, while the remaining three (14%), all of whom were type III OI, were totally dependent. Of the aforementioned 18 children, 12 (67%) considered practicing the same level of physical activity compared to their healthy peers, although most of them needed adaptations. The most reported extracurricular activity was swimming, in 50% of the cases. About 39% engaged in physical activity two times or less per week, and 89% practiced for one hour or less per session. DISCUSSION: Over the years, it has become clear that physical activity is an important part of OI management. While awareness of the importance of exercise already exists, proper planning, follow-up, and monitoring are essential.

Effectiveness of assisted standing on bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. A systematic review. / Efectividad de la bipedestación asistida en la densidad mineral ósea, en niños con parálisis cerebral. Una revisión sistemática.

Cerebral palsy is associated with complications such as low bone mineral density, which is more severe in patients with greater motor involvement. Assisted standing helps to prevent or delay this complication; however, its effect is controversial because the type of stander, the type of standing (dynamic or static), and its dosage are not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of assisted standing on bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. A systematic review was carried out in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines, using 5 databases. The results were presented using tables, a risk of bias analysis, and a narrative synthesis. Four studies met the inclusion criteria. Assisted standing generates positive changes in bone mineral density, but further research is required, with studies that have greater methodological rigor, longer follow-up periods, and a larger number of patients.

La parálisis cerebral tiene complicaciones asociadas como una baja densidad mineral ósea; esta es más acentuada a mayor compromiso motor. La bipedestación asistida ayuda a prevenir y/o a retrasar esta complicación, aunque su efecto es controversial, porque no está claro el tipo de bipedestador, el tipo de bipedestación (dinámica o estática) ni su dosificación. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la efectividad de la bipedestación asistida en la densidad mineral ósea, en niños con parálisis cerebral. Se realizó una revisión sistemática bajo los lineamientos PRISMA, se utilizaron cinco bases de datos. Los resultados se presentaron a través de tablas, análisis de riesgo de sesgo y síntesis narrativa. Cuatro estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La bipedestación asistida genera cambios positivos en la densidad mineral ósea, pero se necesita más investigación, con estudios que tengan un mayor rigor metodológico, períodos de seguimiento más largos y que incluyan una mayor cantidad de pacientes.

Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality Exercise Therapy for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Using the Leap Motion Controller.

In this article, we present a case study involving a patient with spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in tetraplegia and subsequent loss of upper limb function. The subject of our study was a 23-year-old woman with incomplete tetraplegia stemming from a cervical spinal cord injury. Our primary objective was to enhance hand function and grip strength. Throughout the intervention, we observed substantial enhancements in hand function, range of motion, and muscle power. Notably, the patient exhibited a favorable response to the therapy, demonstrating commendable adherence and active participation. To create an optimal training environment tailored to the patient's needs, we employed the Unity 3D game engine in conjunction with a Leap Motion controller sensor. This combination facilitated the development of a semi-immersive virtual training environment. The utilization of this technology aimed to simulate a conducive training atmosphere for the rehabilitation of hand function. Based on our study outcomes, we advocate for the incorporation of leap motion-related exercises in the treatment of hand functional loss and weakness. The promising results observed in this case study prompt the recommendation for further large-scale studies to validate and substantiate our findings. Such investigations would contribute to the establishment of evidence-based practices and enhance the understanding of the efficacy of Leap Motion technology in addressing upper limb impairments associated with spinal cord injuries.

Sexual disorders post-stroke: Description of a cohort of patients followed in rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION: The impairments resulting from a stroke can be multiple, including urinary and/or sexual dysfunctions. This acquired brain injury disrupts neurological control of sexual responses. MAIN OBJECTIVE: to describe sexual disorders, after a first episode of stroke, in a population followed in a physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) center. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: to gather patients' expectations and PMR physicians' opinions on this subject. METHOD: Observational, retrospective study in two PRM centers. Post-stroke sexuality was assessed using two validated questionnaires [for men: International Index of Erectile Function 15 (IIEF15) and for women: Female Sexual function Index (FSFI)]. Patients were asked 3 questions to approximate their expectations, and PRM physicians were asked 2 questions for their opinions. RESULTS: Twenty-four subjects included (17 men/7 women). Thirteen had no post-stroke sexuality. Erectile function was analysable in 4 subjects, 3 of whom had moderate to severe erectile dysfunction. In women, female sexual dysfunction concerned 6/7 women, including lubrication. Ninety-six percent of subjects had never discussed sexuality with their PRM physician. Only 33% would have liked information on this subject. Our PRM physicians rarely discuss post-stroke sexual disability. CONCLUSION: Post-stroke sexual disorders occur in both sexes. All areas of sexuality may be affected. A large-scale, prospective, controlled, multicenter study is needed to establish stroke as the direct neurological cause of sexual impairment.

A Case of Successful Rehabilitation for Controlling Chronic Pain Following Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in a Young Adult Cancer Survivor.

A 26-year-old woman previously treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 14 years ago faced challenges in managing chronic pain resulting from right femoral head necrosis, a complication of her earlier ALL treatment. Ultimately, the persistent chronic pain was successfully treated via a comprehensive rehabilitation approach. The patient presented with hip contractures, muscle weakness, and reduced endurance without evident arthropathic changes or inflammatory findings in the femoral head. Active physiotherapy was implemented with the primary objective of increasing her social activity. This therapeutic intervention effectively managed the severe pain without the necessity for analgesic drugs, leading to a significant improvement in the patient's social activity. Recognizing the adolescent and young adult age group as a critical phase of physical, psychological, and social development, cancer survivors within this age group require multimodal care. This study highlights the role of stepwise rehabilitation treatments involving stretching, muscle strengthening, and endurance training, particularly in challenging cases of chronic pain. Post-treatment interviews revealed that successful experiences in each movement contributed to increased self-efficacy and promoted not only the control of chronic pain but also fostered improvements in social activities.

Systemic pain relief after omalizumab injection in patient with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A case report.

Omalizumab may be a beneficial adjunct treatment option for hEDS patients require to improve pain control, ability to perform ADLs and functionality and social engagement, and most importantly, quality of life.

AI-ChatGPT/GPT-4: An Booster for the Development of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the New Era!

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been driving the continuous development of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) fields. The latest release of ChatGPT/GPT-4 has shown us that AI can potentially transform the healthcare industry. In this study, we propose various ways in which ChatGPT/GPT-4 can display its talents in the field of PM&R in future. ChatGPT/GPT-4 is an essential tool for Physiatrists in the new era.

Enhancing functional recovery following postpartum femoral neuropathy: early neurorehabilitation and multidisciplinary obstetric care.

Postpartum femoral neuropathy has a reported incidence of less than 1% and its total recovery time extends up to 6 months to a year. A multidisciplinary approach is vital to rule out permanent disability and to assure a correct diagnosis and earlier rehabilitation. We report a case of a 37-year-old puerperal woman with a history of intrapartum epidural analgesia, who presented post-labor unilateral lower-limb motor weakness and sensory loss, with functional compromise on independent gait. A multidisciplinary team consisting of an anesthesiologist, a physiatrist, a neurologist, and an obstetrician was then established. In the initial physiatry and neurology assessment, the patient reported pain (numerical rating scale 7/10) over the inguinal ligament, lower limb hypoesthesia, and muscle weakness. Femoral neuropathy was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging ruled out potential complications related to the anesthetic procedure. The patient was then enrolled in a supervised rehabilitation program and, 3 weeks later, electrodiagnostic studies confirmed the initial suspicion. Two months later, the patient had regained lower-limb active range of motion and no pain nor paresthesia was reported. Our case report describes how an early multimodal rehabilitation program within a multidisciplinary framework allows for sooner neuromotor function improvement and activities of daily living independence.

The utility of inpatient rehabilitation in heart transplantation: A review.

Heart transplantation is considered definitive treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure. Unfortunately, medical and functional complications are common after heart transplantation for a variety of reasons, and these may impact the patients' functional recovery. Rehabilitation is often needed post-operatively to improve functional outcomes. This review article aims to discuss the transplanted heart exercise physiology that may affect the rehabilitation process and provide an overview of the functional benefits of inpatient rehabilitation for cardiac and surgical specialties who may be less familiar with post-acute care rehabilitation options for their patients.

Características de niños con trastorno del espectro autista en rehabilitación pediátrica de un hospital de referencia en Perú / Characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder in pediatric rehabilitation at a referral hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo. El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se caracteriza por alteraciones en el desarrollo, dificultades de interacción social y comunicación, y patrones restrictivos y repetitivos de conducta. A pesar de su alta prevalencia, pocos estudios se han realizado en ambientes de rehabilitación. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características de los niños con TEA atendidos en el Servicio de Rehabilitación Pediátrica del Hospital Rebagliati (SRP-HNERM). Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de niños menores de 14 años con diagnóstico previo de TEA atendidos en el SRP-HNERM durante el 2022. Resultados. Se evaluaron a 120 niños con TEA. La mediana de edad fue de cinco años. La mayoría recibía educación regular, pero solo para el 9,8% fue inclusiva. La media de edad de diagnóstico fue de 3,83 años. El 78,4% no tenía certificado de discapacidad y el 77,5% tenía evaluación psicológica incompleta. La mediana del tiempo transcurrido desde las últimas sesiones de terapia física, ocupacional y de lenguaje fue de 3, 8 y 3,5 meses respectivamente. Conclusión. La media de edad de diagnóstico de TEA fue mayor de tres años y más del 75% de los pacientes no contaban con un certificado de discapacidad ni con una evaluación psicológica completa. La mediana del tiempo desde las últimas sesiones de terapias de rehabilitación fue de tres meses o más. Estos hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de potenciar el diagnóstico temprano, la educación inclusiva y la evaluación y posterior certificación de la discapacidad, así como de establecer intervenciones más oportunas.

ABSTRACT Objective. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by developmental disorders, difficulties in social interaction and communication, and restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior. Despite its high prevalence, few studies have been conducted in rehabilitation settings. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of children with ASD from the Pediatric Rehabilitation Service of the Rebagliati Hospital (SRP-HNERM). Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study. We reviewed the medical records of children under 14 years of age previously diagnosed with ASD from the SRP-HNERM during 2022. Results. A total of 120 children with ASD were evaluated. The median age was 5 years. Most received regular education, but it was inclusive only for 9.8%. The mean age at diagnosis was 3.83 years. We found that 78.4% had no disability certificate and 77.5% of the participants had incomplete psychological evaluation. The median time since the last physical, occupational and speech therapy sessions was 3, 8 and 3.5 months respectively. Conclusion. The mean age at diagnosis of ASD was older than three years, and more than 75% of the patients had neither a disability certificate nor a complete psychological evaluation. The median time since the last rehabilitation therapy sessions was three months or more. Our findings highlight the need to improve early diagnosis, inclusive education and evaluation and subsequent certification of disability, as well as to establish timely interventions.

Advances in Understanding and Treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A Comprehensive Review.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a deadly CNS neurodegenerative disease. The way ALS is now managed, from diagnosis to prognosis, is still not ideal despite many studies. Early diagnosis can help ALS patients live longer since prompt treatment can halt the disease's development. Two medications, riluzole and edaravone, have recently been licensed for use in therapy, and they very slightly increase life expectancy. Still, a lot of cutting-edge experimental medications are being developed. In the following article, we give a synopsis of the innovative medications and genetic remodeling that have emerged recently and help to halt the course of the illness. Studies have also been conducted on a few symptomatic and rehabilitative therapies that enhance the quality of life for ALS patients.