Tendencias actuales en la preparación física del futbolista: una revisión documental

La preparación física en el fútbol es crucial para el rendimiento físico, por lo que es necesario estar al tanto de las últimas tendencias sobre los enfoques utilizados a fin de identificar las mejores prácticas y las áreas que requieren perfeccionarse. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en desarrollar una revisión exhaustiva de las tendencias actuales en la preparación física del futbolista profesional. Esta investigación fue de tipo teórica, se aplicó la técnica de revisión documental y el instrumento matriz de registro. Los pasos que se siguieron fueron la búsqueda y selección de artículos relevantes de preparación física, extracción de información, validación de fuentes, organización de hallazgos, identificación de patrones y síntesis narrativa. La investigación reveló las tendencias en la preparación física de los futbolistas y resaltó la importancia de la personalización, la planificación estratégica, el enfoque integral del entrenamiento y la alimentación adecuada. El estudio generó nuevas perspectivas en el campo de la preparación física, permitió una comprensión más completa y actualizada de las tendencias y prácticas en este ámbito, lo que sirve como base para futuras investigaciones y cubre brechas de conocimiento en el campo de la preparación física del futbolista profesional.

A preparação física no futebol é crucial para o desempenho físico, por isso é necessário estar atento às últimas tendências nas abordagens utilizadas para identificar as melhores práticas e áreas que necessitam de melhorias. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma revisão exaustiva das tendências atuais na preparação física de jogadores de futebol profissionais. Esta pesquisa teve caráter teórico, foram aplicadas a técnica de revisão documental e o instrumento matriz de registro. As etapas seguidas foram a busca e seleção de artigos relevantes sobre preparação física, extração de informações, validação de fontes, organização de achados, identificação de padrões e síntese narrativa. A investigação revelou tendências na preparação física dos jogadores de futebol e destacou a importância da personalização, do planeamento estratégico, de uma abordagem abrangente ao treino e de uma alimentação adequada. jogador profissional.

Physical preparation in soccer is crucial for physical performance, so it is necessary to be aware of the latest trends in the approaches used in order to identify best practices and areas that require improvement. The objective of the research was to develop an exhaustive review of current trends in the physical preparation of professional soccer player. This research was theoretical, the documentary review technique and the registration matrix instrument were applied. The steps followed were the search and selection of relevant articles on physical preparation, information extraction, validation of sources, organization of findings, identification of patterns and narrative synthesis. The research revealed trends in the physical preparation of foot players and highlighted the importance of personalization, strategic planning, a comprehensive approach to training and proper nutrition. The study generated new perspectives in the field of physical preparation, allowed a more complete and updated understanding of the trends and practices in this area, which serves as a basis for future research and covers knowledge gaps, in the field of physical preparation of the professional soccer player.

FORMATION OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL READINESS OF CADETS DURING APPLIED EXERCISES.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: is to study the level and dynamics of the development of physical and psychological qualities of the cadets in the process of engagement in pentathlon classes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The research involved 18-23 years old cadets (men) of the first-fourth years of training. The level of the cadets' physical qualities was assessed by their results in the 100 m run, pull-ups, 3 km run, overcoming of the obstacle course. The level of the cadets' psychological qualities was studied using the following methods: well-being-activity-mood methodol¬ogy; methods of self-assessment of psycho-emotional state; methods of determining the level of the development of volitional self-regulation of the individual. RESULTS: Results: The positive influence of pentathlon classes on the development of physical and psychological qualities in the cadets and the improvement of their psycho-emotional state was established. The greatest effect was found in exercises aimed at de-veloping endurance and agility as well as coordination skills. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It was found that pentathlon classes are more effective than the traditional physical training classes; they affect the level of the development of all cadets' physical qualities. The high level of physical and psychological qualities of the cadets will help to improve their future professional activities.

Changes in body composition and physical performance measures during a regular competitive season among young backs and forwards rugby players.

This study aimed to compare the changes in body composition and physical qualities of under 19's backs and forwards during the season (i.e. from pre-season [Pre-S] to end-season [End-S]). Twenty-seven male youth rugby union players (mean ± SD: age, Forwards [n = 11]: 17.5 ± 1.2 and Backs [n = 16]: 17.0 ± 0.9 years) participated in this study. Participants were tested twice (i.e. at Pre-S and End-S) and completed: anthropometric, body composition, countermovement and squat jumps, 30-m sprint, squat and bench press 1-repetition maximum (SQ-1RM and BP-1RM). Significant differences were observed between Pre-S and End-S for body mass (BM) and lean mass (LM), among both playing positions (p < 0.034; ES > 0.71), whereas all other variables remained unchanged. Regarding physical performance, backs and forwards showed greater SQ-1RM and BP-1RM, respectively (p < 0.043; ES>-0.69). Moreover, backs and forwards exhibited higher split times from 5 to 30 m (p: 0.013 to <0.001). Substantial increases were observed in BM and LM for backs and forwards, which may have negatively impacted acceleration (i.e. 5-m sprint time) and initial sprint momentum for both playing positions. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully balancing changes in BM and body composition, to avoiding the detrimental effects of these variations on sprint performance.

Considerations in interpreting neuromuscular state in elite level Australian Rules football players.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the influence of test modality, season stage, match load and physical qualities on the interpretation of neuromuscular function (NF) post Australian Rules Football (ARF) matches. DESIGN: Repeated measures design. METHODS: Thirty-two elite ARF players' NF was assessed 72h following competitive matches (7±2) via the counter movement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Influence of season stage, external load parameters (GPS; 10Hz) and moderating influences of lower body strength (LBS), lower body power (LBP) and intermittent exercise capacity upon NF recovery were assessed using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS: Moderate negative seasonal trends were evident for both rate of force development (RFD) 0-100ms (d=-0.86, 95%, CI: ±0.57) and 0-200ms (d=-0.76, CI: ±0.64). Significant but trivial effects of match load were observed between one standardised unit increase in high speed running (HSR) versus CMJ: Force at zero velocity (d=0.12, CI: ±0.12), and sum of high intensity accelerations and CMJ: Eccentric deceleration RFD (d=-0.18, CI: ±0.14). Accounting for baseline LBS better explained (weight of evidence: W=87%) seasonal trends observed in IMTP: peak force, with lower LBS showing greater capacity for improvement. Positive moderating influences were observed with baseline LBS and LBP (W=91 & 75%) on CMJ: eccentric mean power responses to HSR, and CMJ: jump height responses to very-HSR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation of athlete NF responses is complicated by the inconsistent and interacting influence of contextual factors (assessment modality, stage of season, load), in-particular higher baseline LBS and LBP may improve acute load related responses of NF.

The Influence of Biological Maturity on Sprint Speed, Standing Long Jump, and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts.

PURPOSE: To quantify speed, peak momentum, standing long jump (SLJ), and the ratio of vertical to horizontal take-off velocity (Ratiovert-hori TOV) in young female gymnasts of different maturity status and their influence on vaulting vertical TOV. METHODS: One hundred twenty gymnasts age 5-14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings using percentage of predicted adult height. Participants performed three 20-m sprints, SLJ, and straight jump vaults that were recorded using 2-dimensional video and analyzed using digitizing software. RESULTS: All speed intervals, peak speed, peak momentum, SLJ distance, vault height, and vertical TOV increased between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal (P < .001; d = 0.65-1.10) and early prepubertal and pubertal (P < .001; d = 0.75-1.00) groups. No differences between these metrics were observed between the 2 most mature groups (d = 0.01-0.55). Multiple regression analyses revealed peak speed had the strongest association with vertical TOV (R2 = 59%) and also identified the Ratiovert-hori as a secondary determinant (R2 = 12%). A separate regression model indicated that maturity status (percentage of predicted adult height) moderately influences vertical TOV during vaulting (R2 = 41%). CONCLUSION: Speed and SLJ performance increase between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal years in young female gymnasts. However, given that peak speed and Ratiovert-hori combined to explain 71% of the total variance in vaulting vertical TOV, in order to increase aerial time for more advanced vaulting, practitioners should attempt to enhance peak speed alongside takeoff technique to develop gymnasts' ability to transfer linear speed to vertical TOV.

Factors Affecting the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players: A Multiclub Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the factors affecting the anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite academy rugby league players. METHODS: One hundred ninety-seven elite academy rugby league players (age = 17.3 [1.0] y) from 5 Super League clubs completed measures of anthropometric and physical characteristics during a competitive season. The interaction between and influence of contextual factors on characteristics was assessed using linear mixed modeling. RESULTS: All physical characteristics improved during preseason and continued to improve until midseason, whereafter 10-m sprint (η2 = .20 cf .25), countermovement jump (CMJ) (η2 = .28 cf .30), and prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (Yo-Yo IR) test (η2 = .22 cf .54) performance declined. Second (η2 = .17) and third (η2 = .16) -year players were heavier than first-years, whereas third-years had slower 10-m sprint times (η2 = .22). Large positional variability was observed for body mass, 20-m sprint time, medicine-ball throw, CMJ, and prone Yo-Yo IR1. Compared with bottom-ranked teams, top-ranked teams demonstrated superior 20-m (η2 = -.22) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 (η2 = .26) performance, whereas middle-ranked teams reported higher CMJ height (η2 = .26) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 distance (η2 = .20) but slower 20-m sprint times (η2 = .20). CONCLUSION: These findings offer practitioners who design training programs for academy rugby league players insight into the relationships between anthropometric and physical characteristics and how they are influenced by playing year, league ranking, position, and season phase.

Influence of Playing Standard on Upper- and Lower-Body Strength, Power, and Velocity Characteristics of Elite Rugby League Players.

BACKGROUND: To compare load-velocity and load-power relationships among first grade (n = 26, age 22.9 ± 4.3 years), academy (n = 23, age 17.1 ± 1.0 years), and scholarship (n = 16, age 15.4 ± 0.5 years) Super League rugby league players. METHODS: Participants completed assessments of maximal upper- and lower-body strength (1RM) and peak velocity and power at 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg during bench press and squat exercises, in a randomised order. RESULTS: Bench press and squat 1RM were highest for first grade players compared with other standards (effect size (ES) = -0.43 to -3.18). Peak velocities during bench and squat were greater in the higher playing standards (ES = -0.39 to -3.72 range), except for the squat at 20 and 40 kg. Peak power was higher in the better playing standards for all loads and exercises. For all three groups, velocity was correlated to optimal bench press power (r = 0.514 to 0.766), but only 1RM was related to optimal power (r = 0.635) in the scholarship players. Only squat 1RM in the academy was related to optimal squat power (r = 0.505). CONCLUSIONS: Peak velocity and power are key physical qualities to be developed that enable progression from junior elite rugby league to first grade level. Resistance training should emphasise both maximal strength and velocity components, in order to optimise upper- and lower-body power in professional rugby league players.

The association of flexibility, balance, and lumbar strength with balance ability: risk of falls in older adults.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a proprioceptive training program on older adults, as well as to analyze the association between flexibility, balance and lumbar strength (physical fitness test) with balance ability and fall risk (functional balance tests). This study was a controlled, longitudinal trial with a 12-week follow-up period. Subjects from a population of older adults were allocated to the intervention group (n = 28) or to the usual care (control) group (n = 26). Subjects performed proprioceptive training twice weekly (6 specific exercises with Swiss ball and BOSU). Each session included 50 minutes (10 minutes of warm-up with slow walk, 10 minutes of mobility and stretching exercises, 30 minutes of proprioceptive exercises). The outcome variables were physical fitness (lower-body flexibility, hip-joint mobility, dynamic balance, static balance, and lumbar strength) and functional balance (Berg scale and Tinetti test). The experimental group obtained significantly higher values than the control group in lower-body flexibility, dynamic balance, and lumbar strength (p = 0.019, p < 0.001, and p = 0.034 respectively). Hip-joint mobility, dynamic balance, and lumbar strength were positively associated with balance ability (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.014, respectively) and the prevention of falls (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.017 respectively). These findings suggest that a 12-week proprioception program intervention (twice a week) significantly improves flexibility, balance, and lumbar strength in older adults. Hip-joint mobility, dynamic balance and lumbar strength are positively associated to balance ability and the risk of falls in older adults. This proprioceptive training does not show a significant improvement in hip-joint mobility or static balance. Key pointsA 12-week proprioceptive intervention program (two times per week) significantly improves flexibility, balance, and lumbar strength in older adults.The risk of falls and balance ability are significantly improved after a training program with Bosu and Swiss ball in older adults.An improvement in joint mobility, dynamic balance and lumbar strength is positively associated with balance ability and improved fall risk in older adults.A 12-week proprioceptive intervention program (two times per week) does not show a significant improvement in hip-joint mobility and static balance.

Usos y efectos de las bandas elásticas sobre las cualidades físicas / Uses and effects of elastic bands on physical qualities

Las bandas elásticas han sido empleadas para la intervención sobre fuerza, sin embargo, Liu y Latham (2009) no se ha consolidado información sobre usos y efectos sobre otras cualidades. Se propuso documentar los usos y efectos de las bandas elásticas, como un soporte teórico para fa-vorecer la toma de decisiones en intervenciones fisioterapéuticas. Esta investigación se desarrolló como un estudio descriptivo tipo revisión documental; se tomaron 70 artículos de bases de datos como Pubmed, Cochrane y revistas como Physical Therapy, de los cuales 42 cumplieron los cri-terios de inclusión. El 35% y 26% de los artículos correspondió a Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados respectivamente, un 5% correspondió a revisiones sistemáticas o metaanálisis. Aunque los elásticos son empleados principalmente para intervención sobre fuerza (40% de los usos documentados), se evidenciaron otros usos como balance, estabilidad y equilibrio con un 16%, y flexibilidad con un 15%, seguidos en menor proporción por intervención sobre postura, motricidad gruesa y fina, propiocepción, marcha, calidad de vida, y dolor. En cuanto a los efec-tos, los resultados más consistentes son en fuerza y en flexibilidad, con importantes resultados a favor del tratamiento (72% y 83% respectivamente). Las demás intervenciones no evidenciaron diferencias significativas a favor del tratamiento con elásticos. Está bien documentada la efec-tividad de las bandas elásticas sobre la fuerza muscular y la flexibilidad. Los elásticos no son empleados como único tratamiento, lo que dificulta una atribución de efectos específica hacia las bandas. Falta investigación sobre la utilización de bandas elásticas para propiocepción, balance, equilibrio y coordinación.

Elastic bands have been used for intervention in muscle strenght. However, there is not consoli-dated information about uses and effects in other physical qualities. The main aim of the study is to determine the uses and effects of elastic bands in order to provide theoretical support for de-cision making in physiotherapy interventions. This research was conducted as a descriptive do-cumental review. Seventy articles were downloaded of databases such as Pubmed, Cochrane and magazines such as Physical Therapy; only 42 met the inclusion criteria. A 35% and 26% of articles correspond to randomized and not randomized clinical trials respectively; a 5% was systematic reviews or metaanalisys. Although the elastic are used primarily for strengt intervention (40% of documented uses), other uses such as balance, stability and balance with 16%, and flexibility with 15% was evidenced; followed in smaller proportion by intervention posture, gross and fine motor skills, proprioception, walking, quality of life, and pain. In terms of effects, the results are consistent in strength and flexibility, with significant results in favor of treatment (72 % and 83 % respectively). Other interventions did not show significant differences in favor of treatment with elastic bands. It is well documented the effectiveness of the elastic bands on muscle strength and flexibility. The elastic are not used as a single treatment, which makes difficult the attribution of specific effects directly to the bands. Is necessary more research about use of elastic bands for proprioception, balance, and coordination.

Determinación del perfil antropométrico y cualidades físicas de niños futbolistas de Bogotá / Determination of the anthropometric and physical qualities profile in footballers children of Bogotá

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es definir el perfil antropométrico y las cualidades físicas básicas, en 306 niños en edades de 7-16 años. Método. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas de peso (Kg) y talla (m), IMC (PC (kg)/ talla (m 2 ), porcentaje de grasa corporal, además de los test de Course Navatte, salto horizontal sin impulso, Sit and Reach a cada uno de los sujetos. Resultados. Los resultados se analizaron desde el punto de vista estadístico con medidas de tendencia central, se utilizó la media y la desviación estándar típica como cálculo de variabilidad, con un p<0,05 como diferencia significativa. Se identificaron las variables antropométricas y de las cualidades físicas, y se encontraron diferencias en la población en cuanto al porcentaje de grasa corporal, la potencia aeróbica, la flexibilidad y la fuerza explosiva en miembros inferiores. Conclusión. Se muestran diferencias en los valores encontrados, lo cual puede estar influenciado por factores nutricionales, socioeconómicos y por el tipo de entrenamiento utilizado.

Objective. The objective of this study is to define the profile anthropometric and of basic physical qualities, in 306 children in 7-16 year-old ages. Method. Is carried out anthropometric mensurations of weight (kg) and it height (m), IMC (weight (kg)/it height (m 2 ), percentage of corporal fat, besides the test of Course Navatte, horizontal jump without impulse, Sit and Reach to each one of the fellows. Results. The results were analyzed from the statistical point of view with measures of central tendency, you uses the stocking, the typical standard deviation as I calculate of variability, with a p <0,05 like significant difference. You identifies the variable anthropometric and of physical qualities finding differences in the population as for the percentage of corporal fat, the power aerobic, the flexibility and the explosive force in inferior members. Conclusions. Differences are shown in the opposing values and this can be influenced, for nutritional, socioeconomic factors and for the type of used training.