Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

A 95-day feeding study was carried out to evaluate the impact of complete replacement of fish oil by plant oils in the growth performance, feed consumption fatty acid and body composition of juvenile rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. There were four treatments i.e., A (fish oil diet), (linseed oil diet), C (soybean meal oil diet) and D (sunflower oil diet). The experimental trial was conducted in twelve 1.5-m3 fiber glass tanks (n=3). Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles had an average initial weight of 0.948 g ± 0.124 g and they were stocked at 50 fish per tank. Fish fed diet A showed significantly better growth rate, final body weight, and total body weight than fish fed on the other diets. Moreover, the best FCR was observed for diet A followed by diet C and diets B and D had the worst FCR. Fish body composition for crude protein, dry matter, ashes and gross energy at the end of the trial had not differed between the treatments. The highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in fish fed diet A followed in decreasing order by diets D, B, and C. Fish oil is a better dietary lipid source for Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles, Siganus rivulatus, than plant oils. Among plant oils, soybean oil was better than linseed oil and sunflower oil as the main dietary fat source.

Um estudo de alimentação de 95 dias foi realizado para avaliar o impacto da substituição completa de óleo de peixe por óleos vegetais no desempenho de crescimento, composição corporal e consumo de ração de juvenis de coelho, Siganus rivulatus. Houve quatro tratamentos, ou seja, A (dieta de óleo de peixe), (dieta de óleo de linhaça), C (dieta de óleo de farelo de soja) e D (dieta de óleo de girassol). O ensaio experimental foi conduzido em doze tanques de fibra de vidro de 1,5 m3 (n=3). Os juvenis de peixe-coelho-de-espinho apresentaram peso inicial médio de 0,948 g ± 0,124 g e foram estocados com 50 peixes por tanque. Os peixes alimentados com a dieta A apresentaram taxa de crescimento, peso corporal final e peso corporal total significativamente melhores do que os peixes alimentados com as outras dietas. Além disso, a melhor CAA foi observada para a dieta A seguida da dieta C e as dietas B e D tiveram a pior CA. A composição corporal dos peixes para proteína bruta, matéria seca, cinzas e energia bruta ao final do experimento não diferiu entre os tratamentos. O maior teor de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foi encontrado nos peixes alimentados com a dieta A seguido em ordem decrescente pelas dietas D, B e C. O óleo de peixe é uma melhor fonte de lipídios dietéticos para juvenis de peixe-coelho, Siganus rivulatus, do que os óleos vegetais. Entre os óleos vegetais, o óleo de soja foi melhor que o óleo de linhaça e o óleo de girassol como principal fonte de gordura da dieta.

Efectos de fuentes de grasa sobre características del hígado y la morfometría intestinal en un modelo animal a temprana edad / Effects of fat sources on liver characteristics and intestinal morphometry in an early-life animal model

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del consumo de tres fuentes de ácidos grasos sobre el peso relativo, caracterización macroscópica y microscópica del hígado, y la morfometría intestinal en un modelo animal a temprana edad. Se utilizaron 76 pollitos distribuidos al azar, que recibieron una de las dietas (T1: 97,0% de dieta basal (DB) + 3,0% de material inerte, T2: 97,0% de DB + 3,0% de manteca vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada, T3: 97,0% de DB + 3,0% de aceite de quinua, y T4: 97,0% de DB + 3,0% de aceite de pescado) hasta el séptimo día de vida; luego se extrajeron muestras para los análisis correspondientes. Se encontró que, los animales que consumieron aceite de quinua (T3) o aceite de pescado (T4) tuvieron resultados favorables asociados a un menor peso del hígado y, una mejor absorción de nutrientes a nivel intestinal debido a mayores valores en la relación longitud del vello y profundidad de cripta; en comparación a la manteca vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada (T2). En conclusión, el aceite de quinua constituye una opción saludable de consumo y fuente alternativa al aceite de pescado.

ABSTRACT We aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of three sources of fatty acids on the relative weight, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the liver, and intestinal morphometry in an early-life animal model. Seventy-six randomly distributed chicks received one of the diets (T1: 97.0% basal diet (BD) + 3.0% inert material, T2: 97.0% BD + 3.0% partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening, T3: 97.0% BD + 3.0% quinoa oil, and T4: 97.0% BD + 3.0% fish oil) until the seventh day of life; samples were then extracted in order to be analyzed. We found that the animals that consumed quinoa oil (T3) or fish oil (T4) had favorable results associated to lower liver weight and better absorption of nutrients at intestinal level due to higher values in the hair length and crypt depth ratio, in comparison to partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening (T2). In conclusion, quinoa oil constitutes a healthy option for consumption and an alternative source to fish oil.

Evaluation of a combination of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis essential oil and albendazole for the treatment of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.

Citrus fruits are consumed all over the world and their by-products are used for animal feed and essential oils production. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activity of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis essential oil (CaEO) combined with ABZ against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus. In vitro egg hatching assays (EHA) were performed using CaEO and ABZ to estimate the effective concentration to achieve 50% egg death (EC50) values and calculate the test essential oil and drug combinations using a simplex-centroid mixture design. These concentrations were used for a second round of EHAs. Sixteen sheep were randomly allocated into two groups and treated with ABZ and the combination of CaEO and ABZ, and faecal egg count reduction tests were performed. In the first round of EHA, CaEO and ABZ showed EC50 values of 0.57 and 0.0048 mg mL-1, respectively. The H. contortus strain used in the study was shown to be highly benzimidazole resistant, with only 1.5% of parasites having susceptible ß-tubulin SNP genotypes. The ABZ reduced the shedding of nematode eggs by 78%, however, its combination with CaEO reduced faecal egg counts by only 9%. The present study is important to highlight the interferences of natural products in anthelmintic metabolism and consequently in drug efficacy.

The GABAergic System and Endocannabinoids in Epilepsy and Seizures: What Can We Expect from Plant Oils?

Seizures and epilepsy are some of the most common serious neurological disorders, with approximately 80% of patients living in developing/underdeveloped countries. However, about one in three patients do not respond to currently available pharmacological treatments, indicating the need for research into new anticonvulsant drugs (ACDs). The GABAergic system is the main inhibitory system of the brain and has a central role in seizures and the screening of new ACD candidates. It has been demonstrated that the action of agents on endocannabinoid receptors modulates the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; however, studies on the anticonvulsant properties of endocannabinoids from plant oils are relatively scarce. The Amazon region is an important source of plant oils that can be used for the synthesis of new fatty acid amides, which are compounds analogous to endocannabinoids. The synthesis of such compounds represents an important approach for the development of new anticonvulsant therapies.

Efecto protector del aceite de Sacha inchi ( Plukenetía volubilis linneo ) en ratas Holtzman con inducción de artritis experimental / Protective effect of Sacha inchi oil ( Plukenetía volubilis linneo ) in Holtzman rats with induction of experimental arthritis

RESUMEN Objetivo. Demostrar cual es el resultado de la protección del aceite de Sacha inchi (SI) al realizar una inducción artificial de artritis al inyectar carragenina a ratas Holtzman. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, experimental y correlacional; se usaron 30 ratas macho: divididos en cinco grupos aleatorios : 1) Solución salina fisiológica (SSF) 2 mL/kg; 2) Carragenina (C) 0,1 mL solución 2% vía intraarticular, en la zona de la articulación del fémur con la tibia izquierda; 3) C y SI 250 mg/kg; 4) C y SI 1125 mg/kg; y 5) C y SI 2250 mg/ kg; determinándose tiempo (segundos), tipo de prensión (normal, pobre, regular, moderada, intensa), e inflamación pannus, fibrosis pannus, mediante estudio histopatológico. Se aplicó análisis de varianza, y los test de Tukey y Fisher. Resultados. Hubo mayor porcentaje de efecto antiinflamatorio dosis dependiente y tiempo de prensión a 2250 mg/Kg, seguido por 1125 mg/Kg. El estudio histopatológico mostró un pannus leve y fibrosis ausente con la dosis más alta; a dosis de 1125 mg/Kg de aceite SI hubo pannus moderado, y fibrosis leve. Conclusiones. Se demostró el resultado protector del aceite de Sacha Inchi (SI) aumentando y mejorando el tiempo tipo de prensión y reducción del pannus en la artritis inducida por carragenina en ratas Holtzman.

ABSTRACT Objective. To demonstrate the protective effect of Sacha inchi oil (SI) in arthritis induced by carrageenan in Holtzman rats. Methods. Quantitative, experimental and correlational study; 30 rats, males, randomly distributed in 5 groups were used: 1) SSF 2 mL/kg; 2) Carrageenan; 3) 4) and 5) Sacha inchi. Except for the control, they received 0.1 mL 2% carrageenan intra-articularly (the area of the femur joint with the left tibia); sacha inchi oil orally 225, 1125 and 2250 mg/kg correspondingly; determining time (seconds), type of grip (normal, poor, regular, moderate, intense), and pannus inflammation, pannus fibrosis by means of histopathological study. Applying analysis of variance, Tukey and Fisher test. Results. There was a higher percentage of dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect and grasp time at 2250 mg/Kg, followed by 1125 mg/Kg; and the histopathological study showed mild pannus and absent fibrosis with the highest dose, in contrast to doses of 1125 mg/Kg of oil there was moderate pannus, and mild fibrosis. Conclusions. The protective effect of Sacha inchi oil (SI) has demonstrated by increasing the time and improving the type of grasp and reducing the pannus in arthritis induced by carrageenan in Holtzman rats.

Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis frente a patógenos orales / Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Minthostachys mollis against oral pathogens

Introduction: Minthostachys mollis is medicinal plant frequently used because of its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Objective: Identify the chemical composition of the essential oil from Minthostachys mollis and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens. Methods: The essential oil was extracted from the fresh leaves and branches of the plant by steam distillation method, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry were performed to identify the principal constituents of the essential oils. Repetitions for the antimicrobial assay were calculated with the Epi info TM program. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 by disc diffusion assay and microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bacterial concentration and minimum fungal concentration were recorded. Results: The main compounds found were menthone (32.9 percent) and eucalyptol (28.1 percent). The essential oil of M. mollis demonstrated inhibition zones against E. Faecalis, P. gingivalis and C. albicans of 15.13 ± 0.39, 17.96 ± 0.21, and 20.82 ± 0.63 mm, respectively. There were significant differences on the inhibition zones between the three strains tested, being C. albicans the most sensible microorganism (p < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 1.05 to 2.11 µg/mL, the minimum bacterial concentration ranged from 2.11 to 4.23 µg/mL, and the minimum fungal concentration was 1.05 µg/mL. Conclusions: The essential oil of Minthostachys mollis showed as principal compounds menthone and eucalyptol and it has an important antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, P. gingivalis and C. albicans(AU)

Introducción: Minthostachys mollis es una planta medicinal de uso frecuente por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y antibacterianas. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis y evaluar sus propiedades antimicrobianas frente a patógenos orales. Métodos: El aceite esencial se extrajo de las hojas y ramas frescas de la planta mediante el método de destilación al vapor; se realizó una cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas para identificar los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial. Las repeticiones del ensayo antimicrobiano se calcularon con el programa Epi infoTM. La actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó frente a Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 y Candida albicans ATCC 10231 mediante ensayo de difusión en disco y método de microdilución. Se registró la concentración mínima inhibidora, la concentración mínima bactericida y la concentración mínima fungicida. Resultados: Los principales compuestos encontrados fueron mentona (32,9 por ciento) y eucaliptol (28,1 por ciento). El aceite esencial de M. mollis generó zonas de inhibición frente a E. Faecalis, P. gingivalis y C. albicans de 15,13 ± 0,39, 17,96 ± 0,21 y 20,82 ± 0,63 mm, respectivamente. Existió diferencias significativas en las zonas de inhibición entre las tres cepas, siendo C. albicans el microorganismo más sensible (p < 0,05). La concentración mínima inhibitoria varió de 1,05 a 2,11 µg/mL, la concentración mínima bacteriana varió de 2,11 a 4,23 µg/mL y la concentración mínima de hongos fue 1,05 µg/mL. Conclusiones: El aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis mostró como compuestos principales mentona y eucaliptol y posee una importante actividad antimicrobiana contra E. faecalis, P. gingivalis y C. albicans.

Efecto antibacteriano del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. frente a Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus acidophilus / Antibacterial effect of Minthostachys mollis(Griseb) L.essential oil against Streptococcus mutansand Lactobacillus acidophilus

Introducción: El uso de los aceites esenciales de plantas medicinales ha demostrado poseer propiedades antibacterianas frente a diversas especies bacterianas. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus acidophilus. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro. Se empleó el software EpiInfoTM para el cálculo de las repeticiones. Se obtuvo aceite esencial de M. mollis proveniente de la región altoandina del Perú. La composición química fue analizada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó por medio del método de difusión en disco, además, se identificó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida. Resultados: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial fueron mentona (32,9 por ciento) y eucaliptol (28,06 por ciento). El aceite esencial fue efectivo para inhibir el crecimiento de S. mutans y L. acidophilus, con halos de inhibición de 19,040 ± 0,883 mm y 18,008 ± 0,861 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue más efectiva que el aceite esencial para inhibir el crecimiento de L. acidophilus (p < 0,05). Una concentración de 1,6 por ciento (v/v) del aceite esencial fue inhibitoria y bactericida frente a S. mutans; para L. acidophilus una concentración de 3,2 por ciento (v/v) fue inhibitoria. Conclusiones: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial de M. mollis fueron mentona y eucaliptol y demostró ser efectivo para inhibir el crecimiento de S. mutans y L. acidophilus(AU)

Introduction: The use of essential oils from medicinal plants has been shown to possess antibacterial properties against various bacterial species. Objective: To identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. and determine its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Methods: An experimental study was performed in vitro. EpiInfoTM software was used to calculate the repetitions. Essential oil of M. mollis was obtained from the high Andean region of Peru. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; antibacterial activity was evaluated by means of the disk diffusion method, in addition the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were identified. Results: The main constituents of the essential oil were menthone (32.9 percent) and eucalyptol (28.06 percent). The essential oil was effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and L. acidophilus, with inhibition halos of 19.040 ± 0.883 mm and 18.008 ± 0.861 mm. Chlorhexidine 0.12 percent was more effective than essential oil in inhibiting the growth of L. acidophilus (p < 0.05). A concentration of 1.6 percent (v/v) of the essential oil was inhibitory and bactericidal against S. mutans; for L. acidophilus a concentration of 3.2 percent (v/v) was inhibitory. Conclusions: The main constituents of the essential oil of M. mollis were menthone and eucalyptol and it was shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and L. acidophilus(AU)

Eficácia de óleos vegetais no controle do biofilme dental: revisão integrativa / Efficacy of vegetable oils in control of dental biofilm: integrative review / Eficacia de los aceites vegetales en el control de biofilm dental: revision integrativa

Introdução:A terapia de bochecho com óleos vegetais é uma cultura tradicional na Índia com intuito de prevenir afecções bucais, como cárie e doença periodontal. Atualmente, com as mudanças nos padrões alimentares da sociedade, tem-se empregado com maior valor o uso de óleos naturais, já que estudos demonstram sua importância para saúde.Objetivo:Esta revisão integrativa teve como objetivo selecionar evidências que mostrassem a utilização de óleos vegetais, com ação antimicrobiana, no controle do biofilme dental. Metodologia:O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nos meses de julho e agosto de 2020, por meio de pesquisa por via eletrônica, consultando-se o banco de dados Pubmed e SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Foram utilizados os descritores: Óleos vegetais, agentes antimicrobianos, Placa dental, Odontologia preventiva e Odontologia, os descritores foram usados separadamente e em cruzamento com o operador boleano AND. Utilizou-se os seguintes critérios de inclusão: Estudos clínicos, artigos completos e disponíveis gratuitamente, publicados no período de 2010 a 2020 em português e/ou inglês, e indexados nas bases de dados já citadas. Foram excluídos os trabalhos de conclusão de curso, dissertações, teses, livros e capítulos de livros, além de artigos duplicados e que não abordaram o tema do estudo.Resultados:Atenderam os critérios da pesquisa 04 estudos do tipo clínico randomizado, os quais mostraram eficiência dos óleos vegetais utilizados no controle do biofilme dental. A realização de pesquisas envolvendo e motivando a industrialização de produtos naturaiscontribui para a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares.Conclusões:Os artigos analisados mostraram eficácia na utilização de óleos vegetais no controle do biofilme dental, sendo esses aplicados clinicamente,não mostrando prejuízo aos participantes e indicados como coadjuvante na manutenção da saúde bucal (AU).

Introduction:Mouthwash therapy with vegetable oils is a traditional culture in India with the aim of preventing oral diseases, such as caries and periodontal disease. Currently, with the changes in the dietary patterns of society, the use of natural oils has been used with greater value, since studies demonstrate its importance for health.Objective:This integrative review aimed to select evidence that showed the use of vegetable oils, with antimicrobial action, in the control of dental biofilm. Methodology:Thebibliographic survey was carried out in July and August 2020, through electronic research, consulting the Pubmed and SciELO database (Scientific Electronic Library Online). The descriptors were used: Vegetable oils, antimicrobial agents, dental plaque, preventive dentistry and dentistry, the descriptors were used separately and in cross-section with the Boolean operator AND. The following inclusion criteria were used: Clinical studies, complete and freely available articles, published between 2010 and 2020in Portuguese and / or English, and indexed in the databases already cited. Course completion papers, dissertations, theses, books and book chapters were excluded, as well as duplicate articles that did not address the subject of the study. Results:Four studies of randomized clinical type met the research criteria, which showed efficiency of vegetable oils used in the control of dental biofilm. Conducting research involving and motivating the industrialization of natural products contributes to the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices.Conclusions:The analyzed articles showed efficacy in the use of vegetable oils in the control of dental biofilm, which were applied clinically without showing any harm to the participants and indicatedas an adjunct in maintaining oral health (AU).

Introducción: La terapia de enjuague bucal con aceites vegetales es una cultura tradicional en India con el objetivo de prevenir enfermedades bucales, como caries y enfermedad periodontal. Actualmente, con los cambios en los patrones dietéticos de la sociedad, se ha utilizado con mayor valor el uso de aceites naturales, ya que los estudios demuestran su importancia para la salud. Objetivo: Esta revisión integradora tuvo como objetivo seleccionar evidencias que mostraran el uso de aceites vegetales, con acción antimicrobiana, en el control del biofilm dental.Metodología: El relevamiento bibliográfico se realizó en julio y agosto de 2020, mediante investigación electrónica, consultando la base de datos Pubmed y SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Se utilizaron los descriptores: Aceites vegetales, agentes antimicrobianos, placa dental, odontología preventiva y odontología, los descriptores se utilizaron por separado y en corte transversal con el operador booleano AND. Se utilizaron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: Estudios clínicos, artículos completos y de libre acceso, publicados entre 2010 y 2020 en portugués y / o inglés, e indexados en las bases de datos ya citadas. Se excluyeron trabajos de finalización de curso, disertaciones, tesis, libros y capítulosde libros, así como artículos duplicados que no abordaran el tema de estudio. Resultados: Cuatro estudios de tipo clínico aleatorizado cumplieron con los criterios de investigación, los cuales mostraron la eficiencia de los aceites vegetales utilizados enel control del biofilm dental. Realizar investigaciones que involucren y motiven la industrialización de productos naturales contribuye a la Política Nacional de Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias.Conclusiones: Los artículos analizados mostraron eficacia en el uso de aceites vegetales en el control del biofilm dental, los cuales fueron aplicados clínicamente sin mostrar daño a los participantes e indicados como coadyuvante en el mantenimiento de la salud bucal (AU).

Effect of essential oils on Leishmania amazonensis: a systematic review.

This systematic review investigated the evidence for the therapeutic potential of essential oils (EOs) against Leishmania amazonensis. We searched available scientific publications from 2005 to 2019 in the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, according to PRISMA statement. The search strategy utilized descriptors and free terms. The EOs effect of 35 species of plants identified in this systematic review study, 45.7% had half of the maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 10 < IC50 ⩽ 50 µg mL-1 and 14.3% had a 10 < IC50µg mL-1 for promastigote forms of L. amazonensis. EOs from Cymbopogon citratus species had the lowest IC50 (1.7 µg mL-1). Among the plant species analyzed for activity against intracellular amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, 39.4% had an IC50 10 < IC50 ⩽ 50 µg mL-1, and 33.3% had an IC50 10 < IC50µg mL-1. Aloysia gratissima EO showed the lowest IC50 (0.16 µg mL-1) for intracellular amastigotes. EOs of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Copaifera martii and Carapa guianensis, administered by the oral route, were effective in reducing parasitic load and lesion volume in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. EOs of Bixa orellana and C. ambrosioides were effective when administered intraperitoneally. Most of the studies analyzed in vitro and in vivo for the risk of bias showed moderate methodological quality. These results indicate a stimulus for the development of new phytotherapy drugs for leishmaniasis treatment.

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial.

Recent evidence suggests that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health. This study compared the effects of Brazil nut oil (BNO) and soybean oil (SO) supplementation for 30 days on anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical, and oxidative parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Thirty-one patients with MS were randomly allocated to receive 30 sachets with 10 mL each of either BNO (n = 15) or SO (n = 16) for daily supplementation. Variables were measured at the beginning of the study and after 30 days of intervention. No change in anthropometric and blood pressure variables were observed (p > 0.05). Total (p = 0.0253) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.0437) cholesterol increased in the SO group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (p = 0.0087) and triglycerides increased (p = 0.0045) in the BNO group. Malondialdehyde levels decreased in the BNO group (p = 0.0296) and total antioxidant capacity improved in the SO group (p = 0.0110). Although the addition of oils without lifestyle interventions did not affect anthropometric findings or blood pressure and promoted undesirable results in the lipid profile in both groups, daily supplementation of BNO for 30 days decreased lipid peroxidation, contributing to oxidative stress reduction.

CARACTERIZACIÓN FISICOQUÍMICA DE OLEOGELES DE ACEITE DE AGUACATE (Persea americana) Y SACHA INCHI (Plukenetia volubilis) / PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OLEOGELS OF AVOCADO OIL (Persea americana) AND SACHA INCHI (Plukenetia volubilis)

RESUMEN Debido a las consecuencias que presenta en la salud una dieta poco saludable y con gran contenido de grasas trans, se han desarrollado alternativas alimentarias para el cuidado de la salud, entre ellos, los alimentos naturales con el mínimo aporte de carbohidratos y de grasas saturadas. Por lo anterior, se propuso la formulación de oleogeles libre de grasas trans, a partir de emulsiones (w/o), usando aceite de aguacate y sacha inchi, estructurados con diferentes emulsificantes. Se consideró un diseño factorial 3x3, donde se varió el tipo de emulsificante: lecitina, monoesterato de glicerilo y la relación entre el aceite de aguacate y el aceite de sacha inchi para la fase oleosa del sistema oleoestructurado. Se obtuvo un producto con tintes verdosos y amarillos, cuya cromaticidad b* en sistema Cielab es afectado por el tipo de emulsificante, tomando tonalidades más amarillas, cuando se usa la mezcla lecitina-Monoesterato de glicerilo. Las formulaciones, con una relación de aceites 70/30 usando Lecitina, como emulsificante y la formulación con una relación de aceites 80/20 y usando Monoesterato de glicerilo, mostraron los mejores resultados en términos de fuerza firmeza, en contraste con las margarinas comerciales, cumpliendo con los requisitos fisicoquímicos, establecido en las normas vigentes para aceites y margarinas, como son: índice de peróxido (<10m-eq O2/kg de grasa), acidez (<0,8% de ácido oleico) y contenido de humedad (≥16% b.h).

SUMMARY Due to the health consequences of an unhealthy diet with a high content of trans fats, food alternatives for health care have been developed, including natural foods with the minimum amount of carbohydrates and saturated fats. Therefore, the formulation of oleogeles free of trans fats was proposed from (w/o) emulsion using avocado and sacha inchi oil and different emulsifiers. A 3x3 factorial design was used in which the type of emulsifier: lecithin, glyceryl monostearate and the ratio of avocado and sacha inchi oil was varied. A product was obtained with greenish and yellow dyes, whose chromaticity b* is affected by the type of emulsifier, taking more yellow tones when the lecithin-glyceryl monostearate mixture is used. Formulations with a 70/30 ratio of oils using Lecithin as an emulsifier agent and formulation with an 80/20 oil ratio and using glyceryl monostearate showed the best results in terms of firmness in contrast to commercial margarines, meeting the physico-chemical requirements established in the current standards for oils and margarines such as: peroxide value (<10m-eq O2/kg fat), acidity (<0.8% oleic acid) and moisture content (≥ 16% w.b).

Medicinal plants from the Brazilian Amazonian region and their antileishmanial activity: a review.

Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease caused by Leishmania protozoans, primarily affects people in tropical and subtropical areas. Chemotherapy based on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosine and liposomal amphotericin B is currently the only effective treatment. However, adverse effects, long-term treatment and the emergence of parasite resistance have led to the search for alternative treatments. Natural products used in traditional medicine provide an unlimited source of molecules for the identification of new drugs, and the Amazon region has abundant biodiversity that includes several species of plants and animals, providing a rich source of new products and compounds. Although the literature describes numerous promising compounds and extracts for combating Leishmania protozoans, the results of such research have not been embraced by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this review focused on the antileishmanial activity of extracts, isolated compounds and essential oils commonly used by the local population in the Brazilian Amazonian region to treat several illnesses and described in the literature as promising compounds for combating leishmaniasis.

Effect of vegetable oils applied over acquired enamel pellicle on initial erosion

Abstract Objective The prevalence of dental erosion has been recently increasing, requiring new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Vegetable oils have been studied in preventive dentistry because they come from a natural, edible, low-cost, and worldwide accessible source. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of different vegetable oils, applied in two concentrations, on initial enamel erosion. Material and Methods Initially, the acquired pellicle was formed in situ for 2 hours. Subsequently, the enamel blocks were treated in vitro according to the study group (n=12/per group): GP5 and GP100 - 5% and pure palm oil, respectively; GC5 and GC100 - 5% and pure coconut oil; GSa5 and GSa100 - 5% and pure safflower oil; GSu5 and GSu100 - 5% and pure sunflower oil; GO5 and GO100 - 5% and pure olive oil; CON− - Deionized Water (negative control) and CON+ - Commercial Mouthwash (Elmex® Erosion Protection Dental Rinse, GABA/positive control). Then, the enamel blocks were immersed in artificial saliva for 2 minutes and subjected to short-term acid exposure in 0.5% citric acid, pH 2.4, for 30 seconds, to promote enamel surface softening. The response variable was the percentage of surface hardness loss [((SHi - SHf) / SHf )×100]. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results Enamel blocks of GP100 presented similar hardness loss to GSu100 (p>0.05) and less than the other groups (p<0.05). There was no difference between GP5, GC5, GC100, GSa5, GSu100, GSa100, GSu5, GO5, GO100, CON− and CON+. Conclusion Palm oil seems to be a promising alternative for preventing enamel erosion. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate a long-term erosive cycling.

Microemulsion systems containing bioactive natural oils: an overview on the state of the art.

Natural oils are extremely complex mixtures containing compounds of different chemical nature. Some of them have physiological or therapeutic activities that may act either alone or in synergy. Therefore, they are used in the pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. Today, the interest in bioactive natural oils is growing due to their immense potential to prevent and treat numerous human diseases. Formulation in microemulsions (MEs) containing natural oils appeared suitable to improve pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical properties of bioactive compound derivatives from these oils. Microemulsion systems are thermodynamically stable, transparent, and are isotropic dispersions consisting of oil and water stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactants, typically in combination with a cosurfactant. They can protect labile compounds from premature degradation, control release, increase solubility and hence enhance the bioavailability of poorly bioavailable compounds. The aim of this work was to review the various advantages of bioactive compounds presented in natural oil loaded ME systems to be used as delivery systems. First, the state of the art of the parameters involved in the ME formation, including the basic concepts of the physicochemical formulation of the ME systems, and the main aspects of production and the energy responsible for their formation were reported. The second section describes the use of ME systems and reviews the recent applications of natural oil-loaded in the ME systems as the bioactive compound in the formulation.

The use of Brazilian vegetable oils in nanoemulsions: an update on preparation and biological applications

ABSTRACT Vegetable oils present important pharmacological properties, which gained ground in the pharmaceutical field. Its encapsulation in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to facilitate the applicability of these natural compounds and to potentiate the actions. These formulations offer several advantages for topical and systemic delivery of cosmetic and pharmaceutical agents including controlled droplet size, protection of the vegetable oil to photo, thermal and volatilization instability and ability to dissolve and stabilize lipophilic drugs. For these reasons, the aim of this review is to report on some characteristics, preparation methods, applications and especially analyze recent research available in the literature concerning the use of vegetable oils with therapeutic characteristics as lipid core in nanoemulsions, specially from Brazilian flora, such as babassu (Orbignya oleifera), aroeira (Schinus molle L.), andiroba (Carapa guaianiensis), casca-de-anta (Drimys brasiliensis Miers), sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) and carqueja doce (Stenachaenium megapotamicum) oils.

Feeding propolis or essential oils (cashew and castor) to bulls: performance, digestibility, and blood cell counts / Alimentación de toros con propóleos o aceites esenciales (anacardo y ricino): desempeño, digestibilidad y conteo de células sanguíneas / Alimentação de touros com própolis ou óleos essenciais (caju e mamona): desempenho, digestibilidade e contagem de células sanguíneas

Background: in cattle production systems, antibiotics are commonly fed to cattle to prevent diseases, metabolic disorders, and to improve feed efficiency. Considerable effort has been devoted towards developing alternatives to the use of antibiotics. Objective: to evaluate the effect of propolis or cashew and castor oils on animal performance, feed intake, digestibility, and blood cell counts of young bulls. Methods: bulls were kept in a feedlot for 49 days. Starting on the 40th day, feces were sampled for five days to estimate digestibility using indigestible dry matter (DM) as a marker. Bulls were fed a control diet (CON) with sorghum silage (41% DM) and cracked corn, soybean meal, glycerine, limestone, and mineral salt. The propolis-supplemented group (PRO) received 3 g/animal/d in the concentrate. The essential oils-supplemented group (OIL) received 3 g/animal/d (1.5 g cashew oil + 1.5 g castor oil) added to the concentrate. Results: final body weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency were better for bulls fed the OIL diet. Propolis or essential oils had no effect on feed intake and digestibility. There was no effect of propolis or essential oils on blood cell counts. Red blood cell concentration was greater in the last day of the experiment, while the number of white blood cells was lower. Conclusions: dietary addition of propolis did not affect bull performance or feed efficiency. The addition of essential oils improved performance. Feed intake, digestibility, and blood cell counts were similar in all treatments.

Antecedentes: en los sistemas de producción ganaderos, los antibióticos son añadidos a los bovinos para prevenir enfermedades y perturbaciones metabólicas y mejorar la eficacia alimenticia. Se han realizado considerables esfuerzos para desarrollar aditivos alternativos a los antibióticos. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de los propóleos o aceites de anacardo y ricino sobre los índices productivos, ingestión de alimentos, digestibilidad y células sanguíneas de toros jóvenes. Métodos: los toros fueron mantenidos en un sistema de cebo intensivo durante 49 días. A partir del día 40, se tomaron muestras de heces durante cinco días para estimar la digestibilidad (utilizando como marcador la materia seca indigerible). Los toros fueron alimentados con una dieta de control (CON) con ensilaje de sorgo (41% de DM) y maíz triturado, harina de soja, glicerina, piedra caliza y sal mineral. El grupo suplementado con propóleos (PRO) recibió 3 g/animal/d en el concentrado. El grupo suplementado con los aceites esenciales (OIL) recibió 3 g/animal/d (1,5 g de anacardo + 1,5 g de aceite de ricino) añadido al concentrado. Resultados: el peso corporal final, promedio de ganancia diaria y eficacia alimenticia fueron mejores para los toros jóvenes alimentados con la dieta OIL. Los propóleos o aceites esenciales no tuvieron efecto sobre el consumo de alimento y digestibilidad. No hubo efecto de propóleos o la adición de aceites esenciales en las dietas con respecto a los valores medios de las células sanguíneas. El número de células rojas sanguíneas fue mayor en el último día de experimento, mientras que el número de células blancas sanguíneas fue menor. Conclusiones: la adición de propóleos en la dieta de los toros jóvenes no tuvo efecto ni en el desempeño ni la eficiencia alimenticia. La adición de aceites esenciales mejoró el desempeño animal. La ingestión de alimentos, digestibilidad y las células sanguíneas fueron similares en todos los tratamientos.

Antecedentes: no sistema de produção de bovinos, os antibióticos são fornecidos aos bovinos para prevenir doenças e perturbações metabólicas e melhorar a eficiência alimentar. Consideráveis esforços têm sido realizados para desenvolver produtos alternativos aos antibióticos. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de produtos alternativos: própolis, óleos de caju e mamona no desempenho animal, ingestão de alimentos, digestibilidade e células sanguíneas de toros jovens. Métodos: os animais foram confinados durante 49 dias. No quadragésimo dia de confinamento, as fezes foram amostradas por cinco dias para determinar a digestibilidade (matéria seca indigestível foi usada como indicador). Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta controle (CON) com silagem de sorgo (41% da matéria seca) e milho moído, farelo de soja, glicerina, calcário e sal mineral. O grupo própolis (PRO) recebeu 3 g/animal/d dieta. O grupo com óleos essenciais (OIL) receberam 3 g/animal/d (1,5 g de óleo de mamona + 1,5 g de óleo de caju) na dieta. Resultados: o peso final, o ganho médio diário e a eficiência alimentar foram melhores para os animais alimentados com a dieta OIL. Própolis ou óleos essenciais não tiveram efeito na ingestão de alimentos e digestibilidade aparente. Não houve efeito de própolis ou dos óleos essenciais na dieta nos valores de células sanguíneas. A concentração de células vermelhas foi maior no último dia do experimento, enquanto que a concentração de células brancas foi menor. Conclusões: a adição de própolis na dieta dos animais em sistema intensivo de produção não teve efeito sobre o desempenho animal e eficiência alimentar. A adição de óleos essenciais melhorou o desempenho animal. A ingestão de alimentos, digestibilidade e células sanguíneas foram similares em todos os tratamentos.

Extração de Óleo de Gérmen de Trigo com Solventes Alcoólicos / Extraction of Wheat Germ Oil with Alcohol solvents

O gérmem de trigo é um subproduto da indústria de moagem de trigo. O gérmem constitui cerca de 2-3 % do grão de trigo e pode ser separado do grão de uma forma simples durante o processo de moagem. O gérmem de trigo contém cerca de 11 % de óleo. O solvente mais utilizado para extração de óleos vegetais é o n-hexano, no entanto, recentemente a indústria de óleos tem mostrado crescente interesse no uso de solventes alternativos, devido as questões ambientais e de segurança. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a utilização de etanol e isopropanol na extração de óleo de gérmen de trigo, caracterizando o óleo obtido quanto ao teor de ácidos graxos livres, teor de fósforo, índice de peróxidos, estabilidade oxidativa, cor, teor de tocóis e carotenóides, além do rendimento de extração. Também comparou-se os resultados com os obtidos para o óleo extraído pelo método tradicional, com hexano. O isopropanol e etanol foram eficientes para a extração do óleo de gérmen de trigo. O maior rendimento de extração foi encontrado para o etanol. Os óleos extraídos apresentaram elevado teor de ácido linoléico, seguido de ácido oléico, ácido palmítico e linolênico, composição essa característica do óleo de gérmen de trigo. O óleo obtido a partir da extração com etanol e isopropanol apresentou concentrações inferiores de tocoferóis e carotenoides, devido ao fracionamento do óleo durante o preparo da amostra para a análise. A torta obtida após a extração, para os três solventes estudados, apresentou elevado teor de proteína, podendo ser destinada para alimentação.

Wheat germ is a byproduct of wheat milling industry. The germ is about 2-3 % of the wheat grain, and can be easily separated from grain during milling process. The wheat germ contains about 11 % oil. Although the solvent more utilized for extraction of vegetable oils is n-hexane, recently the oil industry has shown a growing interest in the use of alternative solvents, due to environmental and safety concerns. The objective of this study was to extract wheat germ oil using ethanol and isopropanol, and to characterize the oil for free fatty acids levels, phosphorus, peroxide value, oxidative stability, color, tocols and carotenoids levels, and extraction yield. The results were compared with those obtained in the traditional oil extraction with hexane. Isopropanol and ethanol were effective for the oil extraction from wheat germ. The highest extraction yield was found for ethanol. The extracted oil, for tree solvents utilized, showed a high content of linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid, which is characteristic of wheat germ oil. The oil obtained from extraction with ethanol and isopropanol showed lower tocopherols and -carotene levels, due to the oil fractionation during sample preparation. The cake obtained after extraction showed high protein levels for all solvents studied, thus it can be destined for food.

Influência do tempo de armazenamento sobre a concentração de alfa-tocoferol e gama-tocoferol em óleos vegetais / Influence of the storage time on the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils

O alfa- e o gama-tocoferol estão entre os homólogos da vitamina E, que possui importante papel como antioxidante. As fontes dietéticas mais ricas em vitamina E são os óleos vegetais. Este trabalho avaliou os níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja, e averiguou sua variação com o tempo de armazenamento. Os óleos vegetais foram adquiridos nos supermercados da cidade de Natal/RN, e mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e ao abrigo da luz. As análises foram realizadas em diferentes momentos durante o armazenamento (tempo 0 e após 30, 60 e 90 dias). Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi usada para determinar as concentrações dos analitos. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste de variância (ANOVA) e as diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p < 0,05. Ao final do tempo de armazenamento (90 dias) foi verificada diminuição significativa nos níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferolde 38,7 % e 36,0 %, no óleo de canola; 42,2 % e 22,2 %, no óleo de soja; 28,3 % e 29,2 %, no óleo de girassol;39,0 % e 17,9 %, no óleo de milho, respectivamente. As concentrações de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos vegetais reduziram significativamente após armazenamento, sob as condições empregadas no estudo.

The alpha- and gamma-tocopherol are among the homologues of vitamin E which plays a key role as anantioxidant. The richest dietary sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils. This study aimed at evaluating thealpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents in oils from canola, sunflower, corn and soybeans, and to verify their variations after storage time. The vegetable oils were purchased at supermarkets in Natal / RN, and they were keptat room temperature and protected from light. The tests was made at different times during storage (time 0 and after 30, 60 and 90 days). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determinetheir concentrations. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and thedifferences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. By the end of the storage time (90 days), thealpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents showed a significant decrease of 38.7 % and 36.0 % for canola oil; 42.2 %and 22.2 % in soybean oil; 28.3 % and 29.2 % in sunflower oil; 39.0 % and 17.9 % in corn oil, respectively.The concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils significantly decreased after the storageperiod under the conditions used in this study.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao doping cosmético entre frequentadores de academias / Prevalence and associated factors to the cosmetic doping among fitness-centers customers

INTRODUÇÃO: O crescente culto ao corpo na sociedade atual tem levado diversos frequentadores de academia à prática sistemática de injetar óleos por via intramuscular, procedimento denominado doping cosmético. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de doping cosmético na região do Vale do São Francisco, buscando estabelecer os perfis sociodemográfico e clínico desse grupo de indivíduos. RELATO DE CASO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e documental, com análise dos registros de 346 frequentadores de academias de ginástica, dos quais sete relataram utilização de doping cosmético. Destes registros, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, cineantropométricos, hemodinâmicos, história patológica pessoal e familiar pregressa e de consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. A prevalência de doping cosmético foi 2,0% (IC95% 0,8–4,1), e a maioria dos usuários são adultos jovens com segundo grau completo, trabalhadores de classe média, sendo considerados ativos com baixo percentual de gordura. Eles utilizam suplementos alimentares, esteroides anabolizantes e outras drogas ilícitas. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados contribuem na determinação do perfil dessa população, demonstrando que os usuários de doping cosmético são adultos jovens preocupados com a estética corporal. As características sociodemográficas encontradas diferem de estudos prévios quanto ao nível de escolaridade, renda e ocupação. Nesse sentido, ações voltadas para a conscientização dessa população quanto aos riscos e perigos da utilização do doping cosmético devem ser apoiadas o mais breve possível.

INTRODUCTION: The rise in the cult of the body in modern society has led many fitness-centers customers to the systematic practice of intramuscular oil injections, procedure called cosmetic doping. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of cosmetic doping in the São Francisco Valley region, in order to establish the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of this group of individuals. CASE REPORT: This is a retrospective documentary study with analysis of 346 records from fitness-centers customers, of which 7 reported use of cosmetic doping. Sociodemographic, kinanthropometric, hemodynamic, personal and family past medical history and the consumption of licit and illicit drug data were collected from these records. The prevalence of cosmetic doping was 2.0% (95%CI 0.8–4.1), and most of the users are young adults with high school graduates, middle-class workers, and are considered physically active with low body fat mass. They use concomitantly dietary supplements, anabolic steroids and other illicit drug. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study contribute in determining the profile of this population, demonstrating that users of cosmetic doping are young adults concerned with aesthetic body. The sociodemographic characteristics found in this study differ from previous studies in the level of education, income and occupation. In this sense, actions to raise awareness of this population about the risks and dangers of the cosmetic doping should be supported as soon as possible.

Influence of the storage time on the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils / Influência do tempo de armazenamento sobre a concentração de alfa-tocoferol e gama-tocoferol em óleos vegetais

The alpha- and gamma-tocopherol are among the homologues of vitamin E which plays a key role as an antioxidant. The richest dietary sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils. This study aimed at evaluating the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents in oils from canola, sunflower, corn and soybeans, and to verify their variations after storage time. The vegetable oils were purchased at supermarkets in Natal / RN, and they were kept at room temperature and protected from light. The tests was made at different times during storage (time 0 and after 30, 60 and 90 days). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine their concentrations. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test; and the differences were considered statistically significant when p 0.05. By the end of the storage time (90 days), the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents showed a significant decrease of 38.7 % and 36.0 % for canola oil; 42.2 % and 22.2 % in soybean oil; 28.3 % and 29.2 % in sunflower oil; 39.0 % and 17.9 % in corn oil, respectively. The concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils significantly decreased after the storage period under the conditions used in this study.(AU)

O alfa- e o gama-tocoferol estão entre os homólogos da vitamina E, que possui importante papel como antioxidante. As fontes dietéticas mais ricas em vitamina E são os óleos vegetais. Este trabalho avaliou os níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja, e averiguou sua variação com o tempo de armazenamento. Os óleos vegetais foram adquiridas nos supermercados da cidade de Natal/RN, e mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e ao abrigo da luz. As análises foram realizadas em diferentes momentos durante o armazenamento (tempo 0 e após 30, 60 e 90 dias). Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi usada para determinar as concentrações dos analitos. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste de variância (ANOVA); as diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p 0,05. Ao final do tempo de armazenamento (90 dias) foi verificada diminuição significativa nos níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol de 38,7 % e 36,0 %, no óleo de canola; 42,2 % e 22,2 %, no óleo de soja; 28,3 % e 29,2 %, no óleo de girassol; 39,0 % e 17,9 %, no óleo de milho, respectivamente. As concentrações de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos vegetais reduziram significativamente após armazenamento, sob as condições empregadas no estudo.(AU)