ABSTRACT
The indiscriminate use of synthetic herbicides reduces its effectiveness. Bioherbicides produced with metabolites emerge as an alternative to managing weeds. We aimed to analyze the phytotoxic potential of the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (EOVA) and the α-bisabolol molecule, its main component. We evaluated the effects of EOVA and α-bisabolol at different concentrations on the germination, growth, antioxidant metabolism, and photosynthesis of different species. EOVA and α-bisabolol showed promising phytotoxic effects on the germination and initial growth of the weed Senna occidentalis, inhibiting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and increasing lipid peroxidation. α-Bisabolol reduced the weed seedling growth by inducing oxidative stress, which suggests a greater role in postemergence. Moreover, in the weed postemergence, both EOVA and α-bisabolol caused damage in the shoots, reduced the chlorophyll content, and increased lipid peroxidation besides reducing photosynthesis in S. occidentalis. Overall, we suggest the promising action of α-bisabolol and EOVA as bioherbicides for weed control.
Subject(s)
Herbicides , Weed Control , Antioxidants , Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes , Herbicides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate energetic source used by juveniles of a terrestrial oviparous invertebrate during the earliest periods of their life. Growth, behavioural activities and energy contents of Pardosa saltans spiderlings' residual vitellus were monitored during 8 days after their emergence from their egg-sac until they disperse autonomously. The life-cycle of juvenile after emergence can be divided into three periods: a gregarious while juveniles are aggregated on their mother, dismounting off their mother's back and dispersion. We present the first biochemical study of residual vitellus and energy expenditure during these three periods. At emergence, the mean weight of juveniles was 0.59 mg and energy stock from residual vitellus averaged 51 cal/g wet mass. During gregarious period, the weight of the juveniles aggregated on their mother did not vary significantly and juveniles utilized only 1 cal/day from their residual vitellus. During the period from dismounting until their first exogenous feed, juveniles lost weight and used 30% of their residual vitellus stock. Proteins from the residual vitellus contributed principally to their energy expenditure during this period: 1.5 µg protein/day. Juveniles' first exogenous feeding was observed 7-8 days after emergence, when 70% of residual vitellus energy had been utilized. Juveniles dispersed after eating, reconstituting an energy stock comparable to that observed at emergence from egg-sac (50 cal/g wet mass). This new energy stock contains mainly lipids unlike the energy stock from the residual vitellus.
Subject(s)
Arthropod Proteins/analysis , Egg Proteins/analysis , Energy Metabolism , Lipids/analysis , Ovum/chemistry , Spiders/physiology , Animals , Carbohydrates/analysis , Female , Predatory BehaviorABSTRACT
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) é uma espécie com expressiva dispersão em quase todo o sul e sudeste do Brasil, muito utilizada na medicina popular e considerada uma planta invasora. O potencial fitotóxico do extrato hidroalcoólico das flores de P. venusta foi testado por meio de bioensaios de germinação (pré e pósemergência) e de ação tóxica sobre o índice mitótico de sementes de Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) (alface). A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada para averiguação de substâncias presentes no extrato floral. As diferentes concentrações do extrato mostraram alteração nos diferentes índices de germinação, no comprimento radicular e interferência sobre o índice mitótico. A triagem fitoquímica mostrou a presença de substâncias como terpenos, esteroides, flavonoides, taninos condensados e saponinas, compostos que podem estar associados diretamente com os resultados de fitotoxicidade e citotoxicidade observados. P. venusta possui componentes aleloquímicos capazes de prejudicar a germinação e crescimento radicular de alface.
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) is a species with a wide distribution in nearly all of Southern and Southeastern Brazil, has long been used in folk medicine and is considered an invasive plant. The phytotoxic potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of the flowers of P. venusta was evaluated by the germination (pre and post-emergence) and the phytotoxicity bioassays (mitotic index) on the test plant Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) (lettuce). A phytochemical screening was performed to identify the components of the floral extract. Different concentrations of the extract caused changes in the germination parameters, the root length and the mitotic index. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of substances such as terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins, which are compounds that may be associated directly with the results of cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity observed. P. venusta has allelochemical components capable of impairing the germination and root growth of lettuce.
Subject(s)
Lactuca , Bignoniaceae , AllelopathyABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito alelopático de amostras de solo coletadas sob a copa de três espécimes de Copaifera langsdorffii na germinação de Lactuca sativa e realizar o levantamento do banco natural de sementes de acordo com a sazonalidade. Para testar o efeito alelopático realizou-se experimentos de pré e pós-emergência com sementes de L. sativa e para quantificar o estoque de sementes, amostras de solo foram coletadas de três espécimes em três distâncias do caule (1, 2 e 3m) e em três profundidades (0-5, 5-10 e 10-15cm), na região de cerrado nas estações seca e úmida. As amostras testadas nos ensaios de pré-emergência não interferiram significativamente nos índices de germinabilidade, tempo médio e velocidade de germinação; porém, demonstrou diferença no sincronismo de germinação, independentemente da estação de coleta. No ensaio de pós-emergência foi observada diferença estatística nos parâmetros avaliados (comprimento da raiz primária e hipocótilo) em ambas estações. Para quantificação do banco natural de sementes foram feitas analises macroscópicas de cada amostra de solo com auxílio de microscópio esteroscópico. A análise do banco natural de sementes demonstrou maior número das mesmas na profundidade de 0-5cm e na distância de 2m para ambas estações. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a presença de substâncias aleloquímicas nas amostras de solo coletadas sob a copa de Copaifera langsdorffii.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of soil samples collected under the canopies of three specimens of Copaifera langsdorffii the germination of Lactuca sativa and survey the natural seed bank according to seasonality. To test the allelopathic effect was carried experiments of pre and post-emergence with seeds of L. sativa and to quantify the stock of seeds, soil samples were collected from three specimens at three distances from the stem (1, 2 and 3 m) and at three depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm) in the region of savanna in the dry and wet seasons. The samples tested in bioassay of pre-emergence no significant influence on germinability, mean germination time and mean germination speed, but showed a difference in the synchronism of germination, these data were independent of sampling station. In test for post-emergence was observed statistical difference in the parameters evaluate (length of primary roots and hypocotyls) in both seasons. To quantify the natural seed bank were macroscopic analysis of each soil sample with the help of stereoscopic microscope. The analysis of the natural seed bank showed a larger number of seeds in the 0-5cm and in distance of 2m for both seasons. The results suggest the presence of allelochemical substances in soil samples collected under the canopy of Copaifera langsdorffii.
Subject(s)
Seeds , Lactuca , Germination , Allelopathy , Seed Bank , FabaceaeABSTRACT
In the order to verify the effect of some combinations of herbicides for weed control in plum orchards, afield experiment was carried out in 1986, in Bela Vista do Paraíso, Pr. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 12 treatment and four replication blocks. The treatment and the respective rates in kg. of a.i./ha were: 1. Weeded check; 2. weedy check; 3. glyfhosate + diuron (0,57 + 1,20); 4. glyphosate + diuron (0,95 + 2,00); 5. glyphosate + simazine (0,145 + 1,140); 6. glyphosate + simazina (0,579 + 2,40); 7, glyphosate + terbacil (0,75 + 0,625);glyphosate + terbacil (1,05 + 0,875); 9. MSMA + diuron (2,88 + 1,12) + surfactant 0,1% V/V; 10. MSMA + diuron (3,60 + 1,40) + surfactant 0,1% V/V; 11. paraquat + simazine (0,24 + 2,88) + surfactant 0,1%+ V/V; 12. paraquat + simazine (0,32 + 3,84) + surfactant 0,1% V/V. All were post emergence aplication. The weeds present in the area were Bruchiaria plantaginea, Digitada horizontalis, Setaria geniculata, Digitaria insularis, Altemanthera ficoidea, Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Hipoch
Com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento de algumas combinações prontas de herbicidas na cultura da ameixa e a eficácia no controle das plantas daninhas, foi conduzido em experimento à nível de campo em solo de textura arenosa, no ano de 1987, em Bela Vista do Paraíso, Pr. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 12 tratamentos a 4 repetições, os quais estão a seguir com suas respectivas dosagens em kg i.a./ha, todos aplicados em pós-emergência. 1. testemunha capinada; 2. testemunha não capinada; 3. glifosate + diuron (0,570 + 1,200); 4. glifosate + diuron (0,950 + 2,000); 5. glifosate + simazina (0,345 + 1,440); 6. glifosate + simazina (0,575 +2,400); 7. glifosate + terbacil (0,750 + 0,625); 8. glifosate + terbacil (1,050 + 0,875); 9. MSMA + diuron (2,880 + 1,120) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 10. MSMA + diuron (3,600 + 1,400) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 11. paraquat + simazina (0,240 + 2,880) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 12. paraquat + simazina (0,320 + 3,840) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V. As plantas daninhas presentes eram: Bracharia plantaginea, Digitaria horizontalis, Setaria geniculata, Digitaria insularis, Aternanthera ficoidea, Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Hipochoeris brasiliensis, Ri-chardia brasiliensis em vários estágios de desenvolvimento. Os resultados demonstram que nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados apresentou sintomas visuais de fitotoxidade para a cul
ABSTRACT
In the order to verify the effect of some combinations of herbicides for weed control in plum orchards, afield experiment was carried out in 1986, in Bela Vista do Paraíso, Pr. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 12 treatment and four replication blocks. The treatment and the respective rates in kg. of a.i./ha were: 1. Weeded check; 2. weedy check; 3. glyfhosate + diuron (0,57 + 1,20); 4. glyphosate + diuron (0,95 + 2,00); 5. glyphosate + simazine (0,145 + 1,140); 6. glyphosate + simazina (0,579 + 2,40); 7, glyphosate + terbacil (0,75 + 0,625);glyphosate + terbacil (1,05 + 0,875); 9. MSMA + diuron (2,88 + 1,12) + surfactant 0,1% V/V; 10. MSMA + diuron (3,60 + 1,40) + surfactant 0,1% V/V; 11. paraquat + simazine (0,24 + 2,88) + surfactant 0,1%+ V/V; 12. paraquat + simazine (0,32 + 3,84) + surfactant 0,1% V/V. All were post emergence aplication. The weeds present in the area were Bruchiaria plantaginea, Digitada horizontalis, Setaria geniculata, Digitaria insularis, Altemanthera ficoidea, Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Hipoch
Com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento de algumas combinações prontas de herbicidas na cultura da ameixa e a eficácia no controle das plantas daninhas, foi conduzido em experimento à nível de campo em solo de textura arenosa, no ano de 1987, em Bela Vista do Paraíso, Pr. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 12 tratamentos a 4 repetições, os quais estão a seguir com suas respectivas dosagens em kg i.a./ha, todos aplicados em pós-emergência. 1. testemunha capinada; 2. testemunha não capinada; 3. glifosate + diuron (0,570 + 1,200); 4. glifosate + diuron (0,950 + 2,000); 5. glifosate + simazina (0,345 + 1,440); 6. glifosate + simazina (0,575 +2,400); 7. glifosate + terbacil (0,750 + 0,625); 8. glifosate + terbacil (1,050 + 0,875); 9. MSMA + diuron (2,880 + 1,120) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 10. MSMA + diuron (3,600 + 1,400) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 11. paraquat + simazina (0,240 + 2,880) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V; 12. paraquat + simazina (0,320 + 3,840) + espalhante a 0,1% V/V. As plantas daninhas presentes eram: Bracharia plantaginea, Digitaria horizontalis, Setaria geniculata, Digitaria insularis, Aternanthera ficoidea, Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Hipochoeris brasiliensis, Ri-chardia brasiliensis em vários estágios de desenvolvimento. Os resultados demonstram que nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados apresentou sintomas visuais de fitotoxidade para a cul