Years of education mediate the association between adverse childhood experiences and unintended pregnancy: A population-based study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with unintended pregnancies, including mistimed pregnancies (MP) and unwanted pregnancies (UWP). However, it remains unknown which cluster of ACEs (i.e., child maltreatment/household dysfunction and deprivation/threat) are associated with MP/UWP and whether years of education mediate these associations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the clusters of ACEs with MP and UWP, while also examining the mediating effect of education years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A retrospective cohort study among 7652 postpartum women in Chiba, Japan. METHODS: MP/UWP was defined by emotional responses to confirming pregnancy. Multinomial logistic regression analyses with multiple imputed datasets estimated the relative risk ratio (RRR) of MP/UWP by cumulative scores and each cluster of ACEs. Causal mediation analysis assessed the indirect effects of years of education. RESULTS: Women with 4 or more ACEs were at a 2.4 times higher risk of MP (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.6-3.8) and a 5.0 times higher risk of UWP (95 % CI: 3.1-8.2). Among ACE clusters, having 3 or more household dysfunction showed the strongest association with MP (RRR: 1.91, 95 % CI: 1.23-2.95), and having 3 or more deprivation showed the strongest association with UWP (RRR: 3.69, 95 % CI: 2.00-6.83). Education years mediated 16 % and 11 % of the association between total ACEs and MP/UWP, respectively, with a similar trend observed in each cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Not only ACEs score but also each cluster of ACEs was associated with MP and UWP. The mediating effects of years of education were modest.

Interrupciones voluntarias de embarazos en un Hospital Universitario de Uruguay: Reporte de situación 2019-2020

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es conocer el estado de situación de los procesos de las usuarias que asistieron a la policlínica de interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en el Hospital de Clínicas en un período de agosto de 2019 a agosto de 2020. Metodología y materiales: estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, a partir de la entrevista clínica de salud mental y una ficha de uso interno utilizada para relevar el proceso de toma de decisión. En muestra de 78 usuarias se analizan variables sociodemográficas, ginecoobstétricas y asociadas al proceso de interrupción, antecedentes psicológicos y/o psiquiátricos y motivos de interrupción. Resultados: el promedio de edad es de 25 años, la mayoría en pareja y ciclo básico educativo finalizado. El promedio de edad gestacional fue de 7,36 semanas. El 81% de las mujeres no había realizado un IVE. Un 65.4% de las mujeres no tienen antecedentes psicológicos y/o psiquiátricos. No existe relación significativa entre haber realizado un IVE previamente y tener antecedentes psicológicos y/o psiquiátricos.Utilizaban anticonceptivos 78.2%. Conclusiones: la interrupción del embarazo supone una situación vital estresante para quienes la transitan, se encuentran atravesadas por múltiples motivos que inciden en la toma de decisión de interrumpir. Se infiere que la realización de uno o más procedimientos de IVE no necesariamente está relacionada con tener un antecedente psicopatológico o cursar una psicopatología al realizar el proceso. Es pertinente promover la atención focalizada en las pacientes, integrando la perspectiva de género y derechos humanos, mejorar los procesos de atención, asesoramiento en salud mental, sexual y reproductiva de las usuarias y sus acompañantes.

Summary: Objective: The objective of this study is to know the status of the processes of the users who attended the polyclinic for voluntary termination of pregnancy at the Hospital de Clínicas in a period from August 2019 to August 2020. Methodology and materials: The study used descriptive and retrospective methods based on interviews with mental health professionals and a form that was used to ask about how people make decisions. In a sample of 78 users, sociodemographic, obstetric and gynecological variables associated with the discontinuation process, psychological and/or psychiatric history and reasons for discontinuation were analyzed. Results: The average age is 25 years, most people are married and have finished their elementary education. The average gestational age was 7.36 weeks. 81% of the women had not undergone an IVE. 65.4% of women have no psychological and/or psychiatric history. There is no significant relationship between having previously performed an IVE and having a psychological and/or psychiatric history. 78.2% used contraceptives. Conclusions: The interruption of pregnancy is a stressful life situation for those who go through it; they are faced with multiple reasons that influence the decision to terminate. It is inferred that carrying out one or more IVE procedures is not necessarily related to having a psychopathological history or experiencing psychopathology when carrying out the process. It is pertinent to promote patient-focused care, integrating the gender and human rights perspective, improve care processes, and provide advice on mental, sexual, and reproductive health of users and their companions.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer a situação dos processos das usuárias que compareceram à policlínica de interrupção voluntária da gravidez do Hospital de Clínicas no período de agosto de 2019 a agosto de 2020. Metodologia e materiais: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, baseado na entrevista clínica de saúde mental e em formulário de uso interno utilizado para levantamento do processo de tomada de decisão. Numa amostra de 78 usuárias foram analisadas variáveis ​​sociodemográficas, obstétricas e ginecológicas associadas ao processo de descontinuação, histórico psicológico e/ou psiquiátrico e motivos de descontinuação. Resultados: a idade média é de 25 anos, a maioria vive em casal e completou o ciclo educativo básico. A idade gestacional média foi de 7,36 semanas. 81% das mulheres não realizaram IVE. 65,4% das mulheres não têm antecedentes psicológicos e/ou psiquiátricos. Não há relação significativa entre ter realizado EIV anteriormente e ter antecedentes psicológicos e/ou psiquiátricos, 78,2% faziam uso de anticoncepcional. Conclusões: a interrupção da gravidez é uma situação estressante de vida para quem passa por ela, pois se deparam com múltiplos motivos que influenciam na decisão de interrompê-la. Infere-se que a realização de um ou mais procedimentos de IVE não está necessariamente relacionada a ter histórico psicopatológico, ou vivenciar psicopatologia na realização do processo. É pertinente promover cuidados centrados no paciente, integrando a perspectiva de gênero e direitos humanos, melhorar os processos de cuidados e aconselhamento sobre saúde mental, sexual e reprodutiva dos utentes e dos seus acompanhantes.

Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women ́s care in an abortion situation in Latin America and the Caribbean / Análisis del impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la atención de las mujeres en situación de aborto en América Latina y el Caribe / Análise do impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre a atenção a mulheres em situação de aborto na América Latina e Caribe

Objective: to understand the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on aspects of quality of care provided to women in abortion situations in sentinel centers of the CLAP MUSA-Network (a multicenter network with international cooperation with the aim of encouraging good practices in Latin America and the Caribbean). Methods: cross-sectional study between January/2017 and December/2021 with women of any age admitted for abortion or miscarriage. We analyzed the total number of cases and the proportion of legal abortions. The dependent variables were complications and use of contraceptives after abortion. The independent variables were COVID-19 pandemic, clinical and sociodemographic data. Statistical analysis was carried out using linear regression, multiple Poisson regression, Cochran-Armitage, chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Cohen tests. Results: we analyzed data from 93689 women assisted in 12 sentinel centers of the CLAP MUSA-Network, 64.55% in the pre-pandemic period (NP) and 35.45% in the pandemic period (PP) (22.73% received post-abortion care and 77.27% legal abortion). We found no differences in the number of cases over the period, regardless of the legal context. We observed a significant increase in the proportion of legal abortions in liberal and moderate contexts. In NP, 46.46% of women underwent medical abortion, while 62.18% of women underwent medical abortion in PP (h-Cohen 0.32). We found no increase in the number of complications during PP. In NP, 79.12% started contraceptives after abortion, while in PP, 70.39% started contraceptives after abortion (h-Cohen 0.20). Conclusion:the COVID-19 pandemic was not associated with a decrease in the number of cases, a decrease in the proportion of legal interruptions, or an increase in complications in sentinel centers of the CLAP MUSA-Network.

Objetivo: compreender a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 nos aspectos da qualidade da assistência prestada às mulheres em situação de abortamento nos centros sentinela da Rede CLAP-MUSA, uma rede multicêntrica com cooperação internacional visando encorajar boas práticas na América Latina e no Caribe. Metodologia: estudo transversal entre janeiro/2017 e dezembro/2021 com mulheres de qualquer idade admitidas por abortamentos espontâneos ou induzidos. Analisamos o número total de casos e a proporção de abortos legais. As variáveis dependentes foram complicações e uso de anticoncepcionais após o aborto. As variáveis independentes foram a pandemia de COVID-19, dados clínicos e sociodemográficos. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão linear, regressão múltipla de Poisson, testes de Cochran-Armitage, qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e Cohen. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 93.689 mulheres, atendidas em 12 centros sentinelas da Rede CLAP-MUSA, 64,55% no período pré-pandêmico (NP) e 35,45% no período pandêmico (PP) (22,73% receberam atendimento pós-aborto e 77,27%,aborto legal). Não encontramos diferenças no número de casos ao longo do período, independentemente do contexto legal. Observamos um aumento significativo na proporção de abortos legais em contextos liberais e moderados. No NP, 46,46% das mulheres realizaram aborto medicamentoso, enquanto 62,18% das mulheres realizaram aborto medicamentoso no PP (h-Cohen 0,32). Não encontramos aumento no número de complicações durante o PP. No NP, 79,12% iniciaram anticoncepcionais após o aborto, enquanto no PP, 70,39% iniciaram anticoncepcionais após o aborto (h-Cohen 0,20). Conclusão: a pandemia de COVID-19 não se associou à diminuição do número de casos, à diminuição da proporção de interrupções legais ou ao aumento de complicações nos centros sentinelas da Rede CLAP-MUSA

Objetivo: comprender la influencia de la pandemia de COVID-19 en aspectos de la calidad de la atención brindada a las mujeres en situación de aborto en los centros centinela de la Red CLAP-MUSA (una red multicéntrica de cooperación internacional con el objetivo de fomentar buenas prácticas en América Latina y el Caribe). Metodología: estudio transversal entre enero/2017 y diciembre/2021 con mujeres de cualquier edad ingresadas para abortos espontáneos o inducidos. Se analizó el número total de casos y la proporción de abortos legales. Las variables dependientes fueron las complicaciones y el uso de anticonceptivos después del aborto. Las variables independientes fueron pandemia de COVID-19, datos clínicos y sociodemográficos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante regresión lineal, regresión múltiple de Poisson, pruebas de Cochran-Armitage, chi-cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y Cohen. Resultados: se analizaron datos de 93689 mujeres atendidas en 12 centros centinela de la Red CLAP-MUSA, 64,55% en el período prepandemia (NP) y 35,45% en el período pandemia (PP) (22,73% recibieron atención postaborto y 77,27% aborto legal). No encontramos diferencias en el número de casos durante el período, independientemente del contexto legal. Observamos un aumento significativo en la proporción de abortos legales en contextos liberales y moderados. En NP, el 46,46% de las mujeres se sometieron al aborto con medicamentos, mientras que el 62,18% de las mujeres se sometieron al aborto con medicamentos en PP (h-Cohen 0,32). No encontramos aumento en el número de complicaciones durante el PP. En NP, 79,12% inició anticonceptivos después del aborto, mientras que en PP, 70,39% inició anticonceptivos después del aborto (h-Cohen 0,20). Conclusión:la pandemia de COVID-19 no se asoció con una disminución en el número de casos, una disminución en la proporción de interrupciones legales o un aumento en las complicaciones en los centros centinela de la Red CLAP-MUSA

[Denial of pregnancy: focus on clinical specificities]. / Déni de grossesse : mise au point sur les spécificités cliniques.

DENIAL OF PREGNANCY: FOCUS ON CLINICAL SPECIFICITIES Denial of pregnancy corresponds to an evolving pregnan¬cy without the woman being aware of being pregnant. It is generally associated with an absence of gravidic signs such as amenorrhea, abdominal swelling, breast tension, morning sickness, or maternal perception of fetal move¬ments. Although this phenomenon is not well known and is sometimes considered a myth by the medical world, it represents a significant public health problem. Indeed, the lack of obstetric monitoring and preparation for pa¬renthood are the cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity. The discovery of a denial of pregnancy should lead to the exploration of its clinical characteristics, its risk factors and the keys to its management. Although its causes are still unknown, recent discoveries in the neu¬roscience of maternal interoception could provide a better understanding of this phenomenon.

DÉNI DE GROSSESSE : MISE AU POINT SUR LES SPÉCIFICITÉS CLINIQUES Le déni de grossesse correspond à une grossesse évolu¬tive sans que la femme ne soit consciente d'être enceinte. Il est généralement associé à une absence de signes gravidiques comme l'aménorrhée, le gonflement abdomi¬nal, la tension mammaire, les nausées matinales, ou en¬core la perception maternelle des mouvements foetaux. Phénomène méconnu, parfois considéré comme un mythe par le monde médical, il représente pourtant un problème conséquent de santé publique. En effet, l'absence de suivi obstétrical et de préparation à la parentalité font le lit de morbidités maternelle, foetale et néonatale. La découverte d'un déni de grossesse doit amener à ex¬plorer ses caractéristiques cliniques, ses facteurs de risque et les clés de sa prise en charge. Bien que ses causes soient encore inconnues, les découvertes récentes en neurosciences sur l'intéroception maternelle pour¬raient permettre de mieux comprendre ce phénomène.

Remote Delivery in Reproductive Health Care: Operation of Direct-to-Patient Telehealth Medication Abortion Services in Diverse Settings.

PURPOSE: Established models of reproductive health service delivery were disrupted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study examines rapid innovation of remote abortion service operations across health care settings and describes the use of telehealth consultations with medications delivered directly to patients. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 clinical staff from 4 practice settings: family planning clinics, online medical services, and primary care practices-independent or within multispecialty health systems. Clinicians and administrators described their telehealth abortion services. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Staff roles, policies, and procedures were compared across practice settings. RESULTS: Across all practice settings, telehealth abortion services consisted of 5 operational steps: patient engagement, care consultations, payment, medication dispensing, and follow-up communication. Online services and independent primary care practices used asynchronous methods to determine eligibility and complete consultations, resulting in more efficient services (2-5 minutes), while family planning and health system clinics used synchronous video encounters requiring 10-30 minutes of clinician time. Family planning and health system primary care clinics mailed medications from clinic stock or internal pharmacies, while independent primary care practices and online services often used mail-order pharmacies. Online services offered patients asynchronous follow-up; other practice settings scheduled synchronous appointments. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid innovations implemented in response to disrupted in-person reproductive health care included remote medication abortion services with telehealth assessment/follow-up and mailed medications. Though consistent operational steps were identified across health care settings, variation allowed for adaptation of services to individual sites. Understanding remote abortion service operations may facilitate dissemination of a range of patient-centered reproductive health services.Annals "Online First" article.

Assistance to Victims of Sexual Violence in a Referral Service: A 10-Year Experience / Assistência a vítimas de violência sexual em um serviço de referência: Uma experiência de 10 Anos

Abstract Objective To evaluate the assistance provided to women victims of sexual violence and their participation in the follow-up treatment after the traumatic event, presenting a sociodemographic profile, gynecological background, and circumstances of the event, and reporting the results, acceptance, and side effects of prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort study comprising the period between 2007 and 2016. All women receiving medical care and clinical follow-up after a severe episode of sexual violence were included. Records of domestic violence, male victims, children, and adolescents who reported consensual sexual activity were excluded. The present study included descriptive statistics as frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 867medical records were reviewed and 444 cases of sexual violence were included. The age of the victims ranged from10 to 77 years old, most of them selfdeclared white, with between 4 and 8 years of education, and denying having a sexual partner. Sexual violence occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Most victims were assisted at the referral service center within 72 hours after the violence, enabling the recommended prophylaxis. There was high acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (ART), although half of the users reported side effects. Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was not detected in women undergoing prophylaxis. Conclusion In the present cohort, the profile of victims of sexual violence was loweducated, young, white women. The traumatic event occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Assistance within the first 72 hours after sexual violence enables the healthcare center to provide prophylactic interventions against STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a assistência prestada às mulheres vítimas de violência sexual e seu acompanhamento após o evento traumático, caracterizando o perfil sociodemográfico, antecedentes ginecológicos e circunstâncias do evento, além de relatar a aceitação e os efeitos colaterais da profilaxia para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) e a ocorrência de gravidez resultante da violência sexual. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo compreendendo o período entre 2007 e 2016. Foram incluídas todas as mulheres em acompanhamento médico e clínico após episódio de violência sexual. Foram excluídos registros de violência doméstica, vítimas do sexo masculino e crianças e adolescentes que relataram atividade sexual consensual. O estudo incluiu estatísticas descritivas, com frequências e percentuais. Resultados Foram revisados 867 prontuários e 444 casos de violência sexual foram incluídos. A faixa etária foi 10 a 77 anos; a maioria das vítimas se autodeclarou branca, com entre 4 e 8 anos de escolaridade, e negou ter um parceiro sexual fixo. A violência sexual ocorreu predominantemente à noite, em via pública, por um agressor desconhecido. A maioria foi atendida no serviço de referência em até 72 horas após a violência, possibilitando profilaxias preconizadas. Houve alta aceitação da terapia antirretroviral (TARV), embora metade das usuárias relatasse efeitos colaterais. A soroconversão para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV, na sigla em inglês) ou para o vírus da hepatite B (HBV, na sigla em inglês) não foi detectada entre as vítimas. Conclusão Nesta coorte, o perfil das vítimas de violência sexual foi de mulheres brancas, de baixa escolaridade, e jovens. O evento traumático ocorreu predominantemente à noite, em via pública, por um agressor desconhecido. A assistência nas primeiras 72 horas após a violência sexual permite que o serviço de saúde realize intervenções profiláticas contra ISTs e gravidez indesejada.

Dilemas clínicos en la constitución de la tercera causal de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo / Clinical dilemmas derived from the need to certify rape for voluntary pregnancy interruption

Since 2017, women in Chile are allowed to interrupt voluntarily a pregnancy on three grounds: 1) When a woman's life is at risk due to the pregnancy, 2) When there are fetal anomalies incompatible with life, or 3) When pregnancy is result of rape. Women who qualify for any of these three pregnancy interruption requirements are entitled to a psychosocial accompaniment program to promote an integrative approach. In this article we will discuss the role of the psychosocial team in cases of rape resulting pregnancy. Specifically, the clinical and ethical dilemmas posed by the need to certify the rape in a general hospital such as difficulties in assessment of the story's plausibility, clinician's dual role and the limits to confidentiality, are discussed.

Factors associated with giving birth at advanced maternal age in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: In 2018, 17 percent of all births in the United States occurred to women of advanced maternal age (AMA.) While the outcomes of AMA pregnancies have been examined extensively, the drivers behind increasing rates of AMA pregnancies in the United States are less understood. Some scholars have asserted that women are increasingly delaying their first birth in favor of educational and career aspirations. Yet birth trends in the United States do not support this as the primary explanatory factor of AMA births. Other factors may also contribute to high rates of AMA in the United States. This study sought to identify main predictors of AMA birth using a cross-sectional retrospective sample. DESIGN: We employed a multivariate logistic regression analysis on a cross-sectional retrospective sample to identify significant independent predictors of giving birth at advance maternal age (AMA) in the United States. SETTING: Data was obtained from the Unites States Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Phase 7 Core Questionnaire and linked birth certificates. Questions are designed to assess maternal attitudes and experiences before, during and just after pregnancy. Surveys for Phase 7 were completed in 2017 and 2018. The study population represents mothers from 34 states that met the CDC's 55% response rate threshold and Puerto Rico. PARTICIPANTS: The PRAMS dataset comprises self-reported data and linked birth certificate data from women who recently gave birth. A total of 38,549 mothers are included in the Phase 7 dataset. State sample sizes ranged from 503 mothers in Wyoming to 1,897 mothers in Michigan. All mothers gave birth in the year 2017. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: The outcome of interest was AMA birth, defined as conceiving and subsequently giving birth to a baby at age 35 or older. Predictors for AMA birth were selected a priori and included: pregnancy intention, history of previous live birth, insurance status, income, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, and urban location. Previous live birth to at least one child was a significant independent predictor for AMA birth. Mothers with high parity, defined as 6 or more previous live births, were 17 times more likely to give birth at advanced maternal age. Mothers with an unwanted pregnancy were 1.9 times more likely to have an AMA birth. College attainment, high income, marital status, urbanicity, and race/ethnicity were also independent predictors of AMA birth. Health insurance was not a significant predictor of AMA birth after accounting for other factors. KEY CONCLUSIONS: Delayed and late childbirth may not be intentional for a significant group of older mothers. Converse to popular assumptions that women delay childbearing in favor of career aspirations, the majority of AMA mothers have previous children. Half of AMA mothers have two or more previous children. The findings in this paper suggests that multiple factors predict AMA births. There may be several subtypes of women who enter pregnancy at advanced maternal age. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: As women weigh personal desire to bear children against competing social expectations, they may find themselves navigating their own unique path shaped in part by the region in which they live. Better characterization of the circumstances that lead to advanced maternal age in the United States, including exploration of unintended and unwanted AMA pregnancy, is necessary to develop policies and interventions that meet women's needs. This work should utilize a reproductive justice framework to ensure that women's preferences, particularly women of color, are upheld while promoting health and wellbeing for women.

Intencionalidad del embarazo y cuidados prenatales en Uruguay / Pregnancy intention and antenatal care services in Uruguay / Intencionalidade da gravidez e cuidado pré-natal no Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: desde hace algunos años el número de embarazos no intencionales en Uruguay ronda el 40%; esta cifra es alta en comparación con otros países que también tienen baja fecundidad y da cuenta de las dificultades de acceso y uso eficaz de métodos anticonceptivos modernos. Además, varios estudios evidencian que los embarazos no intencionales están vinculados con cuidados prenatales insuficientes y peores desempeños de los recién nacidos respecto a los nacimientos resultantes de embarazos intencionales. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre intencionalidad de los embarazos y los cuidados prenatales en Uruguay a partir del estudio de su incidencia sobre la captación temprana del embarazo y las prácticas no saludables durante la gestación (fumar y tomar alcohol). Método: se consideran los nacimientos no intencionales y a destiempo (no buscados en ese momento) como dos grupos de tratamiento y se comparan con el grupo de nacimientos intencionales. Se examina el efecto neto de la intencionalidad del embarazo sobre las prácticas de salud durante la gestación utilizando técnicas de Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Se utilizan datos provenientes de la Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud (ENDIS), un estudio de panel que recoge información desde 2013 de madres con hijos de entre 0 y 3 años en hogares ubicados en localidades urbanas de Uruguay (mayores a 5.000 habitantes). Resultados: antes de realizar el emparejamiento por PSM, las diferencias entre grupos de intención de embarazos fueron significativas para captación temprana y haber fumado, mientras que haber bebido alcohol no se asoció a diferencias significativas entre grupos de intención de los embarazos.

Summary: Introduction: in Uruguay, the number of unintended pregnancies has been around 40% for several years. This is rather a high percentage if compared to other countries who also have low fertility rates and evidences difficulties in access to modern contraceptive methods or using them effectively. Likewise, several studies evidence unintended pregnancies are related to insufficient antenatal care services and worse outcome in the new-borns when compared to births resulting from intentional pregnancies. Objective: to study the relationship between pregnancy intentionality and antenatal care services in Uruguay, based on an analysis of its impact on the early engagement of pregnancies and non-healthy practices during pregnancy (smoking and alcohol consumption). Method: unintended and untimely births (not sought at that time) were included in the study as two treatment groups, and they are compared to the group of intentional births. The net effect of pregnancy intention on health practices during pregnancy was examined using the de Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques. We used data delivered by the Nutrition, Child Development and Health Survey, a panel study that has been collecting information from mothers of children between 0 and 3 years old who live in urban localities of Uruguay (with over 5,000 inhabitants) since 2013. Results: Prior to the PSM matching, the differences in early engagement and smoking were significant between pregnancy intention groups, whereas alcohol consumption was not associated to significant differences between pregnancy intention groups.

Resumo: Introdução: há anos, o número de gestações não intencionais no Uruguai gira em torno de 40%; este número é alto em comparação com outros países que também têm baixa fecundidade e explica as dificuldades de acesso e uso de métodos anticoncepcionais modernos. Além disso, diversos estudos mostram que a gravidez não intencional está associada ao pré-natal insuficiente e piores parâmetros do recém-nascido em comparação com o nascimento decorrente da gravidez intencional. Objetivos: analisar a associação entre intencionalidade da gravidez e assistência pré-natal no Uruguai, a partir do estudo de sua incidência na detecção precoce da gravidez e práticas não saudáveis durante a gravidez (tabagismo e etilismo). Método: os nascimentos não intencionais e prematuros (não desejados no momento) são considerados dois grupos de tratamento e comparados com o grupo de partos intencionais. O efeito líquido da intencionalidade da gravidez sobre as práticas de saúde durante a gravidez é examinado usando técnicas de correspondência de pontuação de propensão (PSM). São utilizados os dados da Pesquisa de Nutrição, Desenvolvimento Infantil e Saúde (ENDIS), um estudo de painel que coleta informações desde 2013 de mães com filhos de 0 a 3 anos em domicílios localizados em áreas urbanas do Uruguai (mais de 5.000 habitantes). Resultados: antes de realizar a comparação por PSM, as diferenças entre os grupos de intenção de gravidez foram significativas para recrutamento precoce e tabagismo, enquanto ter bebido álcool não foi associado a diferenças significativas entre os grupos de intenção de gravidez.

Is placental KISS-1 expression associated with first trimester abortion spontaneous?

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have examined biological markers during the first trimester to predict the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. One such marker is kisspeptin, which is encoded by the KISS-1 gene. We aimed to determine whether firsttrimester pregnancy losses were associated with levels of placental KISS-1 expression. METHODS: This prospective case control study was conducted at a tertiary center. The study group included 27 and 24 patients who underwent dilation and curettage at <10 weeks of gestation, due to first trimester spontaneous pregnancy loss and for elective termination (control), respectively. Placental and decidual tissues from all patients were sectioned and immunohistochemically analyzed for kisspeptin. RESULTS: Age, gravida status, parity number, gestational week, and number of previous abortions did not significantly differ between the groups. KISS-1 expression levels were significantly lower in the group with spontaneous abortion compared with the group with elective termination. The median staining intensity of KISS-1 expression in the elective and spontaneous termination groups were 3 (strong) and 2 (moderate), respectively (P=0.004). KISS-1 expression levels were significantly lower among patients with previous abortions in the elective termination group (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: KISS-1 expression levels were found to be significantly reduced in patients with spontaneous pregnancy loss; KISS-1 plays an important role in the implantation and continuation of pregnancy.

Knowledge and attitudes of Irish GPs towards abortion following its legalisation: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In May 2018, the Irish Constitution was changed following a referendum allowing termination of pregnancy by abortion. It is envisaged that the majority of terminations will be by medical abortion and will take place in general practice before 12 weeks gestation. AIM: To elicit attitudes and level of preparedness of Irish GPs to provide medical abortion services. DESIGN & SETTING: Cross-sectional study of 222 GPs who were associated with the University of Limerick Graduate Entry Medical School (GEMS) and GP training programme. METHOD: An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed via email. Reminders were sent 2 and 4 weeks later. RESULTS: The response rate was 57.2% (n = 127/222). Of the responders, 105 (82.7%) had no training in this area, with only 4 (3.1%) indicating that they had sufficient training. Nearly all responders (n = 119, 93.7%) were willing to share abortion information with patients. Just under half of responders (n = 61, 48.0%) would be willing to prescribe abortion pills, with 47 (37.0%) unwilling to do so. Only 53 (41.7%) responders believed that provision of abortion services should be part of general practice, with 52 (40.9%) saying that it should not. As to whether doctors should be entitled to a conscientious objection but should also be obliged to refer the patient, 92 (72.4%) responders agreed. Over two-thirds of responders (n = 89, 70.1%) felt that necessary patient support services are not currently available. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of training and a considerable level of unwillingness to participate in this process among Irish GPs. There is also a perceived lack of patient support services for women experiencing unwanted pregnancy. It is incumbent upon state and professional bodies to address these issues.

Pregnancy in university students / Embarazo en estudiantes universitarias

For the integral formation of college students requires strategies and programs that prepare them completely and committed to motherhood and fatherhood. Education as a preventive mechanism leads to improved family and social communication, and therefore prevents an unwanted pregnancy that could result in school dropouts.

Para la formación de estudiantes universitarios integrales se requiere de estrategias y programas que los preparen de manera completa y comprometida para la maternidad y paternidad. La educación como mecanismo de prevención conlleva a mejorar la comunicación familiar y social, y de esta manera se evita un embarazo no deseado que pudiera tener como consecuencia la deserción escolar.

Características del aborto adolescente en un hospital de Chiclayo, Perú 2018 / Characteristics of adolescent abortion in a hospital in Chiclayo, Perú 2018

Introducción: El embarazo no deseado en un adolescente es un problema social cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia del aborto adolescente en un hospital de Chiclayo, Perú. Material y Métodos: pacientes que ingresen al servicio de ginecoobstetricia por diagnóstico de aborto entre las edades de 14 ­ 19 años en el 2018. Resultados: se encontró un total de 73 menores de 19 años que acudieron por algún tipo de aborto que fue el 14,17% de la población que fue diagnosticada con aborto. Los datos demográficos que provienen las pacientes fueron con una mayor frecuencia de los distritos que predominaron fueron de Chiclayo 50,68%), La Victoria (8,22%) y José Leonardo Ortiz (9,59%). El diagnóstico de ingreso que predominó fue el aborto incompleto (76,71%), seguido de aborto frustro (17,81%). Los tratamientos que se dieron a las pacientes fueron medico (4,11%) y en su mayoría quirúrgico (95,98%), que se dividió en AMEU (42,65%), LU (55,88%) y Cesárea (1,47%) con una media de 1,5 días de estancia hospitalaria. Conclusión: se encontró un 14% de aborto adolescente en un hospital de la ciudad de Chiclayo. (AU)

Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy in adolescents is an increasingly common social problem worldwide. Objectives: estimate the prevalence of adolescent abortion in a hospital in Chiclayo, Peru. Materials and methods: patients admitted to the gynecologyobstetric service for diagnosis of abortion between the ages of 14-19 years in 2018. Results: a total of 73 children under 19 years of age who attended some type of abortion were found. , 17% of the population that was diagnosed with abortion. The demographic data that came from the patients were with a higher frequency of the districts that predominated were from Chiclayo (50.68%), La Victoria (8.22%) and José Leonardo Ortiz (9.59%). The predominant diagnosis of admission was incomplete abortion (76.71%), followed by frustrous abortion (17.81%). The treatments that were given to the patients were medical (4.11%) and mostly surgical (95.98%), which was divided into MVA (42.65%), LU (55.88%) and Caesarean (1, 47%) with an average of 1.5 days of hospital stay. Conclusion: a 14% adolescent abortion was found in a hospital in the city of Chiclayo.(AU)

Unplanned pregnancies in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned pregnancies can bring risk. It is important to have an accurate count of unplanned pregnancies, but to date there is no precise number for New Zealand or Australia. AIMS: This analysis estimates the number and proportion of pregnancies in New Zealand that are unplanned. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Estimates were generated using information about unplanned births from the Growing Up in New Zealand study, combined with data on the number of births and abortions from Statistics New Zealand and estimates of miscarriages. These were further refined by age and ethnic group. RESULTS: Of an estimated 95 335 pregnancies in New Zealand in 2008, over half (53%) were unplanned. Unplanned pregnancies resulted in 24 131 births. As a percentage of all pregnancies, 25% were births from unplanned pregnancies, 19% were abortions and 8% were unplanned pregnancies that ended in miscarriage. There were a high number of unplanned pregnancies among younger women as well as among Maori and Pacific women, and a low number among women in their 30s and European women. CONCLUSIONS: Programs, policy and practice should be designed to accommodate women with unplanned pregnancies. Ensuring accessible pregnancy care such as antenatal care and abortion and making preconception care programs widely available, particularly for women with chronic health conditions, will reduce the health risk posed by unplanned pregnancies. Reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies through comprehensive sexuality education and contraception is important for those in their teens and early 20s, and continues to be important throughout the reproductive lifespan.

Caring for Women Experiencing Reproductive Coercion.

Reproductive coercion is behavior that interferes with a woman's decision making regarding reproductive health. It may consist of contraception sabotage and/or pressure to either carry a pregnancy to term or to have an abortion. Reproductive coercion may coexist with intimate partner violence and be associated with higher rates of unintended pregnancy. Midwives and other women's health care providers can play an integral role in identifying reproductive coercion and implementing harm-reduction strategies.

Postpartum depression among women with unintended pregnancy / Depressão pós-parto entre mulheres com gravidez não pretendida

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression.METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted with 1,121 pregnant aged 18 to 49 years, who attended the prenatal program devised by the Brazilian Family Health Strategy, Recife, PE, Northeastern Brazil, between July 2005 and December 2006. We interviewed 1,121 women during pregnancy and 1,057 after childbirth. Unintended pregnancy was evaluated during the first interview and postpartum depression symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale. The crude and adjusted odds ratios for the studied association were estimated using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS The frequency for unintended pregnancy was 60.2%; 25.9% presented postpartum depression symptoms. Those who had unintended pregnancies had a higher likelihood of presenting this symptoms, even after adjusting for confounding variables (OR = 1.48; 95%CI 1.09;2.01). When the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) variable was included, the association decreased, however, remained statistically significant (OR = 1.42; 95%CI 1.03;1.97).CONCLUSIONS Unintended pregnancy showed association with subsequent postpartum depressive symptoms. This suggests that high values in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale may result from unintended pregnancy.

OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre gravidez não pretendida e depressão pós-parto.MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 1.121 mulheres grávidas de 18 a 49 anos, acompanhadas no pré-natal pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Recife, PE, entre julho de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Durante a gravidez e após o parto foram entrevistadas, respectivamente, 1.121 e 1.057 mulheres. A gravidez não pretendida foi avaliada durante a primeira entrevista e os sintomas depressivos após o parto foram avaliados utilizando-se a Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale. Foram estimados os odds ratios simples e ajustados para a associação estudada, utilizando-se análise de regressão logística.RESULTADOS A frequência de gravidez não pretendida foi de 60,2%; 25,9% apresentaram sintomas depressivos após o parto. Aquelas com gravidez não pretendida tiveram maior chance de apresentar esse desfecho, mesmo após ajuste para variáveis de confundimento (OR = 1,48; IC95% 1,09;2,01). Ao se incluir a variável Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), a associação diminuiu, mas manteve-se estatisticamente significativa (OR = 1,42; IC95% 1,03;1,97).CONCLUSÕES Gravidez não pretendida mostrou-se associada a sintomas depressivos após o parto. Isso sugere que valores elevados na Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale podem resultar de gravidez não pretendida.

A culture of future planning: perceptions of sexual risk among educated young adults.

In this study we examined how social processes, specifically the acquisition of postsecondary education and capital, shaped perceptions of sexual risk and impacted sexual practices and sexual health among young adults. Using qualitative research methods we collected and analyzed data among students attending a 4-year university in the northeastern region of the United States over a 1-year period. By analyzing participants' narratives, we found that the reproduction of shared norms and values encouraged educated young adults to focus on educational and professional success, pressing many of them to be concerned about preventing pregnancy rather than preventing disease transmission, and increasing their risk for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Sexual-health educators need to address how social processes shape sexual practices, encourage educated young adults to challenge unequal gender expectations, and consider how sexually transmitted infections might also interfere with life plans.

Navigating Social and Institutional Obstacles: Low-Income Women Seeking Abortion.

Nearly half of all women in the United States will have at least one abortion during their lifetime, and many will encounter economic, logistical, and/or social obstacles while attempting to undergo the procedure. The purpose of this project was to examine the abortion-seeking experiences of a volunteer sample of Oregon women, to identify key barriers and the strategies women employed to overcome them. Using a mixed-methods approach combining survey and interview data with participant observation, we found that low-income women experienced structural and economic barriers to abortion even though abortion is covered by the state Medicaid program in Oregon. Social support helped women overcome obstacles, and a lack of support was itself experienced as an obstacle. Women of lower socioeconomic status also encountered more barriers and had a more difficult time overcoming them. Our findings indicate the need for improved advocacy to reduce structural delay, and to improve access to social support and other resources needed for timely abortion care.

The role of previous contraception education and moral judgment in contraceptive use.

INTRODUCTION: The knowledge and attitudes that lead to nonuse of contraception are not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine whether an association exists between contraceptive use and specific knowledge and attitudinal factors. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative telephone survey of 897 unmarried women aged 18 to 29 years to examine the relationship between contraceptive use and comprehensive sex education, attitude toward pregnancy prevention, perceived infertility, distrust toward the health care system or contraception, and moral attitude toward contraception. RESULTS: Both ever having made a visit to a physician or clinic for women's health care and ever having used any method of contraception to prevent pregnancy were significantly impacted by more comprehensive sex education and less likelihood to view contraception as morally wrong. Consistent with other research, we found no association between the desire to avoid pregnancy and contraceptive use. We found an association between health system distrust and contraceptive use, but health system distrust did not predict contraceptive use. DISCUSSION: Our findings show that contraceptive use among a sample of young women is influenced by previous contraceptive education and moral attitudes toward contraception. Clinicians should be cognizant of these realities, which may need to be addressed in both clinical and nonclinical venues.

Uso de condón en la primera relación sexual en estudiantes entre 18 y 26 años de una universidad pública / Usage of condoms by public college studentsaged 18-26 during initial act of intercourse / Uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual entre os estudantes entre 18 e 26 anos de uma universidade pública

Introducción: El conocimiento de las prácticas sexuales en los adultos jóvenes es necesario para ejecutar acciones preventivas enfocadas a la disminución de infecciones de transmisión sexual y embarazos no deseados. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de uso de condón en la primera relación sexual en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal con análisis de prevalencias de momios, en estudiantes universitarios entre 18 y 26 años de edad, el tamaño de la muestra fue de 580 participantes. Resultados: Aproximadamente la mitad de los estudiados refirieron haber usado el condón, durante la primera relación sexual; no se encontró asociación entre el género masculino y el uso del preservativo en la primera relación sexual, similar tendencia se encontró con el estrato y la religión. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de personas que usaron preservativo en su primera relación sexual es bajo, ya que los resultados indican que aproximadamente una de cada dos personas se exponen a infecciones de trasmisión sexual y embarazos no deseados, desde el momento en que se inician en la vida sexual activa. [Martínez J, Parada L, Duarte Kl. Uso de condón en la primera relación sexual en estudiantes entre 18 y 26 años de una Universidad Pública.

Introduction: Knowledge of sexual practices in young adults is needed to implement preventive actions aimed at the reduction of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of condom use at first intercourse among college students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in college students aged between 18 to 26 years; the sample size was 580 participants. Results: Approximately half of those surveyed reported having used a condom during the first sexual intercourse; however no association between male gender, social levels or religion was found in this study. When analysing sexual orientation, it was found that heterosexual couples were engaged in this practice. Conclusions: The percentage of people who used a condom at first intercourse is low, since the results indicate that about one in two people are exposed to sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy, since the time they start their active sexual life. [Martínez J, Parada L, Duarte Kl. Usage of condoms by public college students aged 18-26 during initial act of intercourse.

Introdução: O conhecimento das práticas sexuais nos adultos jovens é necesario para possibilitar a implementação de ações que permitam prevenir e diminuir as infecções de transmição sexual e a gravidez não desejada. Objetivo: Determinar a preferência ao uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual nos estudantes universitários. Materiais e métodos: O estudo realizado foi descritivo e transversal com análises dos hábitos em estudantes universitários entre 18 e 26 anos, em uma amostra de 580 participantes. Resultados: Aproximadamente a metade dos estudantes usaram preservativo durante a primeira relação sexual; não se encontrou uma relação entre o gênero masculino e o uso do preservativo na primeira relação sexual, de igual maneira se deu com relação à religião e à classe social. O estudo mostrou que heterossexuais mantêm a mesma porcentagem. Conclusões: A porcentagem de pessoas que usam preservativos na primeira relação é baixa, já que os resultados mostram que aproximadamente uma de cada duas pessoas não tem o hábito de usar preservativos, expondo-se a infecções e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e, também, à gravidez não desejada, desde o momento em que iniciam a vida sexual ativa. [Martínez J, Parada L, Duarte Kl. Uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual entre os estudantes entre 18 e 26 anos de uma universidade pública.