A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of N95 and Surgical Facemasks on Pregnant Women Performing Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Prospective Randomized Study.

Background and objective A facemask is often indicated for the control of the spread of airborne pathogens. At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was mass enforcement of mask use across the globe. Pregnant women were not excluded. While several studies have been conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various mask types, data on their effects on pregnant women during exercise are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of N95 and surgical facemasks on the cardiopulmonary functions of pregnant women during moderate-intensity exercise. Methods A prospective randomized study was conducted among 104 healthy women with advanced singleton pregnancies performing moderate-intensity exercise wearing either surgical or N95 masks during routine antenatal care. Their respiratory rates were counted, and arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2) and radial pulses (heart rates) were recorded with a mobile digital pulse oximeter at baseline and after 30 minutes of exercise. The mean values were calculated. Data analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 25; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). An independent t-test was used to compare the mean SPO2 and radial pulse between the two groups. Chi-square was used to examine differences in categorical variables. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results Their demographic profiles and measured baseline parameters were comparable. Following a 30-minute exercise, the N95 mask group had lower mean SPO2 compared to the surgical mask group (95.5% versus 97.0%; P=0.028, 95%CI; -2.607 to 0.15). Further, the N95 group recorded a higher mean heart rate than the surgical mask group ((97.23 b/m versus 95.02b/m, respectively, mean difference (MD)=2.212, P=0.021, 95%Cl: 1.249-3.672). The mean respiratory rates were also higher among women in the N95 mask group (32.1 c/m versus 29.08 c/m, MD=3.018, 95%CI: 1.392-4.662, P=0.001). Conclusion The study, comparing the relative effects of the surgical and N95 facemask on the cardiorespiratory functions of exercising pregnant women, findings suggest that surgical facemasks may be better tolerated in advanced pregnancy when performing routine antenatal aerobic exercise in comparison with N95 masks.

Optimal weight gain in obese and overweight pregnant Japanese women.

We aimed to determine the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) in Japanese women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. The present retrospective study investigated singleton pregnancies in 6,781 Japanese women registered in the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology system in 2013. We divided overweight and obese women into four GWG categories based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended: weight loss, small weight gain, within IOM criteria, and above IOM criteria. The adjusted odds ratios and predicted probabilities of maternal and neonatal outcomes of interest with weight change were calculated. In overweight women, GWG was associated with neonatal birth weight. In the loss and small gain subgroups, there was a significant increase in small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight neonates (LBW). Predicted probabilities showed the lowest risk was observed in a weight gain of 0 kg; the risk sharply increased at a gain of 11.5 kg. In obese women, weight gain increased the prevalence of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates; however; SGA was not associated with GWG. Predicted probabilities showed an increase in the risk with weight gain. The observed optimal GWG was 0 to 11.5 kg in overweight, and weight loss in obese, pregnant Japanese women.

Conocimiento sobre salud buco-dental de las embarazadas. Consultorio La California. 2012 / Knowledge on buco dental health in pregnant women. La California doctor's office La California. 2012

Fundamento: existe desconocimiento sobre salud bucal de las embarazadas, como consecuencia acuden con frecuencia a los servicios de estomatología. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimiento sobre salud buco-dental en pacientes embarazadas del Consultorio La California. 2012. Metodología: se realizó estudio observacional descriptivo. La población y la muestra fueron 93 embarazadas que asistieron a la consulta estomatológica. Se analizaron diferentes afecciones e identificación de factores de riesgo. Se aplicó a cada embarazada la encuesta de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los datos fueron introducidos en una base de datos presentándose en tablas de distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y tablas de contingencia. Resultados: las edades predominantes fueron de 20-24, la gingivitis la afección estomatológica más frecuente seguida por la caries dental, la deficiente higiene bucal y el consumo de la dieta cariogénica fueron los factores de riesgo que prevalecieron. El nivel de conocimientos de esta población es evaluado de deficiente. Conclusiones: el deficiente nivel de conocimiento acerca de la salud bucal, unido a los factores de riesgo predominantes llevó a la presentación de enfermedad bucal de las embarazadas.

Background: There is doubt about oral health in pregnant women as they come to the dentistry services frequently. Objective: to identify the doubts on oral health in pregnant women in La California doctor´s office. 2012. Methodology: A descriptive and observational study was carried out, the population and sample were 93 pregnant women who attended the dentistry consultation. Different risk factor affections were analysed. Each pregnant woman was surveyed by the WHO. The data were introduced in a data base presented in absolute and relative tables and contingency tables. Results: the prevailing ages were 20-24, gingivitis as the most frequent dental affection followed by dental caries, deficient oral hygiene and a cariogenic diet were the prevailing risk factors. The level of knowledge of this population is evaluated as poor. Conclusions: the low level of knowledge about oral health together to the prevailing risk factors lead to the presentation of oral diseases in pregnant women.

Intervención educativa para elevar los conocimientos y modificar hábitos sobre salud bucal en embarazadas / Educational intervention to raise knowledge and change habits on dental health in pregnant women

Se realizó un estudio intervención educativa para elevar los conocimientos y modificar hábitos sobre salud bucal en 45 embarazadas, comprendidas entre las edades de 15 a 40 años de edad, distribuidas en seis consultorios del Médico de la Familia del Consejo Popular Baraguá, durante el primer semestre del curso 2010-2011, para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta que contenía 14 preguntas relacionadas con la dieta cariogénica, importancia de la lactancia materna, hábitos deformantes en el bebé, así como el índice de higiene bucal y el examen bucal, que sirvió para valorar los conocimientos que poseían antes y 6 meses después de la aplicación del programa educativo Una sonrisa feliz que contó de varias sesiones y con técnicas educativas apoyadas en medios de enseñanza como láminas y videos educativos. La evaluación efectuada 6 meses después reveló la eficacia del mismo en la adquisición de hábitos y conocimientos de salud bucal.

An educational intervention study was carried out to raise knowledge and change habits on dental health in 45 pregnant women, among 15 and 40 years old, distributed in six family doctor clinics from Baraguá Popular Council, during the first semester of the year 2010-2011. A survey was applied containing 14 questions related to cardiogenic diet, importance of breastfeeding, disfiguring baby's habits, as well as the rate of dental hygiene and dental examination, that served to assess the knowledge possessed before and six months after the application from One Happy Smile educative program. It had several sessions and educational techniques supported in teaching aids such as prints and educational videos. The assessment six months later revealed the effectiveness in the acquisition of habits and knowledge of dental health.

Factores de riesgo en la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo / Mother's factors related to a low birth weight

INTRODUCCION: la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo es una de las entidades más frecuentes que complica al embarazo; se plantea que su prevalencia es de un 10 por ciento, es una de las primeras causas de muerte materna y del bajo peso al nacer. OBJETIVO: identificar los factores de riesgo de las embarazadas con hipertensión inducida por el embarazo que ingresaron en el servicio de Perinatología. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación retrospectiva, transversal, de 40 pacientes con hipertensión arterial durante el embarazo en el año 2010, ingresadas en el servicio de Perinatología del Hospital Materno Infantil de 10 de octubre. Fueron analizados algunos factores epidemiológicos: tipo de hipertensión, edad, paridad, antecedentes patológicos familiares de hipertensión, preeclampsia previa, enfermedad renal, embarazo gemelar. RESULTADOS: la hipertensión crónica y con preeclampsia sobreañadida fueron las más frecuentes. Del total de pacientes hipertensas más del 50 por ciento tenían factores de riesgo y de ellos, los antecedentes patológicos familiares y la obesidad ocuparon los primeros lugares. La mayoría de las pacientes con preeclampsia fueron adolescentes y nulíparas. CONCLUSIÓN: insistir en la identificación de factores de riego que conlleven a desencadenar esta enfermedad así como en el autocuidado de estas pacientes(AU)

INTRODUCTION: hypertension provoked by pregnancy is one of the more frequent entities involving the pregnancy; its prevalence is of 10 percent and is of the first causes of mother death and of a low birth weight. OBJECTIVE: to identify the risk factors of pregnants with hypertension provoked by pregnancy admitted in the Perinatology service. METHODS: across-sectional and retrospective research was conducted in 40 patients with arterial hypertension during pregnancy at 2010 admitted in the Perinatology service of the 10 de Octubre Maternal and Infantile Hospital. Some epidemiological factors were analyzed including: type of hypertension, age, parity, family pathologic history of hypertension, placenta previa, renal disease and twins pregnancy. RESULTS: the chronic hypertension and added pre-eclampsia were the more frequent complications. From the total of hypertensive patients more than 50 percent had risk factors and of them, the family pathologic history and obesity occupied the first places. Most of patients presenting with pre-eclampsia were adolescents and nullipara. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to insist on the risk factors leading to a triggering of this disease as well as on the self-care of these patients(AU)

Factores de riesgo en la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo / Risk factors in pregnancy-induced high blood pressure

INTRODUCCION: la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo es una de las entidades más frecuentes que complica al embarazo; se plantea que su prevalencia es de un 10 por ciento, es una de las primeras causas de muerte materna y del bajo peso al nacer. OBJETIVO: identificar los factores de riesgo de las embarazadas con hipertensión inducida por el embarazo que ingresaron en el servicio de Perinatología. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación retrospectiva, transversal, de 40 pacientes con hipertensión arterial durante el embarazo en el año 2010, ingresadas en el servicio de Perinatología del Hospital Materno Infantil de 10 de octubre. Fueron analizados algunos factores epidemiológicos: tipo de hipertensión, edad, paridad, antecedentes patológicos familiares de hipertensión, preeclampsia previa, enfermedad renal, embarazo gemelar. RESULTADOS: la hipertensión crónica y con preeclampsia sobreañadida fueron las más frecuentes. Del total de pacientes hipertensas más del 50 por ciento tenían factores de riesgo y de ellos, los antecedentes patológicos familiares y la obesidad ocuparon los primeros lugares. La mayoría de las pacientes con preeclampsia fueron adolescentes y nulíparas. CONCLUSIÓN: insistir en la identificación de factores de riego que conlleven a desencadenar esta enfermedad así como en el autocuidado de estas pacientes

INTRODUCTION: hypertension provoked by pregnancy is one of the more frequent entities involving the pregnancy; its prevalence is of 10 percent and is of the first causes of mother death and of a low birth weight. OBJECTIVE: to identify the risk factors of pregnants with hypertension provoked by pregnancy admitted in the Perinatology service. METHODS: across-sectional and retrospective research was conducted in 40 patients with arterial hypertension during pregnancy at 2010 admitted in the Perinatology service of the 10 de Octubre Maternal and Infantile Hospital. Some epidemiological factors were analyzed including: type of hypertension, age, parity, family pathologic history of hypertension, placenta previa, renal disease and twins pregnancy. RESULTS: the chronic hypertension and added pre-eclampsia were the more frequent complications. From the total of hypertensive patients more than 50 percent had risk factors and of them, the family pathologic history and obesity occupied the first places. Most of patients presenting with pre-eclampsia were adolescents and nullipara. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to insist on the risk factors leading to a triggering of this disease as well as on the self-care of these patients

Efeito da fortificação alimentar com ácido fólico na prevalência de defeitos do tubo neural / Efecto de la fortificación alimentaria con ácido fólico en la prevalencia de defectos del tubo neural / Effects of folic acid fortification on the prevalence of neural tube defects

OBJETIVO:Analisar o efeito de alimentos fortificados com ácido fólico na prevalência de defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural entre nascidos vivos. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal de nascidos vivos do município de Recife (PE) entre 2000 e 2006. Os dados pesquisados foram obtidos do Sistema Nacional de Informações de Nascidos Vivos. Os defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural foram definidos de acordo com o Código Internacional de Doenças-10ª Revisão: anencefalia, encefalocele e espinha bífida. Compararam-se as prevalências nos períodos anterior (2000-2004) e posterior (2005-2006) ao período mandatório à fortificação. Analisou-se a tendência temporal das prevalências trimestrais de defeitos do fechamento do tubo neural pelos testes de Mann-Kendall e Sen's Slope. RESULTADOS: Não se identificou tendência de redução na ocorrência do desfecho (Teste de Mann-Kendall; p= 0,270; Sen's Slope =-0,008) no período estudado. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as prevalências de defeitos do fechamento do tubo neural nos períodos anterior e posterior à fortificação dos alimentos com acido fólico de acordo com as características maternas. CONCLUSÕES: Embora não tenha sido observada redução dos defeitos do fechamento do tubo neural após o período mandatório de fortificação de alimentos com ácido fólico, os resultados encontrados não permitem descartar o seu benefício na prevenção desta malformação. São necessários estudos avaliando maior período e considerando o nível de consumo dos produtos fortificados pelas mulheres em idade fértil.

A ultra-sonografia obstétrica e a relação materno-fetal em situações de normalidade e anormalidade fetal / Obstetric ultrasound and mother-fetus relationship in normal and abnormal diagnoses

A ultra-sonografia obstétrica já é considerada um exame de rotina no pré-natal. Esse procedimento inaugurou uma nova forma de contato com o universo intra-uterino, além de ter passado a antecipar dados reais do bebê que antes só eram conhecidos após o seu nascimento. Hoje é possível saber o sexo do bebê, visualizar suas características físicas e maneiras de se movimentar, bem como fazer um diagnóstico de anormalidade fetal. Assim, a crescente utilização da ultra-sonografia parece afetar a relação pais-feto. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados a respeito das repercussões psicológicas da ultra-sonografia obstétrica na relação materno-fetal. O presente artigo revisa os principais achados desses estudos destacando tanto as situações de normalidade quanto de anormalidade fetal. Embora não haja consenso quanto ao impacto da ultra-sonografia para a relação materno-fetal, os estudos são unânimes em reconhecer o impacto emocional desse momento em situações de normalidade e, especialmente, nos casos de anormalidade fetal. Assim sendo, é necessário atentar também para os aspectos psicológicos desse exame e para seu potencial de afetar a relação pais-bebê.

Nowadays the obstetric ultrasound is considered a prenatal period routine. This procedure has inaugurated a new contact with the intrauterine world, and has anticipated infant's real data concerning. It is possible to know the infant's sex, visualize physical characteristics and movement patterns, as well as to diagnose fetal abnormality. Therefore it is possible to affirm the increase of ultrasound use may affect parent-fetus relationship. Several studies have been carried out concerning the psychological implications of obstetric ultrasound on mother-fetus relationship. The present article reviews the main findings of these studies stressing both the fetal normality and abnormality situations. Even though there is no consensus regarding the impact of ultrasound on mother-fetus relationship, the studies are unanimous about the emotional impact of this exam in normal and, especially, in abnormal cases. It is necessary to attend to the psychological aspects of this examination and to its potential effect on parent-infant relationship.

A preparação para o parto como prevenção primária com grupos de sala de espera: a experiência de trabalho interprofissional / The preparation for the childbirth as primary prevention with groups of waiting room: the experience of interprofessional work

Este artigo compreende uma síntese de um trabalho de prevenção primária de preparação para o parto com grupos de gestantes de sala de espera para a consulta do pré-natal, realizado a princípio apenas por uma estagiária de psicologia, que construiu a proposta do mesmo para a sua prática num hospital filantrópico. No curso de seu desenvolvimento duas profissionais vieram se juntar, uma enfermeira e uma assistente social, ampliando o atendimento para uma modalidade integrada e integral. São descritos, então, as possibilidades e também os impasses nessa intervenção em função das disposições das participantes e da equipe interprofissional na adesão à mesma. Por último, é destacado como promissor o empreendimento de ações no campo da saúde reprodutiva, a partir de uma abordagem preventiva e sob a ótica da interdisciplinaridade, à medida que profissionais dessa área fizerem investimentos no sentido de contribuírem para uma melhor assistência às mulheres grávidas.(AU)

This article understands a synthesis of a work of primary prevention of preparation for the childbirth with groups of pregnant women of waiting room for the consultation of the antenatal, carried out the principle only for a psychology trainee that constructed the proposal of the same one for practical hers in a philanthropic hospital. In the course of its development, two professionals had come to join themselves, a nurse and a social assistant, extending the attendance for an integrated and integral modality. It is described, then, the possibilities and also the impasses in that intervention in function of the disposals of the participants and the interprofessional team in the adhesion to the same one. Finally, the enterprise of actions in the field of the reproductive health is emphasized as promising with effect from a preventive approach and under the optics of the interdisciplinarity, in the measure that professionals of that field invest in the direction to make to contribute for one better attendance to the pregnant women.(AU)