Estimating the Global and Regional Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis in Children: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) has been a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. The most recent estimation of the global burden of Spn meningitis indicates a positive trajectory in eliminating Spn through the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. However, continuous monitoring and assessment of the disease burden are necessary due to the evidence of serotype replacement, antibiotic resistance, and the impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated and focused assessment of the global and regional burden of Spn meningitis in children, which can guide policies and strategies to reduce the disease burden. METHODS: Population-based studies published from January 1, 2000, to January 1, 2022, were preliminarily searched from the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Global Health (CABI), and CINAHL Plus without any language restrictions. Studies were included if they reported the incidence, prevalence, mortality, or case-fatality ratio (CFR) for Spn meningitis in children aged 0-4 years; meningitis was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid culture; the study period was a minimum of 1 year; the number of reported cases was at least 10; and the study had no methodological ambiguities. The article screening process follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Characteristics including study period, setting, World Health Organization region, income level, vaccination information, and participant data (age, number of cases, deaths, sequelae, and risk factors) will be extracted from the included studies. Search results will be updated and incorporated into our review prior to finalizing the extraction of data. Generalized linear mixed models meta-analysis will be performed to estimate the pooled incidence and CFR. We will further assess the risk of bias and heterogeneity, and will perform subgroup and sensitivity analyses to provide a meaningful interpretation of the current burden and literature for pneumococcal meningitis. RESULTS: Our preliminary search in December 2021 yielded 9295 articles. Out of 275 studies that were assessed with our eligibility criteria, 117 articles were included. Data extraction and analysis are expected to be complete by January 2025. We plan to publish the results from the full study, including an updated search in 2024, by March 2025. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the major burden of Spn meningitis affects children under the age of 5 years, this systematic review will provide a thorough understanding of the global burden of Spn meningitis in this vulnerable population over a span of 2 decades. Insights into incidence trends, geospatial distribution, risk factors, and sequelae will be valuable for stakeholders, policy makers, and the academic community. This information will aid in the ongoing monitoring of the disease and in enhancing targeted vaccine programs to further mitigate the impact of the disease on children worldwide. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021293110; https://tinyurl.com/kc3j5k4m. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/50678.

Successful Practices to Reduce Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Post-Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) have decreased in U.S. hospitals over the last decade, but CLABSI rates increased during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting the downward trend. This study explored factors contributing to the reduction of CLABSI, identifying deviations in infection prevention and control protocol during the pandemic, actions taken to address the increase in CLABSI, and factors promoting sustained progress. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using the National Healthcare Safety Network data. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified hospitals with elevated CLABSI standardized infection ratios (SIR) >1 between Q1 2019 - Q4 2021 followed by four quarters of sustained reduction (CLABSI SIR <1) through Q1 2022 - Q4 2022. [Affiliation redacted for peer review] researchers conducted semi-structured phone interviews with infection preventionist professionals from six hospitals representing these performance patterns. RESULTS: Interview themes suggested that staffing shortages (83%) and less vigilant central line practices (100%) contributed to increased CLABSI SIR during the pandemic. Interviewed organizations described evidence-based interventions, such as using chlorhexidine gluconate for skin preparation, along with other innovative strategies they used to establish reduced CLABSI rates. CONCLUSION: Despite challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, some healthcare organizations have excelled in their efforts to reduce and sustain low rates of CLABSI by implementing evidence-based practices, innovative solutions, and education.

Infection prevention and control: knowledge, practices and associated factors among cleaners at a National Referral Hospital in Uganda.

Background: While most infection prevention and control (IPC) studies focus on healthcare professionals, IPC is everyone's responsibility in any healthcare facility. There is little known about the IPC knowledge among the cleaners who are responsible for housekeeping, environmental cleaning, and waste management within hospitals. This study sought to evaluate the knowledge and practice of IPC among cleaners at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH) to establish a foundation for empowering a strategic workforce that will improve IPC practices within the hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the cleaners in a national referral hospital in Uganda. The participants were purposively sampled, and data was collected using a web-based, interviewer-administered, questionnaire about IPC knowledge and practices. Results: Of the 120 cleaners recruited, 52.5% were female. Good IPC knowledge was demonstrated in 58.3%, and 30.8% reported good IPC practices. Participants with at least 5 years' work experience had higher knowledge levels (aOR: 10.3, P=0.006, 95% CI: 2-54). Those closely supervised had lower IPC knowledge compared with those with less supervision. Participants with fixed work schedules (aOR: 0.2, P=0.028, 95%CI: 0-0.8), were less likely to exhibit good IPC practices. In addition, 63.1% were knowledgeable about waste segregation, recognising bin colours and the correct disposal of sharps and needles. Despite good compliance with personal protective equipment, poor hand-washing practices were reported. A positive correlation between knowledge and practice scores was established. Conclusion: Hospital cleaners in a national referral hospital in Uganda IPC reported poor infection prevention practices despite good knowledge. For IPC knowledge and practice to correlate positively, ongoing practical training is vital to maintain knowledge and good practice to establish a successful IPC program.

Secondary attack rate following on-site isolation of patients with suspected COVID-19 in multiple-bed rooms.

The implementation of isolation precautions for patients with suspected Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pending test results is resource intensive. Due to the limited availability of single-bed rooms at our institution, we isolated patients with suspected COVID-19 together with patients without suspected COVID-19 on-site in multiple-bed rooms until SARS-CoV-2-test results were available. We evaluated the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to individuals sharing the room with patients isolated on-site. This observational study was performed at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, from 03/20 - 11/20. Secondary attack rates were compared between patients hospitalized in multiple-bed rooms and exposed to individuals subjected to on-site isolation precautions (on-site isolation group), and patients exposed to individuals initially not identified as having COVID-19, and not placed under isolation precautions until the diagnosis was suspected (control group). Transmission events were confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. Among 1,218 patients with suspected COVID-19, 67 (5.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 21 were isolated on-site potentially exposing 27 patients sharing the same room. Median contact time was 12 h (interquartile range 7-18 h). SARS-CoV-2 transmission was identified in none of the patients in the on-site isolation group vs. 10/63 (15.9%) in the control group (p = 0.03). Isolation on-site of suspected COVID-19-patients in multiple-bed rooms avoided single-room occupancy and subsequent in-hospital relocation for many patients without confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infection. The absence of secondary transmission among the exposed patients in the on-site isolation group allows for assessment of the risk/benefit ratio of this strategy given the limitation of a small sample size.

Information management of full-cycle inpatient bed reservation for cancer patients under the normalised prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: During the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals became focal points for normalised prevention and control. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of an inpatient bed reservation system for cancer patients that was developed in the department?s public WeChat account. We also explored its role in improving operational efficiency and nursing quality management, as well as in optimising nursing workforce deployment. METHODS: We utilised WeChat to facilitate communication between cancer patients and health care professionals. Furthermore, we collected data on admissions, discharges, average number of hospitalisation days, bed utilisation rate, and the number of bed days occupied by hospitalised patients through the hospital information system and nurses? working hours and competency levels through the nurse scheduling system. The average nursing hours per patient per day were calculated. Through the inpatient bed reservation system, the number of accepted admissions, denied admissions, and cancelled admissions from the reservation system were collected. The impact of the bed reservation system on the department?s operational efficiency was analysed by comparing the number of hospitalisation discharges before and after reservations, as well as the average hospitalisation and bed utilisation rates. By comparing nurses? working hours per month and average nursing hours per patient per day, the system?s impact on nurses? working hours and nursing quality indicators was analysed. RESULTS: The average hospitalisation length, bed utilisation rate, and nurses? working hours were significantly lower, and the average number of nursing hours per patient per day was significantly higher after the implementation of the reservation system. The full-cycle bed information management model for cancer patients did not affect the number of discharged patients. CONCLUSION: Patients? ability to reserve bed types from home in advance using the department?s official WeChat-based inpatient bed reservation system allowed nurses to prepare for their work ahead of time. This in turn improved the operational efficiency of the department and nursing quality, and it optimised the deployment of the nursing workforce.

The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.

The Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on First Nations and How We Can Work With Communities to Prevent It.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is prevalent in many Indigenous North American First Nations (FN) and tends to be seropositive, familial, and disabling, as well as associated with highly unfavorable outcomes such as early mortality. The risk of developing RA is based on a perfect storm of gene-environment interactions underpinning this risk. The gene-environment interactions include a high frequency of shared epitope encoding HLA alleles, particularly HLA-DRB1*1402, in the background population, and prevalent predisposing environmental factors such as smoking and periodontal disease. Together, these provide a compelling rationale for an RA prevention agenda in FN communities. Our research team has worked in partnership with several FN communities to prospectively follow the first-degree relatives of FN patients with RA, with the aim of better understanding the preclinical stages of RA in this population. We have focused on specific features of the anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and other proteomic biomarkers as predictors of future development of RA. These studies have now led us to consider interventions having a favorable risk-benefit ratio if applied at a stage prior to a hypothetical "point of no return," when the autoimmunity potentially becomes irreversible. Based on a supportive mouse model and available human studies of curcumin, omega-3, and vitamin D supplements, we are undertaking studies where we screen communities using dried blood spot technology adapted for the detection of ACPA, and then enrolling ACPA-positive individuals in studies that use a combination of these supplements. These studies are guided by shared decision-making principles.

Innovative teaching in infection prevention and control and infectious diseases education: testing and investigation of student perceptions.

PURPOSE: Many curricula promote frontal teaching approaches, potentially decreasing interaction and motivation - also within infection prevention & control and infectious diseases (IPC/ID). We aimed to investigate the implementation of three innovative teaching methods (ITM) within IPC/ID education: game-based learning (GBL), peer-teaching (PT) and misinformation detection (MID). METHODS: Multi-phase study involving third-year medical students was conducted. Phase-1 included a cross-sectional survey, assessing previous ITM-experience and interest to participate in phase-2, where the students were divided into teams. Each team prepared a video covering an IPC/ID-topic with deliberately placed misinformation, which had to be identified and corrected by the opposing team, followed by qualitative evaluation (phase-3). Finally, the MID-concept was incorporated into regular curricula in a non-competitive environment (phase-4) and evaluated within a cohort not involved in phases 1-3. RESULTS: 276 students responded to phase-1. 58% expressed interest in participating in phase-2. Roughly 59% [47-71%] CI-95% of respondents without previous PT-experience stated interest in PT, while the interest in GBL and MID was even higher. 19 students participated in phase-2. All topic MID-scores ranged between 6 and 8/10 points, except for emporiatrics (3/10). Post-hoc analysis revealed a positive student-perception of ITM, particularly GBL. Phase-4 received 103 responses with general positive evaluation. Major agreements existed on the usefulness of critical information evaluation for medical practice (82% [75-91%] CI-95%) and of MID during studies (69% [59-79%] CI-95%). CONCLUSION: our results hint at a relatively high interest in ITM and show MID applicability in regular IPC/ID curricula, which could be of advantage for the learning environment.

Determinants of intended prevention behaviour against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in the Netherlands and Spain using the MosquitoWise survey: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, Europe has seen an emergence of mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs). Understanding citizens' perceptions of and behaviours towards mosquitoes and MBVs is crucial to reduce disease risk. We investigated and compared perceptions, knowledge, and determinants of citizens' behavioural intentions related to mosquitoes and MBVs in the Netherlands and Spain, to help improve public health interventions. METHODS: Using the validated MosquitoWise survey, data was collected through participant panels in Spain (N = 475) and the Netherlands (N = 438). Health Belief Model scores measuring behavioural intent, knowledge, and information scores were calculated. Confidence Interval-Based Estimation of Relevance was used, together with potential for change indexes, to identify promising determinants for improving prevention measure use. RESULTS: Spanish participants' responses showed slightly higher intent to use prevention measures compared to those of Dutch participants (29.1 and 28.2, respectively, p 0.03). Most participants in Spain (92.2%) and the Netherlands (91.8%) indicated they used at least one prevention measure, but differences were observed in which types they used. More Spanish participants indicated to have received information on mosquitoes and MBVs compared to Dutch participants. Spanish participants preferred health professional information sources, while Dutch participants favoured government websites. Determinants for intent to use prevention measures included "Knowledge", "Reminders to Use Prevention Measures", and "Information" in the Netherlands and Spain. Determinants for repellent use included "Perceived Benefits" and "Cues to Action", with "Perceived Benefits" having a high potential for behavioural change in both countries. "Self-Efficacy" and "Knowledge" were determinants in both countries for breeding site removal. CONCLUSION: This study found differences in knowledge between the Netherlands and Spain but similarities in determinants for intent to use prevention measures, intent to use repellents and intent to remove mosquito breeding sites. Identified determinants can be the focus for future public health interventions to reduce MBV risks.

Increasing Utilization of Scrubbing Devices for Peripheral Intravenous Disinfectable Needleless Closed Connectors.

Introduction Peripheral intravenous (IV) administration sets are a source of infection that increases morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In this quality improvement project, we aimed to enhance compliance with peripheral IV hub disinfection at anesthesia induction to follow the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) safe medication injection guidelines. Methods This study was conducted in the main operating suite of the University of Miami's principal hospital between June and October 2023. Audits of scrubbing device utilization by the anesthesiology team and focus groups were conducted before and after two educational interventions. Educational efforts focused on increasing compliance with peripheral IV disinfection using scrubbing devices.  Results Mean use per case, inferred from the number of devices dispensed, nearly doubled from 0.44 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.59) to 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.88) (P < 0.0001). Implications regarding steps to further enhance compliance are discussed. Conclusions Through a simple educational program, scrubbing device utilization increased significantly from baseline.

Regulation of exercise on heart rate variability in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. / 运动对围绝经期和绝经后妇女心率变异性的调节.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive quantitative measure of cardiac autonomic nervous activity. Due to the increase of age and the decrease of estrogen level in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, the cardiac autonomic nervous function is abnormal, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Proper exercise can increase estrogen levels, improve cardiovascular health, regulate cardiac autonomic nervous activity, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low-moderate intensity aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, aerobic combined resistance exercise and mind-body exercise have positive effects on HRV in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Therefore, summarizing the effects of different exercise modes on HRV in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, as well as the mechanism of exercise training improvement on HRV, so as to adopt better exercise strategies to improve HRV of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, and thus reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve the health level and quality of life of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Application progress of latent class growth models in dynamic prevention and control strategies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. / æ½œåˆ†ç±»å¢žé•¿æ¨¡åž‹åœ¨èŽ·å¾—æ€§å ç–«ç¼ºé™·ç»¼åˆå¾åŠ¨æ€é˜²æŽ§ç­–ç•¥ä¸­çš„åº”ç”¨è¿›å±•.

The prevention and control requirements for HIV/AIDS vary significantly among different populations, posing substantial challenges to the formulation and implementation of intervention strategies. Dynamically assessing the heterogeneity and disease progression trajectories of various groups is crucial. Latent class growth model (LCGM) serves as a statistical approach that fits a longitudinal data into N subgroups of individual development trajectories, identifying and analyzing the progression paths of different subgroups, thereby offering a novel perspective for disease control strategies. LCGM has shown significant advantages in the application of HIV/AIDS prevention and control, especially in gaining a deeper understanding and analysis of epidemiological characteristics, risk behaviors, psychological research, heterogeneity in testing, and dynamic changes. Summarizing the advantages and limitations of applying LCGM can provide a reliable basis for precise prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.

Healthcare workers' knowledge, attitude and practices on infection prevention and control in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic at the Faranah regional hospital and associated healthcare centers, Guinea.

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO launched a strategic preparedness and response plan, outlining public health measures to support countries worldwide. Healthcare workers have an increased risk of becoming infected and their behaviour regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) influences infection dynamics. IPC strategies are important across the globe, but even more in low-resource settings where capacities for testing and treatment are limited. Our study aimed to assess and implement COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response measures in Faranah, Guinea, primarily focusing on healthcare workers' IPC knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP). METHODS: The study was conducted between April 2020 and April 2021 assessing IPC pandemic preparedness and response measures such as healthcare workers' KAP, alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) consumption and COVID-19 triaging in the Faranah Regional Hospital and two associated healthcare centres. The assessment was accompanied by IPC training and visual workplace reminders and done in pre- and post- phases to evaluate possible impact of these IPC activities. RESULTS: The overall knowledge score in the Faranah Regional Hospital was 32.0 out of 44 at baseline, and did not change in the first, but increased significantly by 3.0 points in the second follow-up. The healthcare workers felt closer proximity to SARS-CoV-2 overtime in addition to higher stress levels in all study sites. There was significant improvement across the observed triaging practices. Hand hygiene compliance showed a significant increase across study sites leading to 80% in Faranah Regional Hospital and 63% in healthcare centers. The average consumption of ABHR per consultation was 3.29 mL with a peak in February 2020 of 23 mL. CONCLUSION: Despite increased stress levels among HCWs, the ongoing IPC partnership well prepared the FRH in terms of triaging processes with a stronger impact on IPC practice than on theoretical knowledge. Throughout the pandemic, global shortages and surges in consumption did not affect the continuous ABHR provision of the FRH. This highlights local ABHR production as a key pandemic preparedness strategy.

Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia annual report, 2021.

Abstract: Annual seasonal influenza epidemics cause substantial disease and economic burden worldwide. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 and 2021, influenza activity significantly declined. However, influenza resurged in Australia following the relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, with increased influenza virus circulation in early 2022 coinciding with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant wave. Together with other respiratory virus diseases, these disease impacts on the Australian population and healthcare system have re-emphasised the importance of influenza vaccination and control. We aim to provide an overview of the current seasonal influenza vaccination program in Australia and summarise evidence and considerations underpinning potential future immunisation strategies. Influenza causes disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality in young children and older adults. Other populations at elevated risk from influenza include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying medical conditions. All Australians aged ≥ 6 months are recommended to receive influenza vaccine every year. The National Immunisation Program (NIP) provides free vaccine for eligible at-risk populations. While approximately 70% of older adults had received influenza vaccine in 2022, coverage in other age groups remains suboptimal. There are several key unmet needs and challenges, but also potential strategies for enhancing the influenza vaccination program in Australia. Improved monitoring and evaluation, including the use of relevant linked datasets for such purposes, is imperative to better understand variations in coverage and vaccination impact in specific populations. Adoption of evidence-based strategies, such as culturally appropriate resources that consider the characteristics of diverse Australian populations, may also help to achieve higher vaccine coverage rates. Additionally, greater vaccine uptake across the population could be facilitated by expanding the NIP-eligible population where cost-effective, and adopting the use of more effective and different types of vaccines when available.

Recurrent Fungemia Due to Candida auris.

We present a case of recurrent multidrug-resistant Candida auris (C. auris) in a patient who required multiple hospitalizations. The patient's case was complicated by interval admissions to the intensive care unit for septic and hypovolemic shock for 12 months to manage C. auris fungemia. Despite adequate isolation precautions and appropriate antifungal treatment, this case demonstrates the profound implications of this emerging pathogen, specifically regarding invasive infections. Moreover, C. auris is rapidly becoming known as a multidrug-resistant organism, which limits treatment options and thus contributes to high mortality.

Identifying patients at risk of anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that warrants prompt diagnosis and management. It continues to be challenging to anticipate who may be at risk of a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis can be caused by a range of allergens, such as certain foods, medications, latex, insect stings, etc. Cofactors that augment the severity of clinical symptoms and increase the risk of poor outcomes include exercise, stress, infectious diseases, underlying mast cell disease, active allergic disease such as asthma, advanced age, intake of certain medications, history of previous anaphylaxis, and delayed or missed administration of adrenaline. According to the European Anaphylaxis Registry, food is the major elicitor of anaphylaxis, especially eggs, cow milk, and nuts, in children and adolescents. Reaction to insect venom has also been noted in young adulthood. Early recognition of signs and symptoms and prompt treatment are crucial in anaphylaxis management to avoid serious and even fatal outcomes. It is crucial for both individuals and clinicians to identify the cause of anaphylaxis. Biomarkers of anaphylaxis, such as histamine, tryptase, platelet activation factor (PAF), chymase, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), basogranulin, CCL-2, hsa-miR-451a, may be useful in diagnosis and management. The purpose of this review article is to present a comprehensive overview of current evidence and expert opinions regarding the risk factors that predispose individuals to anaphylaxis. Additionally, it provides insights into potential biomarkers and genetic markers for accurate diagnosis and management. This review underscores the significance of expert guidance in enhancing patient outcomes and enabling self-management of anaphylactic episodes.

Evaluating the categorisation of interventions in individual working practice aimed at preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders: An international experts consultation.

In a previous scoping review, eight categories of interventions in individual work practice were defined. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relevance and completeness of these eight categories and to increase the clarity of the nomenclature and definitions of each category. An international expert consultation has been carried out for this purpose. Thirty-eight experts from 13 countries participated. Data collection was conducted using a survey design comprising structured questions. Consensus was reached if 75% of the experts answered 'Strongly agree' or 'Agree' on a 5-point Likert scale. For the topic 'Relevance', there was consensus for six of the eight categories (range 78%-86%), the exceptions were the categories: 'Exercising' (72%) and 'Professional manners' (64%). With regard to the topic 'Nomenclature', consensus was reached for six categories and for the topic 'Definition' this was five categories. The present definitions have been improved based on the expert recommendations. With respect to the topic 'Completeness': although a limited number of suggestions were given, this did not lead to one or more categories being added to the existing eight categories. The final 'Nomenclature' for the categories is: 'Variation', 'Professional behaviour', 'Motoric skills', 'Vocational working techniques', 'Physical workplace', 'Physical training', 'Assistive devices and tools' and 'Task content and task organisation'. This expert consultation has provided a solid basis for endorsing the categorisation of interventions in IWP and is an important step in building a framework to develop and evaluate interventions in IWP.