A descriptive analysis of skin-only closure and Bogota bag techniques for achieving complete fascial closure in damage control abdominal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) techniques are essential in managing open abdomen cases, particularly in damage control surgery. Skin-only closure (SC) and Bogota bag closure (BBC) are commonly used methods for TAC, but their comparative effectiveness in achieving primary fascial closure (PFC) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rates of PFC between patients undergoing SC and BBC techniques for TAC in peritonitis or abdominal trauma cases at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Surgical A Unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from January 2022 to July 2023. Approval was obtained from the institutional review board, and patient consent was secured for data use. Patients undergoing temporary abdominal closure using either skin-only or Bogota bag techniques were included. Exclusions comprised patients younger than 15 or older than 75 years, those with multiple abdominal wall incisions, and those with prior abdominal surgeries. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 25. The study aimed to assess outcomes following damage control surgery, focusing on primary fascial closure rates and associated factors. Closure techniques (skin-only and Bogota bag) were chosen based on institutional protocols and clinical context. Indications for damage control surgery (DCS) included traumatic and non-traumatic emergencies. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured using standardized methods. Patients were divided into SC and BBC groups for comparison. Criteria for reoperation and primary fascial closure were established, with timing and technique determined based on clinical assessment and multidisciplinary team collaboration. The decision to leave patients open during the index operation followed damage control surgery principles. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients were included in this study, with 59.0% undergoing skin-only closure (SC) and 41.0% receiving Bogota bag closure (BBC). Patients exhibited similar demographic characteristics across cohorts, with a majority being male (73.1%) and experiencing acute abdomen of non-traumatic origin (58.0%). Among the reasons for leaving the abdomen open, severe intra-abdominal sepsis affected 51.3% of patients, while 42.0% experienced hemodynamic instability. Patients who received SC had significantly higher rates of primary fascial closure (PFC) compared to BBC (85.1% vs. 65.8%, p = 0.04), with lower rates of fascial dehiscence (1.7% vs. 7.6%, p = 0.052) and wound infections (p = 0.010). Multivariate regression analysis showed SC was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving PFC compared to BBC (adjusted OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-3.8, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with peritonitis or abdominal trauma, SC demonstrated higher rates of PFC compared to BBC for TAC in our study population. However, further studies are warranted to validate these results and explore the long-term outcomes associated with different TAC techniques.

Modified Application of the Abdominal Re-Approximation Anchor Device in the Closure of Septic Open Abdomen in a Patient With Class III Obesity.

The Abdominal Re-Approximation Anchor (ABRA®) is a pivotal dynamic wound closure system utilized for achieving primary fascial closure in patients undergoing open abdomen surgeries. However, its efficacy can be hindered in patients with class III obesity due to anatomical complexities and compromised tissue characteristics. Here, we present the unique case of a 25-year-old woman with class III obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2) who required primary abdominal closure following complications of an ileostomy repair. Traditional placement of the ABRA device was not feasible due to thick subcutaneous tissue layers. Consequently, a modified application of ABRA was decided based on clinical judgment, whereby the ABRA button anchors were strategically placed internally under the subcutaneous tissue instead of externally on the skin surface. The patient completed six intraoperative tightenings of the ABRA device via this novel technique and was treated with washouts over the course of two months until complete resolution was achieved. The presented case demonstrates a successful modification of the ABRA wound closure device to suit an open abdomen patient with class III obesity.

Contemporary Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: Emerging Techniques and Trends.

Abdominal wall reconstruction is a common and necessary surgery, two factors that drive innovation. This review article examines recent developments in ventral hernia repair including primary fascial closure, mesh selection between biologic, permanent synthetic, and biosynthetic meshes, component separation, and functional abdominal wall reconstruction from a plastic surgery perspective, exploring the full range of hernia repair's own reconstructive ladder. New materials and techniques are examined to explore the ever-increasing options available to surgeons who work within the sphere of ventral hernia repair and provide updates for evolving trends in the field.

Damage Control Surgery and Transfer in Emergency General Surgery.

Selective non traumatic emergency surgery patients are targets for damage control surgery (DCS) to prevent or treat abdominal compartment syndrome and the lethal triad. However, DCS is still a subject of controversy. As a concept, DCS describes a series of abbreviated surgical procedures to allow rapid source control of hemorrhage and contamination in patients with circulatory shock to allow resuscitation and stabilization in the intensive care unit followed by delayed return to the operating room for definitive surgical management once the patient becomes physiologic stable. If appropriately applied, the DCS morbidity and mortality can be significantly reduced.

The impact of hypertonic saline on damage control laparotomy after penetrating abdominal trauma.

PURPOSE: The inability to achieve primary fascial closure (PFC) after emergency laparotomy increases the rates of adverse outcomes including fistula formation, incisional hernia, and intraabdominal infection. Hypertonic saline (HTS) infusion improves early PFC rates and decreases time to PFC in patients undergoing damage control laparotomy (DCL) after injury. We hypothesized that in patients undergoing DCL after penetrating abdominal injury, HTS infusion would decrease the time to fascial closure as well as the volume of crystalloid required for resuscitation without inducing clinically relevant acute kidney injury (AKI) or electrolyte derangements. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all penetrating abdominal injury patients undergoing DCL within the University of Pennsylvania Health System (January 2015-December 2018). We compared patients who received 3% HTS at 30 mL/h (HTS) to those receiving isotonic fluid (ISO) for resuscitation while the abdominal fascia remained open. Primary outcomes were the rate of early PFC (PFC within 72 h) and time to PFC; secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury, sodium derangement, ventilator-free days, hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU LOS. Intergroup comparisons occurred by ANOVA and Tukey's comparison, and student's t, and Fischer's exact tests, as appropriate. A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine normality of distribution. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients underwent DCL after penetrating abdominal injury (ISO n = 41, HTS n = 16). There were no significant intergroup differences in baseline characteristics or injury severity score. Mean time to fascial closure was significantly shorter in HTS (36.37 h ± 14.21 vs 59.05 h ± 50.75, p = 0.02), and the PFC rate was significantly higher in HTS (100% vs 73%, p = 0.01). Mean 24-h fluid and 48-h fluid totals were significantly less in HTS versus ISO (24 h: 5.2L ± 1.7 vs 8.6L ± 2.2, p = 0.01; 48 h: 1.3L ± 1.1 vs 2.6L ± 2.2, p = 0.008). During the first 72 h, peak sodium (Na) concentration (146.2 mEq/L ± 2.94 vs 142.8 mEq/L ± 3.67, p = 0.0017) as well as change in Na from ICU admission (5.1 mEq/L vs 2.3, p = 0.016) were significantly higher in HTS compared to ISO. Patients in the HTS group received significantly more blood in the trauma bay compared to ISO. There were no intergroup differences in intraoperative blood transfusion volume, AKI incidence, change in chloride concentration (△Cl) from ICU admit, Na to Cl gradient (Na:Cl), initial serum creatinine (Cr), peak post-operative Cr, change in creatinine concentration (△Cr) from ICU admission, creatinine clearance (CrCl), initial serum potassium (K), peak ICU K, change in K from ICU admission, initial pH, highest or lowest post-operative pH, mean hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and ventilator-free days. CONCLUSIONS: HTS infusion in patients undergoing DCL after penetrating abdominal injury decreases the time to fascial closure and led to 100% early PFC. HTS infusion also decreased resuscitative fluid volume without causing significant AKI or electrolyte derangement. HTS appears to offer a safe and effective fluid management approach in patients who sustain penetrating abdominal injury and DCL to support early PFC without inducing measurable harm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Cierre dinámico y toxina botulínica: una alternativa novedosa para el cierre definitivo del abdomen abierto y contenido / Dynamic closure system and botulinum toxin: a novel alternative for definitive closure of open abdomen

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años que, cursando internación por neumonía- COVID-19, intercurrió con shock séptico por diverticulitis aguda Hinchey IV, por lo que se realizó cirugía de Hartmann. Evolucionó con isquemia colónica, se realizó colectomía total y abdomen abierto y contenido (AAyC). El manejo del AAyC se realizó con sistema de vacío (VAC) durante 7 semanas, resultando un AAyC tipo IIIa (Björck) con un gap de 16 cm. Se decidió iniciar, una vez dadas las condiciones clínicas del paciente, el cierre dinámico (CD) con tracción fascial con malla de polipropileno asociado a inyección de toxina botulínica (TB). Esta estrategia permitió el cierre fascial primario (CFP) de la pared abdominal en la quinta semana de comenzado el tratamiento, evitando de esta manera la morbilidad de un cierre por segunda intención.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 54-year-old male patient hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia who developed septic shock due to acute Hinchey IV diverticulitis and required Hartmann's surgery. The patient evolved with colonic ischemia and underwent total colectomy and open abdomen (OA) with temporary abdominal closure (TAC) that was managed with a vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAWC) system for 7 weeks, resulting in a Björck grade 3A OA with a 16-cm gap. As he had a favorable clinic course, dynamic closure with mesh-mediated fascial traction was decided, associated with botulinum toxin (BT) injection. This strategy allowed primary fascial closure (PFC) of the abdominal wall 5 weeks after treatment was initiated, thus avoiding the complications of healing by secondary intention.

Time is domain: factors affecting primary fascial closure after trauma and non-trauma damage control laparotomy (data from the EAST SLEEP-TIME multicenter registry).

PURPOSE: Damage control laparotomy (DCL) is used for both traumatic and non-traumatic indications. Failure to achieve primary fascial closure (PFC) in a timely fashion has been associated with complications including sepsis, fistula, and mortality. We sought to identify factors associated with time to PFC in a multicenter retrospective cohort. METHODS: We reviewed retrospective data from 15 centers in the EAST SLEEP-TIME registry, including age, comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]), small and large bowel resection, bowel discontinuity, vascular procedures, retained packs, number of re-laparotomies, net fluid balance after 24 h, trauma, and time to first takeback in 12-h increments to identify key factors associated with time to PFC. RESULTS: In total, 368 patients (71.2% trauma, of which 50.6% were penetrating, median ISS 25 [16, 34], with median Apache II score 15 [11, 22] in non-trauma) were in the cohort. Of these, 92.9% of patients achieved PFC at 60.8 ± 72.0 h after 1.6 ± 1.2 re-laparotomies. Each additional re-laparotomy reduced the odds of PFC by 91.5% (95%CI 88.2-93.9%, p < 0.001). Time to first re-laparotomy was highly significant (p < 0.001) in terms of odds of achieving PFC, with no difference between 12 and 24 h to first re-laparotomy (ref), and decreases in odds of PFC of 78.4% (65.8-86.4%, p < 0.001) for first re-laparotomy after 24.1-36 h, 90.8% (84.7-94.4%, p < 0.001) for 36.1-48 h, and 98.1% (96.4-99.0%, p < 0.001) for > 48 h. Trauma patients had increased likelihood of PFC in two separate analyses (p = 0.022 and 0.002). CONCLUSION: Time to re-laparotomy ≤ 24 h and minimizing number of re-laparotomies are highly predictive of rapid achievement of PFC in patients after trauma- and non-trauma DCL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2B.

The role of direct peritoneal resuscitation in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock after trauma and in emergency acute care surgery: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has been used to help preserve microcirculation by reversing vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion associated with the pathophysiological process of shock, which can occur despite appropriate intravenous resuscitation. This approach depends on infusing a hyperosmolar solution intraperitoneally via a percutaneous catheter with the tip ending near the pelvis or the root of the mesentery. The abdomen is usually left open with a negative pressure abdominal dressing to continuously evacuate the infused dialysate. Hypertonicity of the solution triggers visceral vasodilation to help maintain blood flow, even during shock, and is also associated with reduced local inflammatory cytokines and other mediators, preservation of endothelial cell function, and mitigation of organ edema and necrosis. It also has a direct effect on liver perfusion and edema, more rapidly corrects electrolyte abnormalities compared to intravenous resuscitation alone, and may requireless intravenous fluid to stabilize blood pressure, all of which shortens the time required to close patients' abdomen. METHODS: An online query using the search term "direct peritoneal resuscitation" was carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE and SciELO, limited to publications indexed from January 2014 to June 2020. Of the 20 articles returned, full text was able to be obtained for 19. A manual review of included articles' references was resulted in the addition of 1 article, for a total of 20 included articles. RESULTS: The 20 articles were comprised of 15 animal studies, 4 clinical studies,and 1 expert opinion. The benefits include both local and possibly systemic effects on perfusion, hypoxia, acidosis, and inflammation, and are associated with improved outcomes and reduced complications. CONCLUSION: DPR shows promise in patients with hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, and other conditions resulting in an open abdomen after damage control laparotomy.

Camel Bite Injury to the Face in an Adult Patient: Skin Closure Controversy.

Animal bite injuries are prevalent worldwide. Camel bites, as a cause, are relatively rare. Male camels are particularly aggressive, especially during the rutting season. These injuries, when inflicted over the face, have a disfiguration effect with possible psychological repercussions to the patient. The surgical management of facial camel bite is described sporadically and remains a source of deliberation. Our paper reports the mechanism and management of facial soft tissue injury inflicted by camel bite over the face in an adult male with long-time follow-up for the patient post surgical repair without any documented complications. This case report demonstrates the complex nature of camel bite injuries over the face. Inappropriate wound management may result in long-term sequelae, which may affect the patient's quality of life. Individuals should apply caution when dealing with camels, mainly in the rutting season. Primary skin closure, especially to the face or neck, and proper wound management will decrease the risk of permanent scars and infections.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis-guided fluid management promotes primary fascial closure after open abdomen: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fluid overload (FO) after resuscitation is frequent and contributes to adverse outcomes among postinjury open abdomen (OA) patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising tool for monitoring fluid status and FO. Therefore, we sought to investigate the efficacy of BIA-directed fluid resuscitation among OA patients. METHODS: A pragmatic, prospective, randomized, observer-blind, single-center trial was performed for all trauma patients requiring OA between January 2013 and December 2017 to a national referral center. A total of 140 postinjury OA patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a BIA-directed fluid resuscitation (BIA) protocol that included fluid administration with monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and different degrees of interventions to achieve a negative fluid balance targeting the hydration level (HL) measured by BIA or a traditional fluid resuscitation (TRD) in which clinicians determined the fluid resuscitation regimen according to traditional parameters during 30 days of ICU management. The primary outcome was the 30-day primary fascial closure (PFC) rate. The secondary outcomes included the time to PFC, postoperative 7-day cumulative fluid balance (CFB) and adverse events within 30 days after OA. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were utilized for PFC after OA. A generalized linear regression model for the time to PFC and CFB was built. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients completed the trial (BIA, n = 66; TRD, n = 68). The BIA patients were significantly more likely to achieve PFC than the TRD patients (83.33% vs. 55.88%, P < 0.001). In the BIA group, the time to PFC occurred earlier than that of the TRD group by an average of 3.66 days (P < 0.001). Additionally, the BIA group showed a lower postoperative 7-day CFB by an average of 6632.80 ml (P < 0.001) and fewer complications. CONCLUSION: Among postinjury OA patients in the ICU, the use of BIA-guided fluid resuscitation resulted in a higher PFC rate and fewer severe complications than the traditional fluid resuscitation strategy.

Closing Difficult Laparostomies With the Aid of Botulinum Toxin A: An Audit of 12 Cases.

Background Obtaining primary fascial closure following laparostomy can be difficult; especially with fascial retraction or large pre-existing fascial defects. Various techniques have been described in the literature which attempt to improve reapproximation rates. Most techniques described comprise the use of adjuncts including Bogota Bags, negative pressure dressings, anchor devices and various types of mesh. While most techniques achieve primary closure, less achieve primary fascial closure. Botulinum toxin A (BTA) has proven a beneficial adjunct in repairing large ventral herniae. While there is limited research in the use of BTA in the acute setting of laparostomy closure its benefits in elective repair may prove transferrable with the appropriate protocols. Method This retrospective study reviewed 12 cases where BTA was used as an adjunct to close laparostomy. It compared primary fascial closure rates to historical controls at the same institution.  Results Seven males and five females. Median age 63.5 years. Median BMI 32.95. Median days from BTA injection to primary fascial closure 9.5. Median 18 days from primary operation to primary fascial closure. 83% of patients achieved primary fascial closure with the rest achieving partial closure with the residual defect bridged with biological mesh. At the time of review, there was only one resulting ventral hernia in a patient with a BMI of 51.7 at the time of surgery. Conclusion While BTA does not guarantee primary fascial closure in laparostomy this study would indicate it improves primary fascial closure rates and can be added to any other existing method for managing the open abdomen. As BTA can be injected via the open abdomen or with ultrasound guidance it can be performed by any appropriately trained surgeon, anaesthetist or radiologist making its use widely achievable. Retrospectively registered.

The Abdominal Re-Approximation Anchor device (ABRA®) has the potential to be useful in both emergency and elective dynamic temporary fascial closure.

BACKGROUND: The management of an open abdomen (OA) remains an evolving field because of its relative rarity. Many techniques to achieve temporary abdominal closure exist, but often require multiple returns to the operating theatre and usually do not address the issue of lateral fascial retraction and do not achieve primary fascial closure (PFC). The ensuing incisional hernias result in a significant surgical challenge affecting both the physical and mental health of the patient. We describe our experience with the Abdominal Re-approximation Anchor (ABRA) device, which addresses some of these issues. METHODS: The records of patients with an OA managed by a single surgeon using the ABRA device at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia, between December 2014 and April 2020 were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Six patients with OA were managed with the ABRA. All patients required an OA for the ramification of intraabdominal sepsis. Three patients were managed with the ABRA device electively and three in the acute setting. 100% of patients achieved PFC. Average follow-up was 40 months with three developing incisional hernias that were subsequently repaired. CONCLUSION: The OA in critically ill surgical patients remains one of the most challenging problems in general surgery. The ABRA device is simple to use and has shown positive outcomes in both the acute and elective setting. Our use has resulted in 100% PFC, which demonstrates that the ABRA device is an important tool for the general surgeon in managing these complex cases.

Wittmann Patch : Superior Closure for the Open Abdomen.

INTRODUCTION: Damage control laparotomy (DCL) is a life-saving surgical technique, but the resultant open abdomen (OA) carries serious morbidity/mortality. Many methods are utilized to manage OAs, but discrepancy exists in distinguishing closure from coverage techniques. We observed a difference in our DCL patient outcomes managed with the Wittmann Patch (WP) closure device versus the more popular ABThera (AB) coverage device. We hypothesized that the WP contributed to an improved fascial closure rate of the OAs after DCL. METHODS: A retrospective review of OAs managed with the AB or WP at our Level 1 trauma center was performed using billing codes to capture DCL patients from 2011 to 2019. Patients were divided into AB alone or WP groups. Major endpoints included primary fascial closure (PFC) and delayed fascial closure (DFC, fascial closure after greater than 7 days). RESULTS: 189 patients were identified as AB and 38 as WP. Rates of death before closure, age, gender, and Injury Severity Score were similar in both groups. PFC = 81%-90% for AB versus WP, respectively. Excluding patients with preexisting hernias PFC = 87%-100% for AB versus WP (P < .05) and DFC = 44%-100% for AB versus WP (P ≤ 0.001). WP had a statistically higher rate of PFC and DFC. There was a decreased incidence of complications in the WP versus AB group. CONCLUSIONS: While not well reported in the peer-reviewed literature, the application of the WP for management of the OA is an active form of pursuing PFC when compared with the AB, a coverage device. Our interinstitutional results have demonstrated superior PFC and DFC rates and fewer complications, in patients managed with the WP compared with the AB.

The open abdomen: analysis of risk factors for mortality and delayed fascial closure in 101 patients.

INTRODUCTION: The core concepts of damage control and open abdomen in trauma surgery have been expanding for emergent general surgery. Temporary closures allow ease of access to the abdominal cavity for source control.The aim of the current study was to assess the outcomes of patients who underwent open abdomen management for acute abdominal conditions and evaluate risk factors for worse outcomes and inability of fascial closure during the initial hospitalization. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 101 patients submitted to laparostomy in a single institution from January 2009 to March 2017. The evaluated outcomes were mortality, local morbidity, and rate of primary fascial closure. RESULTS: The most common indications for open abdomen were bowel perforation, bowel ischemia, and necrotizing pancreatitis. Global in-hospital mortality rate was 62.4%. For the 37 patients discharged from the hospital, a definitive abdominal closure was attained in 28.Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that people older than 60 years of age and with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores over 18.5 had higher in-hospital mortality rates. Definitive fascial closure was statistically associated with a lower number of re-interventions and ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: Open abdomen management may be appropriate in these critically ill patients; however, it continues to be associated with significantly high mortality, especially in elder patients and with higher APACHE II scores. Recognition of risk factors for fascia closure failure should promote the investigation for a tailored surgical approach in these patients.

Rapid Source-Control Laparotomy: Is There a Mortality Benefit?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence rapid source-control laparotomy (RSCL) has on the mortality rate in non-trauma patients with intra-abdominal infection. The hypothesis was that RSCL reduces deaths and hospital lengths of stay (LOS) in patients compared with definitive repair and primary fascial closure (PFC). METHODS: The International Classification of Diseases-10 codes for sepsis, gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation or hemorrhage, incisional or ventral hernia with obstruction, intestinal volvulus, ileus with obstruction, diverticulitis with perforation or abscess, vascular disorder of intestine, non-traumatic intestinal perforation, peritoneal abscess, and unspecified peritonitis were used to query the 2015 National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database for all patients treated with either RSCL or PFC. The two groups of patients were compared on the basis of LOS and deaths. Collected data included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), site classification, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, operative time, number of risk factors, and pre-operative septic state. RESULTS: After adjusting for the aforementioned variables, propensity score-matched cohorts (n = 210 in each cohort) were used to evaluate the influence of incision closure type on LOS and mortality rate. The odds of death (31.4% vs. 21.4%) with RSCL was 1.78 (95% confidence interval 1.08-2.95; p = 0.02) times that of PFC. Closure type was not significantly associated with an increased LOS (median 14 vs. 11 days; p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective cohort analysis demonstrated that RSCL is associated with higher odds of death in general surgical patients with intra-abdominal infection. There is a need for further studies to delineate what, if any, physiologic parameters indicate a need for RSCL.

Primary fascial closure during laparoscopic ventral hernia repair does not reduce 30-day wound complications.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) is associated with decreased wound morbidity compared to open repair. It remains unclear whether primary fascial closure (PFC) offers any benefit in reducing postoperative seroma compared to bridged repair. We hypothesized that PFC would have no effect on seroma formation following LVHR. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the prospectively maintained Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative. All patients undergoing LVHR from 2013 to 2016 were included. The primary outcome was seroma formation, diagnosed either clinically or radiographically. Secondary outcomes included surgical site infections (SSI), surgical site occurrences (SSO), and SSO requiring intervention. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared between groups with univariate analysis using Pearson's chi-squared or Wilcoxon tests. Multivariable logistic regression controlling for patient and hernia characteristics was then performed to investigate the independent effect of PFC on seroma formation. RESULTS: 1280 patients were included in the study. 69% (n = 887) underwent PFC. Patients undergoing bridged repairs had slightly larger defects and were more likely to have a recurrent hernia. The overall rate of seroma formation was 10.4% (n = 133). There was no association on univariate analysis between PFC and wound complications. Similarly, on multivariable analysis, PFC had no significant effect on the risk of seroma formation (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.58-1.31). CONCLUSIONS: PFC does not decrease the risk of short-term wound complications. Given that prior studies have also suggested no difference in hernia recurrence, PFC does not appear to improve postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing LVHR.

Planned ventral hernia following damage control laparotomy in trauma: an added year of recovery but equal long-term outcome.

PURPOSE: Significantly injured trauma patients commonly require damage control laparotomy (DCL). These patients undergo either primary fascial closure during the index hospitalization or are discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Hospital and long-term outcomes of these patients have not been extensively studied. METHODS: Patients who underwent DCL for trauma from 2003 to 2012 at a regional Level I trauma center were identified and a comparison was made between those who had primary fascial closure and planned ventral hernia. RESULTS: DCL was performed in 154 patients, 47% of whom sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age and injury severity score (ISS) were 40 and 25, respectively. Hospital mortality was 19%. Primary fascial closure was performed in 115 (75%) of those undergoing DCL during the index hospitalization. Of these, 11 (9%) had reopening of the fascia. Of the surviving patients, 22 (19%) never had primary fascial closure and were discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia were similar in age, gender, ISS, and mechanism. Those with planned ventral hernias underwent more subsequent laparotomies (3.0 vs. 1.3, p < 0.001), and had more enteric fistulas (18.2 vs. 4.3%, p = 0.041) and intra-abdominal infections (46 vs. 15%, p = 0.007), and had a greater number of hospital days (38 vs. 25, p = 0.007) during the index hospitalization. Sixteen (73%) patients with a planned ventral hernia had definitive reconstruction (mean days = 266). Once definitive abdominal wall closure was achieved, the two groups achieved similar rates of return to work and usual activity (71 vs. 70%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Following DCL for trauma, patients with a planned ventral hernia have definitive reconstruction nearly 9 months after the initial injury. Once definitive abdominal wall closure has been achieved; patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia have similar rates of return to usual activity.

Components separation technique is feasible for assisting delayed primary fascial closure of open abdomen.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The goal after open abdomen treatment is to reach primary fascial closure. Modern negative pressure wound therapy systems are sometimes inefficient for this purpose. This retrospective chart analysis describes the use of the 'components separation' method in facilitating primary fascial closure after open abdomen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 16 consecutive critically ill surgical patients treated with components separation during open abdomen management were analyzed. No patients were excluded. RESULTS: Primary fascial closure was achieved in 75% (12/16). Components separation was performed during ongoing open abdomen treatment in 7 patients and at the time of delayed primary fascial closure in 9 patients. Of the former, 3/7 (43%) patients reached primary fascial closure, whereas all 9 patients in the latter group had successful fascial closure without major complications (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Components separation is a useful method in contributing to successful primary fascial closure in patients treated for open abdomen. Best results were obtained when components separation was performed simultaneously with primary fascial closure at the end of the open abdomen treatment.

Primary fascial closure after damage control laparotomy: sepsis vs haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of patients undergoing damage control laparotomy (DCL) for intra-abdominal sepsis vs intra abdominal haemorrhage. We hypothesize that patients undergoing DCL for sepsis will have a higher rate of septic complications and a lower rate of primary fascial closure. SETTINGS AND PATIENTS: Retrospective study of patients undergoing DCL from December 2006 to November 2009. Data are presented as medians and percentages where appropriate. RESULTS: 111 patients were identified (55 men), 79 with sepsis and 32 with haemorrhage. There was no difference in age (63 vs 62 years), body mass index (BMI, 27 vs 28), diabetes mellitus (13% vs 9%), or duration of initial operation (125 vs 117 min). Patients with sepsis presented with a lower serum lactate (2.2 vs 4.7 mmol/L, p<0.01), base deficit (4.0 vs 8.0, p ≤ 0.01) and ASA score (3.0 vs 4.0, p<0.01). There was no statistical difference in overall morbidity (81% vs 66), mortality (19% vs 22%), intra-abdominal abscess (18% vs 16%), deep wound infection (9% vs 9%), enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) (8% vs 6%) and primary fascial closure (58% vs 59%). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that intra-abdominal abscess (OR 4.26, 95% CI 1.06-19.32), higher base deficit (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00-1.31) and more abdominal explorations (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.23-2.07) were associated with lack of primary fascial closure, but BMI (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94-1.07), ECF (OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.23-19.98), wound infection (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.15-5.27), amount of crystalloids infused within the first 24h (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.00) and intra-abdominal sepsis (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.35-3.80) were not. CONCLUSIONS: There was an equivalent rate of septic complications and primary fascial closure rates regardless of cause for DCL. Intra-abdominal abscess, worse base deficit and higher number of abdominal explorations were independently associated with the lack of primary fascial closure.

Use of a furosemide drip does not improve earlier primary fascial closure in the open abdomen.

BACKGROUND: The furosemide drip (FD), in addition to improving volume overload respiratory failure, has been used to decrease fluid in attempts to decrease intra-abdominal and abdominal wall volumes to facilitate fascial closure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the FD and the associated rate of primary fascial closure following trauma damage control laparotomy (DCL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2004 to September 2008, a retrospective review from a single institution Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons dataset was performed. All DCLs greater than 24 h who had a length of stay for 3 or more days were identified. The study group (FD+) and control group (FD-) were compared. Demographic data including age, sex, probability of survival, red blood cell transfusions, initial lactate, and mortality were collected. Primary outcomes included primary fascial closure and primary fascial closure within 7 days. Secondary outcomes included total ventilator days and LOS. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients met inclusion criteria: 25 FD+ and 114 FD-. The 25 FD+ patients received the drug at a median 4 days post DCL. Demographic differences between the groups were not significantly different, except that initial lactate was higher for FD- (1.7 vs 4.0; P=0.03). No differences were noted between groups regarding successful primary fascial closure (FD+ 68.4% vs FD- 64.0%; P=0.669), or closure within 7 days (FD+13.2% vs FD- 28.0%; P=0.066) of original DCL. FD+ patients suffered more open abdomen days (4 [2-7] vs 2 [1-4]; P=0.001). FD+ did not demonstrate an association with primary fascial closure [Odds ratio (OR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.260-8.307; P=0.663]. FD+ patients had more ventilator days and longer Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/hospital LOS (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: FD use may remove excess volume; however, forced diuresis with an FD is not associated with an increased rate of primary closure after DCL. Further studies are warranted to identify ICU strategies to facilitate fascial closure in DCL.