ABSTRACT
Humans use various social bonding methods known as social grooming, e.g. face to face communication, greetings, phone and social networking sites (SNS). SNS have drastically decreased time and distance constraints of social grooming. In this paper, I show that two types of social grooming (elaborate social grooming and lightweight social grooming) were discovered in a model constructed by 13 communication datasets including face to face, SNS and Chacma baboons. The separation of social grooming methods is caused by a difference in the trade-off between the number and strength of social relationships. The trade-off of elaborate social grooming is weaker than the trade-off of lightweight social grooming. On the other hand, the time and effort of elaborate methods are higher than those of lightweight methods. Additionally, my model connects social grooming behaviour and social relationship forms with these trade-offs. By analysing the model, I show that individuals tend to use elaborate social grooming to reinforce a few close relationships (e.g. face to face and Chacma baboons). By contrast, people tend to use lightweight social grooming to maintain many weak relationships (e.g. SNS). Humans with lightweight methods who live in significantly complex societies use various types of social grooming to effectively construct social relationships.
ABSTRACT
Neste trabalho são mostradas três situações clínicas nas quais pacientes com um funcionamento predominantemente psicótico detectam, durante as primeiras semanas, a gravidez de sua analista e expressam-no através de um sonho ou de sonhos diurnos. Observa-se que em seus sonhos, as pacientes tentam simbolizar um ponto muito importante e doloroso de suas próprias histórias, o momento ambivalente de sua concepção (Feder, 1980). Conclui-se que a gravidez da analista revive emoções muito primitivas, principalmente de rejeição, vivenciadas por estas pacientes durante sua gestação e nascimento, e que as pacientes conseguem sonhá-las por estarem contidas na situação analítica, que fornece um espaço para sonhar. No entanto, estas experiências nem sempre podem ser elaboradas em profundidade na situação analítica, razão pela qual suas possíveis causas são discutidas.
In this article, three clinical situations are shown in which patients with a predominant psychotic functioning, detect, during the first weeks, their analysts pregnancy and they express it through a dream or through daydreaming. It is observed that in their dreams, patients try to represent a very important and painful point of their own stories, the ambivalent moment of their conception (Feder, 1980). It has been concluded that the analysts pregnancy, revive very primitive emotions, mainly of rejection, lived by these patients during their own gestation and birth, and that this patients are able to dream them by being contained in the analytical situation, which provides a space to dream. However, these experiences cannot always be profoundly performed in the analytical situation, reason why, its possible causes are being brought to discussion.
En este trabajo se muestran tres situaciones clínicas en las que pacientes con un funcionamiento predominantemente psicótico detectan durante las primeras semanas el embarazo de su analista y lo expresan a través de un sueño o de los sueños diurnos. Se observa que, en sus sueños, las pacientes intentan simbolizar un punto muy importante y doloroso de sus propias historias: el momento ambivalente de su concepción (Feder, 1980). Se concluye que el embarazo de la analista revive emociones muy primitivas, sobre todo de rechazo, que estos pacientes experimentaron durante su gestación y nacimiento y que se logran soñar gracias a que las pacientes están contenidas en la situación analítica que provee un espacio para soñar. Sin embargo, estas experiencias no siempre pueden ser elaboradas a profundidad en la situación analítica, por lo que se discuten las posibles causas de ello.