Are vehicle tires major contributors to microplastic emissions into the China seas? A simple model perspective.

Microplastics pose a substantial threat to our environment. Given China's large population and rapid economic growth, it is urgent to estimate the annual emissions of microplastics into its marine environment. The microplastics show a significant variation in their source emissions as well as in their physical and chemical properties, leading to differences in their transport and fate in aquatic environments. To account for these variations, we developed a process-oriented model that considers microplastics from different sources and the inter-provincial variation in their retention rate to assess annual microplastic emissions into the China seas. On a national scale, of the microplastics emitted, 36.05 % are from household laundry activities, 27.26 % are from the wear and tear of vehicle tires, and 24.04 % are from the abrasion of plastic household items. After emission, 60.21 % are removed by wastewater treatment plants. The overall proportion of microplastics that end up in the marine environment highly depends on the specific riverine retention rate of microplastics from vehicle tires. Including the high settling rate of these microplastics, this proportion drops from 9.96 % to 3.29 %, rendering vehicle tires a minor contributor to microplastic emissions into the China seas compared to other sources. Moreover, when using the density-dependent approach and considering the east/west dimension of each province, the microplastic emissions from vehicle tires into the China seas decrease from 71 % to 5.27 %. This underscores the urgent need for global and regional models to account for the detailed riverine transport process of microplastics from vehicle tires in order to enhance the accuracy of their emission estimates into coastal waters.

Applying process-oriented hypnosis to treat perfectionism-related depression.

This paper brings together concepts, tools, and case examples that provide guidance for ways to use process-oriented clinical hypnosis to shift perfectionistic tendencies to help resolve depression and enhance well-being. Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic risk factor for clinical and subclinical suffering of many types including depression. Over time, perfectionism is becoming more widespread. Perfectionism-related depression can be effectively treated when clinician attention is directed toward core skills and themes. Case examples illustrate how to help clients moderate overly extreme thinking, create and use realistic standards, and develop and apply a balanced self-evaluation. A variety of clinician styles and approaches, especially when tailored to individual client characteristics, preferences, and needs, are compatible with process-oriented hypnotic interventions for perfectionism and depression.

Is Health Literacy Associated With Surgical Outcomes? A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Low levels of health literacy have been shown to increase healthcare utilization and negatively affect health outcomes within medical specialties. However, the relationship of health literacy with clinical, patient-centered, and process-oriented surgical outcomes is not as well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We sought to systematically review the current evidence base regarding the relationship between health literacy and a range of outcomes in patients experiencing surgical care. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched six databases and then identified and extracted data from 25 cross-sectional or cohort studies deemed eligible for a systematic review. RESULTS: Among included studies, strong evidence exists to support an association between low health literacy and worse patient-centered outcomes, as well as an association between low health literacy and poorer process-oriented surgical outcomes. However, the relationship between health literacy and clinical outcomes remains unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial opportunities remain to improve our understanding of the impact of health literacy on surgical outcomes. Future work should expand the range of institutional and specialized surgical settings studied, implement a standardized set of validated health literacy assessment tools, include more diverse patient populations, and investigate a comprehensive range of patient-reported outcomes.

Towards Topology-Free Programming for Cyber-Physical Systems with Process-Oriented Paradigm.

The paper proposes a topology-free specification of distributed control systems by means of a process-oriented programming paradigm. The proposed approach was characterized, on the one hand, by a topologically independent specification of the control algorithm and, on the other hand, by the possibility of using existing formal verification methods by preserving the semantics of a centralized process-oriented program. The paper discusses the advantages of a topologically independent specification of distributed control systems, outlines the features of control software, argues why the use of a process-oriented approach to the development of the automation of cyber-physical systems is suitable for solving these problems, describes a general scheme for implementing a distributed control system according to a process-oriented specification, and proposes a formal heuristic algorithm for partitioning a sequential process-oriented program into independent clusters. We illustrate our algorithm with bottle-filling and sluice case studies.

Supervisors' and supervisees' perception and perceived practice of a process-oriented thesis written feedback: The case of Ethiopian universities.

Feedback has a significant effect on the quality of the thesis a supervisee writes. However, this largely depends on the supervisors' and supervisees' feedback practice and perception. Thus, this study aimed to assess the supervisors' and supervisees' perception and practice of the process-oriented thesis written feedback from four perspectives: the function, focus, nature, and adjustment required. To do this, the study used questionnaires and interview data collected from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) thesis supervisors and supervisees were selected through a proportional random sampling technique from four Ethiopian universities. The study revealed that (1) supervisors and supervisees have a good perception of the four aspects of process-oriented effective written feedback despite some variations in the mean values among the sub-categories of effective written feedback. (2) It was also discovered that supervisors were practicing process-oriented effective written feedback to a required extent and supervisees agree their supervisors do so. However, interestingly, (3) there was a significant difference between supervisors' and supervisees' perceptions on the one hand and supervisors' reported practice and supervisees' views about their supervisors' practice of effective written thesis feedback on the other.

Coping With the Emotional Impact of Working in Cancer Care: The Importance of Team Working and Collective Processing.

Hospitals provide the vast majority of cancer care. A necessary focus on survival has meant that they are less well-developed in terms of supporting patients with the emotional impact of cancer; and in supporting the frontline staff who contend with this. An integration of psychotherapeutic and neurobiological findings is used to develop an understanding of the patient-staff relationship and impact of high levels of distress within it. This includes reference to Transference and Countertransference, Mirror Neurons and Poly Vagal Theory. This paper considers how patients can unconsciously "transfer" emotional distress on to healthcare practitioners; and how this evokes an emotional response from the practitioner via the mirror neuron system (MNS). This can allow the practitioner to "feel into" the patient's experience and develop a more nuanced understanding. However, it may also activate emotions connected to the practitioner's life and can leave them feeling overwhelmed. The practitioner's capacity to regulate their own emotional arousal, via the vagus nerve, has a significant impact on their ability to support the patient and themselves within emotionally distressing interactions. This dynamic often unfolds without either party having significant awareness of it. A Systemic and Process-Oriented perspective is taken to understand this within the broader context of a hospital-based structure; and consider how practitioners on frontline teams may or may not support each other in working collectively with high levels of distress. A team's level of understanding and attunement to emotional experiences as well their primary relational and communication style has significant bearing on capacity for emotion-and-relationship focused coping. A failure to work with the emotional and relational interconnection between patients and staff can contribute to isolated patients, disconnected staff, conflict within teams and an overarching system lacking in compassion. However, due to the often unconscious nature of such processes and limited understanding or training on them, they are regularly left unaddressed. Over time, this can have an accumulated effect on everyone. Group-based collective processing is considered in terms of how it can be used in supporting practitioners to integrate an emotional and relational way of working with a problem-focused approach and integrated into regular daily working.

Building Process-Oriented Data Science Solutions for Real-World Healthcare.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted some of the opportunities, problems and barriers facing the application of Artificial Intelligence to the medical domain. It is becoming increasingly important to determine how Artificial Intelligence will help healthcare providers understand and improve the daily practice of medicine. As a part of the Artificial Intelligence research field, the Process-Oriented Data Science community has been active in the analysis of this situation and in identifying current challenges and available solutions. We have identified a need to integrate the best efforts made by the community to ensure that promised improvements to care processes can be achieved in real healthcare. In this paper, we argue that it is necessary to provide appropriate tools to support medical experts and that frequent, interactive communication between medical experts and data miners is needed to co-create solutions. Process-Oriented Data Science, and specifically concrete techniques such as Process Mining, can offer an easy to manage set of tools for developing understandable and explainable Artificial Intelligence solutions. Process Mining offers tools, methods and a data driven approach that can involve medical experts in the process of co-discovering real-world evidence in an interactive way. It is time for Process-Oriented Data scientists to collaborate more closely with healthcare professionals to provide and build useful, understandable solutions that answer practical questions in daily practice. With a shared vision, we should be better prepared to meet the complex challenges that will shape the future of healthcare.

Invited Commentary: Mechanistic and Biologically Based Models in Epidemiology-A Powerful Underutilized Tool.

Mechanistic and biologically based mathematical models of chronic and behavioral disease processes aim to capture the main mechanistic or biological features of the disease development and to connect these with epidemiologic outcomes. These approaches have a long history in epidemiologic research and are complementary to traditional epidemiologic or statistical approaches to investigate the role of risk factor exposures on disease risk. Simonetto et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(10):1766-1775) present a mechanistic, process-oriented model to investigate the role of smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in the development of atherosclerotic lesions and their progression to myocardial infarction. Their approach builds on and brings to cardiovascular disease the ideas and perspectives of earlier mechanistic and biologically based models for the epidemiology of cancer and other chronic diseases, providing important insights into the mechanisms and epidemiology of smoking related myocardial infarction. We argue that although mechanistic modeling approaches have demonstrated their value and place in epidemiology, they are highly underutilized. We call for efforts to grow mechanistic and biologically based modeling research, expertise, and awareness in epidemiology, including the development of training and collaboration opportunities to attract more students and researchers from science, technology, engineering, and medical field into the epidemiology field.

DIANA, a Process-Oriented Model of Human Auditory Word Recognition.

This article presents DIANA, a new, process-oriented model of human auditory word recognition, which takes as its input the acoustic signal and can produce as its output word identifications and lexicality decisions, as well as reaction times. This makes it possible to compare its output with human listeners' behavior in psycholinguistic experiments. DIANA differs from existing models in that it takes more available neuro-physiological evidence on speech processing into account. For instance, DIANA accounts for the effect of ambiguity in the acoustic signal on reaction times following the Hick-Hyman law and it interprets the acoustic signal in the form of spectro-temporal receptive fields, which are attested in the human superior temporal gyrus, instead of in the form of abstract phonological units. The model consists of three components: activation, decision and execution. The activation and decision components are described in detail, both at the conceptual level (in the running text) and at the computational level (in the Appendices). While the activation component is independent of the listener's task, the functioning of the decision component depends on this task. The article also describes how DIANA could be improved in the future in order to even better resemble the behavior of human listeners.

Development and empirical research of the perioperative fine management evaluation scale for process control / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To design an evaluation scale of perioperative fine management, and test it in hospitals, for verifying its effectiveness and sorting out problems in such management.Methods:November 2020 to August 2021, the scale framework was designed by using the process management theories featuring process-oriented control; then the scale was built based on a risk measurement indicators pool created based on policies, literature, standards and expert interview results on perioperative management; an empirical study was made in the end.Results:The scale consists of 209 risk measurement indicators and Likert 5-level scoring method was adopted to measure the possibility of problems in each respect. A total of 99 experts from 31 hospitals participated in the trial of the scale in 2021, and Cronbach α coefficient was 0.997, indicating good consistency among risk measurement indicators. The median of the average scoring of respective risk measurement indicators was 1.69. The most common problems in the perioperative management process include: lack of analysis and countermeasure research on the perioperative fine management; insufficient medical staff; poor awareness of medical staff in standardized and fine management. Conclusions:This scale can quantitatively evaluate respective aspects of perioperative fine management.

[COVID-19, routine dynamics and reflexivity of structure. On the eventful change of Fridays for Future's protest forms]. / COVID-19, Routinedynamiken und Strukturreflexivität. Zum ereignishaften Wandel der Protestformen von Fridays for Future.

This contribution focuses on the dis/continuity of routines at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic is conceived as a nexus of multiple, intertwined crises of action and interaction (ÖZS special issue 2016, 41/1). Instead of understanding crisis as an external facticity, i.e., external cause of change, we argue that actors negotiate crisis in sociomaterial processes within historically specific contexts. Taking up the debate in organizational studies on the conception and description of intentional change, this article adds a reflection on intentional routine changes in times of crises. In methodological terms, the article connects routine dynamics with the perspective of eventful sociology. Eventful sociology emphasizes that sociomaterial negotiations of routines can unfold to more far-reaching structural changes and therefore calls for a rigorous temporal description along paths. Based on the results of a process-oriented ethnographic study of Fridays for Future Vienna, the article identifies two conditional moments (normative-discursive and material-bodily) through which structure is made reflexive. Finally, the pursued understanding of reflexivity is embedded in the debate on the (world)risk society.

Comparing learners' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes between two instructional modes of computer programming in secondary education.

BACKGROUND: Unplugged programming is proved to be an effective means to foster the learner-centered programming learning. In addition to the final tests, learners' programming knowledge, skills, and capacities are primarily demonstrated throughout the programming process, particularly in the situation when they encounter challenges and problems. However, few studies examine how learners engage in the programming processes and to what extent unplugged programming fosters learning. This research used a quasi-experimental design to investigate two instructional modes in China's secondary education, namely, the instructor-directed lecturing and the learner-centered unplugged programming. Based on an analytical framework, this research used mixed methods to compare learners' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes under these two instructional modes. RESULTS: The research results revealed discrepancies between two instructional modes. First, learners in the unplugged programming class achieved significantly higher scores on the programming knowledge assessment, compared to learners in the traditional lecturing class. Second, compared to the traditional lecturing class, learners in the unplugged programming class had higher test scores of the computational thinking skills, particularly on the cooperativity dimension. Next, discrepancies of in-class behaviors showed that learners in the unplugged programming class had frequent behaviors of listening to the instructor's instructions and discussing with peers, while learners in the instructor-directed class had frequent behaviors of listening to instructor, taking notes, and irrelevant activities. Learners' self-reported attitudes in the unplugged programming indicated a higher level of confidence than learners in the traditional lecturing class. Overall, this research revealed that the learner-centered unplugged programming had potential to improve learners' programming knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes compared to the traditional instructor-directed lecturing of programming. CONCLUSIONS: As a feasible and easy-to-use instructional activity in computer science education, unplugged programming is encouraged to be integrated in formal education to increase learners' programming interests, motivations, and qualities. This quasi-experimental research compared learners' programming knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes under two instructional modes. The results revealed critical discrepancies between two instructional modes on learners' knowledge gains, in-class behaviors, and changes of attitudes towards programming. Pedagogical and analytical implications were provided for future instructional design and learning analytics of computer programming education. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40594-021-00311-1.

A personal and professional journey - experiences of being trained online to be a supervisor in professional supervision in nursing.

BACKGROUND: Nurses often work alone in complex environments with ambiguous responsibilities and need ensured access to supervision.Online supervision has become common and has potential to support supervision in rural areas. AIM: To explore the experiences of registered nurses (RNs) learning online to be a supervisor in professional supervision in nursing. DESIGN: A longitudinal qualitative design was used. METHODS: A total of six focus group discussions, with 15 RNs divided in two groups, were conducted before, during, and after the training. Data underwent qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Results showed that the participants experienced learning to be a supervisor online as a personal and professional journey, and learning online was an advantage rather than a disadvantage. Initially, they focused on themselves, then on themselves within the group, and finally on themselves and the group. Both the group and the internet environment were described as safe places. Online tutoring needs to include the creation of a social presence within the group.

Dealing with elite sport competition demands: an exploration of the dynamic relationships between stress appraisal, coping, emotion, and performance during fencing matches.

The present research aimed to provide a more holistic analysis of stressful experiences in sport by examining how stress appraisal, coping and emotion are dynamically inter-related constructs and the extent to which their dynamic relationship is associated with objective performance. Based on process-oriented methods, two studies were conducted with elite athletes in order to investigate the dynamic relationship between these constructs and performance in highly demanding sport situations (Study 1: simulated competitive fencing matches during a training session; Study 2: real-life competitive fencing matches during an international competition). The results of the random coefficient regression models emphasise the dynamic nature of the relationship between stress appraisal, coping behaviour, emotion and objective performance over the course of fencing matches. They allowed identification of additional mediating effects of coping and emotion within dynamic relationships between stress appraisal and performance. These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of psychological adaptation in performance environments. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the design of effective coping interventions to support the learning of performance-related coping skills and the attainment of performance goals among individuals in highly demanding environments.

Resilience in Adult Health Science Revisited-A Narrative Review Synthesis of Process-Oriented Approaches.

Purpose: This article aims to identify how the term "resilience" is addressed in adult health science due to ongoing criticism about the lack of consistency in its conceptualization. Method: Two databases (PubMed and PsycArticles) were searched to retrieve reviews published from 2015 up until 2020 on the general conceptualization of resilience. All reviews had to meet specific inclusion criteria, which resulted in the inclusion of 18 articles. After discussing different conceptualizations regarding the process-oriented approach of resilience in adult health research, we will highlight some mechanisms that are supposed to be involved in the resilience process. Results: Research on resilience in health sciences confronts three core difficulties: defining positive outcome for a processual construct, describing different trajectories within the process, and identifying mechanisms that mediate resilience. Conclusion: The definition of resilience in mental health research as a multidimensional adaptation process is widely accepted, and multiple research paradigms have contributed to a better understanding of the concept. However, the definition of a processual construct in a way that allows for high expert consensus and a valid operationalization for empirical studies remains a challenge. Future research should focus on the assessment of multiple cross-domain outcomes and international and interdisciplinary prospective mixed-method longitudinal designs to fill in the missing links.

Sample Retention Management and Evaluation in Drug Inspection Agencies Based on Process- oriented Adminis- tration Concept / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To combine with the concept of process-oriented administration ，and to provide reference for improving the process and measures of the sample retention management and evaluation in drug inspection agencies. METHODS ： From the aspects of organizational management and control measures ，the improvement measures for sample retention management system were investigated. From the aspects of warehouse-in check ，storage management and warehouse-out judgment ，warehouse management and informatization ，the improvement measures for procedures and measures about sample retention management were explored. From the aspects of evaluation content and quality control measures ，the evaluation and continuous improvement of sample retention management were investigated. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：In the aspect of organizational management ，it is necessary to improve management procedures and processes ，determine sample retention objectives and plans ，improve post allocation and management ，and improve safety emergency plans. In the aspect of control measures ，it is necessary to improve the business management measures such as warehouse-in status inspection ，adjust the conditions such as warehouse space allocation ， and improve the intelligent prompt of remaining validity period of samples. The key to the three links of warehouse-in ，storage and warehouse-out are warehouse-in check ，storage space and condition control ，and warehouse-out judgement. The relevant processes and measures can be improved from these aspects. The contents of sample retention management evaluation includes management system，management measures and process ，improvement and evaluation. Plan-Do-Check-Action （PDCA）cycle is a measure to improve the efficiency and quality of sample retention management in drug inspection agencies .

[Preoperative risk clarification and anesthesia disclosure by telephone conversation]. / Präoperative Risikoabklärung und Anästhesieaufklärung mittels Telefonvisite.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative risk stratification, patient optimization and anesthesia disclosure are mostly carried out in the preanesthesia outpatient department in a direct conversation between physician and patient. The aim of this article is a description of the preanesthesia telephone contact as an alternative disclosure and clarification option for the clinical practice. METHODS: After clarification of data protection and medicolegal aspects, experiences with providing information via telephone in a single center were gathered. RESULTS: Initially, before spinal operations pain patients with unreasonably long access routes to the preanesthesia outpatient department received clarification and disclosure via the telephone. Due to the effectiveness and the lack of medical and processual complications, after 1 year the offer of a telephone conversation was extended to all patients. In the meantime, 47% of preanesthesia conversations are now carried out by telephone. Factors relevant for success are the consent of the patient to a telephone conversation, a multimedia patient education before the telephone conversation, competence of the anesthetist in communication, documentation and a clearly defined description of the process including changeover to the direct conversation. CONCLUSION: The preanesthesia telephone conversation is suitable as an alternative to the preanesthesia conversation in the outpatient department. High patient satisfaction results from the patient-oriented process, avoidance of transportation routes and the participative communication.

Exploration of an Integrated Active Learning Strategy to Balance Student Workload in a Mixed Level Research Methods Course.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Team Base Learning (TBL) and Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) are two very distinct active learning and teaching pedagogies, both of which focus on team interactions to facilitate learning. TBL and POGIL literature have both been remiss in addressing their applicability in solving workload imbalance within the team paradigms respective of their individual pedagogy. In this study, we merged integral components of both TBL and POGIL teaching strategies to address perceived imbalance in student workload that were revealed through analysis of initial course evaluations from a mixed level (masters and doctoral level students) Research Methods course. As a result of findings from analyses of initial course evaluations, teams were established based on the integration of TBL and POGIL components in the subsequent course offering.

[Innovative psychotherapy research: towards an evidence-based and process-based individualized and modular psychotherapy]. / Innovative Psychotherapieforschung: auf dem Weg zu einer evidenz- und prozessbasierten individualisierten und modularen Psychotherapie.

Psychotherapy has been proven to be effective; however, this statement applies in particular to the "average patient" in randomized controlled trials. As a considerable proportion of patients do not show any benefits despite the constant development of new therapy methods and the mechanisms of action are still too little understood, innovative psychotherapy research has to address both problems. In addition, the idea of personalization that originated in somatic medicine or - from our point of view more appropriately - individualization or person-centering should be taken up. After providing an overview of further developments in psychotherapy beyond disorder-specific methods, this article presents an evidence- and process-based individualized and modular psychotherapy as a visionary goal of psychotherapeutic research: Beyond syndromes and disorders, as many biopsychosocial characteristics as possible and the processes and mechanisms underlying the mental problems should be analyzed and bundled in an individual comprehensive functional analysis. Based on this functional analysis, evidence-based techniques and modules should be selected. The individual response during the course of therapy should be continuously documented, so that feedback helps to determine the further therapeutic procedure. In order to pursue this vision, studies are needed that are oriented towards the individual patient, investigate the central mechanisms of action and generate large translational datasets. These should be analyzed by ideographic analyses and reduce the gap between research and practice, thus contributing to the paradigm of a practice research network, which is now consistently moving to the centre of research.

Blended Module-Based Teaching in Biostatistics and Research Methodology: A Retrospective Study with Postgraduate Dental Students.

Information technology has stimulated efforts to reform teaching methods in dental education. Most of these efforts involve a shift from conventional mode to the more technology-savvy and student-centered approach. The aim of this study was to compare postgraduate dental students' academic performance using two teaching methodologies (video-based learning and blended module-based learning) in a biostatistics and research methodology course in a master's program at a dental college in India. This retrospective study involved two groups of students enrolled in the master's program with different years of admission: Group I in 2013-14 (n=80) and Group II in 2015-16 (n=80). Group I students learned the subjects with video-based learning, whereas Group II students were taught using a blended module program using a small-group learning system called Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL). The students' final course evaluation (summative assessment) and formative assessment (during course assessments) were compared for the two groups. The students' final course evaluation was derived from an end-of-year written examination, whereas the formative assessment was recorded with written tests and projects during the course. In the results, the summative assessment did not show a significant difference between Group I (68.2±13.4) and Group II (66.4±11.9) (p=0.39). The formative assessment showed a significant difference (p<0.001) in favor of the Group II students. In this study, the blended module-based teaching produced similar scores on the final exam to the video-based lectures, but it produced significantly better results on the in-course assessments. The latter finding could be attributed to the incorporation of small-group learning and POGIL.