Tobit analysis of canned fish consumption in Erzurum province, Turkey / Análise Tobit do consumo de peixe enlatado na província de Erzurum, Turquia

This study aims to determine the attitudes and behaviors of consumers towards canned fish consumption and to analyze the factors affecting the consumption of canned fish in the Erzurum province, Turkey. Data were collected from 384 households through one-on-one interviews in Erzurum province. The proportional sampling method was used for sampling. In addition, the Tobit model was used to determine the factors affecting the consumption of canned fish. In the model, the demographic characteristics of the consumers and their consumption quantities were included as explanatory variables. The average household size was 4.46 individuals, and canned fish consumption was 161.69 g·year-1per capita. Canned fish accounted for 11.50% of household fish consumption. The proportion of families consuming canned fish was 25.78%. As household fish consumption increases by 1 kg per year, canned fish consumption decreases by 1.29%. Moreover, when the price of canned fish increases by USD 1, canned fish consumption increases by 1.37%. When monthly fish expenditure increases by USD 1, consumption of canned fish increases by 0.48%. The fact that the head of the household is a civil servant increases the consumption of canned fish by 5.23%, and the consumption of canned fish is 11.8% higher in families who consider canned fish nutritious. As a result, canned fish enterprises should influence consumers to consume more canned fish, especially in the summer.(AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar as atitudes e comportamentos dos consumidores face ao consumo de conservas de peixe e analisar os fatores que afetam seu consumo na província de Erzurum, Turquia. Os dados foram coletados de 384 famílias por meio de entrevistas individuais na província de Erzurum, utilizando o método de amostragem proporcional. Além disso, foi utilizado o modelo Tobit para determinar os fatores que afetam o consumo de peixe enlatado. No modelo, as características demográficas dos consumidores e suas quantidades de consumo foram incluídas como variáveis explicativas. O tamanho médio do domicílio foi de 4,46 indivíduos, e o consumo de peixe enlatado foi de 161,69 g·ano-1 per capita. O pescado enlatado representou 11,50% do consumo doméstico de pescado. A proporção das famílias que consomem peixe enlatado foi de 25,78%. O consumo de peixe aumentou em 1 kg por ano, e o consumo de enlatados de peixe diminuiu 1,29%. Além disso, quando o preço do peixe enlatado aumentou em US$ 1, o consumo aumentou 1,37%. Quando o gasto mensal com peixes aumentou em US$ 1, o consumo de enlatados pescados aumentou 0,48%. O fato de o chefe da família ser um funcionário público aumentou o consumo em 5,23%, e o consumo foi 11,8% maior nas famílias que as consideram nutritivas. Como resultado, as empresas de conservas de pescado devem influenciar os consumidores a consumirem mais conservas de pescado, principalmente no verão.(AU)

Exposure to Toxic Metals and Health Risk Assessment through Ingestion of Canned Sardines Sold in Brazil.

The presence of heavy metals in the environment is increasing, which can be a danger to public health. Fish exposed to contaminated environments tend to have higher concentrations of some metals in their tissues. Monitoring these elements remains urgent as it is a matter of global concern. Canned sardines from the Brazilian market were analyzed for elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of metals and metalloids, including some toxic, using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP OES) in two types of sardines (preserved in oil and tomato sauce) from five different brands. The results were compared to limit levels for consumption set by FAO/WHO. Moreover, we assessed the associated risk regarding the elemental intake of these elements through the samples, using the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). All samples had unfavorable HQ and HI, primarily due to arsenic content. In the same manner, CR for arsenic was above the proposed limit of 10-4, and cadmium and chromium, which were within the acceptable limit (10-6 to 10-4), require attention. These results show that chronic consumption of canned sardines sold in Brazil is unsafe, and quality surveillance is needed to ensure there is no risk to the population that ingests these products.

Assessment of Trace Elements Supply in Canned Tuna Fish Commercialized for Human Consumption in Brazil.

This study evaluates the elemental content in 4 types of canned tuna fish groups, each with 4 brands that are commercialized for human consumption in Brazil. The results are based on trace elements in canned tuna fish quantified by ICP OES and a comparison to limit levels set by the FAO/WHO. We also checked the carcinogenic risk (CR), non-carcinogenic risk (Hazard Index (HI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ)), and pollution index (PI) for the studied canned tuna samples. As and Se concentrations in all groups are above the intake values set by FAO/WHO considering specific groups. The carcinogenic risk values for arsenic (As) in groups are considerably unacceptable (≥10-4). Hazard quotients (HQ) were >1 for As in all groups, while no sample was below 1 for HI. The pollution index (PI) results show that the main canned tuna fish contaminant is aluminum, then selenium and arsenic, respectively. Only half of the samples did not present elemental contaminant levels. All studied brands of canned tuna presented elemental concentrations that could pose a health risk to human consumption, that could be from CR, HQ, HI, or PI. The contaminant levels are alarming and should raise a red flag for the intake of these products, especially a long-term one. These results urge the authorities to supervise and enforce better practices for this type of food, protecting their population from health hazards.

DNA barcoding reveals mislabeling and commercial fraud in the marketing of fillets of the genus Brachyplatystoma Bleeker, 1862, the Amazonian freshwater catfishes economically important in Brazil.

The substitution and mislabeling is facilitated by the processing of fish products. We employed a DNA barcoding to authenticate fillets labeled as "dourada" (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii), and "piramutaba" (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) marketed in the Brazil. A 615 bp of the Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced from 305 fillets and subsequently identified to species level by querying public databases and sequences of reference species. The results revealed a global mean substitution rate of 17%. The highest substitution rate was detected in "dourada" (26%), the most valuable species, followed by "piramutaba" (9%). The most cases of substitutions were by species of lower commercial value, suggesting fraud aimed at increased profits. Therefore, we suggest the improvement of food-labeling regulation, continued inspection, as well as the adoption of the DNA barcode for the molecular authentication of processed fish to prevent substitution of these products in Brazil.

Analysis of Triphenylmethane Dye Residues and their Leuco-Forms in Frozen Fish by LC-MS/MS, Fish Microbial Quality, and Effect of Immersion in Whole Milk on Dye Removal.

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify crystal violet (CV), leucocrystal violet (LCV), malachite green (MG), leucomalachite green (LMG), and brilliant green (BG) residues in frozen fish (121 samples) from various countries, in order to detect the use of prohibited antibiotic dyes in fish for human consumption. The microbial quality of the fish was also assessed along with the effectiveness of a simple treatment with whole fat milk to reduce the levels of CV and LCV contamination. CV and LCV were the only two residues detected. They were found in farmed Pangasius (0.362 to 41.34 µg/kg and 0.178 to 10.58 µg/kg, respectively) and Tilapia (1.24 to 9.48 µg/kg and 1.29 to 2.81 µg/kg). Based on aerobic plate count (APC), 74%, 59%, and 55% of the samples of Tilapia fillets (from China) and Pangasius fillets (United Arab Emirates and Vietnam), and 100% and 50% of the skin samples of Hake (Argentina and U.S.A.) were of unacceptable microbial quality (APC > 107 cfu/g). Human pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp., were detected in most fish. A significant reduction in CV and LCV concentrations by more than a third was achieved after immersing Pangasius and Tilapia fillets in whole fat milk for 120 minutes. These findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with routine assessments of fish microbial quality, in order to protect public health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The described LC-MS/MS method can be used to rapidly and simultaneously quantify antibiotic dye residues in frozen fish. CV and LCV were detected in farmed Pangasius and Tilapia fillets and their concentrations was reduced by more than one third after immersing the fillets in whole milk for 120 min, a treatment which is not intended to replace safe fish farming practices upstream to artificially lower the level of banned dyes in fish. The findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with assessments of fish microbial quality, to protect public health.

Molecular authentication of Pargo fillets Lutjanus purpureus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) by DNA barcoding reveals commercial fraud

The Caribbean Red Snapper (Pargo) Lutjanus purpureus is the most economically important snapper in Brazil, which is sold, among other forms, as frozen fillets. During the process of transformation into fillets there is the removal of the distinctive morphological traits, being able to favor the substitution by less valued species. In addition, there is no national legislation requiring the insertion of the specific name on the product label. However, according to a Normative Instruction (IN N ° 29/2015 MAPA) that correlates the common and specific names of the products destined to the national trade, in Brazil only L. purpureus and L. campechanus can be denominated "Pargo". Thus, the DNA barcode tool was used to identify the fillets sold in north of Brazil, labeled "Pargo", with the aid of sequences from the public and control databases. The results showed that among 142 fillets examined, 78% was identified as L. purpureus and 22% as Rhomboplites aurorubens, a snapper with low commercial value in the country, revealing commercial fraud. The molecular identification method successfully used in this study to authenticate fillets snappers may also be used by surveillance authorities in the quality control of processed fish products, towards ensuring consumer rights.(AU)

O Pargo Lutjanus purpureus, lutjanídeo mais importante economicamente no Brasil, é vendido, entre outras formas, como filés congelados. Durante a transformação em filés, há a remoção das características morfológicas distintivas, podendo favorecer a substituição por espécies menos valorizadas. Além disso, não há legislação nacional que exija a inserção do nome específico no rótulo. Porém, de acordo com uma Instrução Normativa (IN N° 29 /2015 MAPA) que correlaciona os nomes comuns e específicos dos produtos destinados ao comércio nacional, no Brasil somente L. purpureus e L. campechanus podem ser denominados "Pargo". Assim, a ferramenta DNA barcode foi usada para identificar os filés vendidos no norte do Brasil, rotulados como "Pargo", com o auxílio de sequências dos bancos de dados públicos e banco controle. Os resultados mostraram que entre os 142 filés examinados, 78% foi identificado como L. purpureus e 22% como Rhomboplites aurorubens, um lutjanídeo com baixo valor comercial no país, revelando fraude comercial. O método de identificação molecular, utilizado com êxito neste estudo para autenticar filés de lutjanídeos, pode também ser utilizado pelas autoridades de vigilância no controle de qualidade de produtos processados derivados de peixes em geral, para garantir os direitos dos consumidores.(AU)

Molecular authentication of Pargo fillets Lutjanus purpureus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) by DNA barcoding reveals commercial fraud

The Caribbean Red Snapper (Pargo) Lutjanus purpureus is the most economically important snapper in Brazil, which is sold, among other forms, as frozen fillets. During the process of transformation into fillets there is the removal of the distinctive morphological traits, being able to favor the substitution by less valued species. In addition, there is no national legislation requiring the insertion of the specific name on the product label. However, according to a Normative Instruction (IN N ° 29/2015 MAPA) that correlates the common and specific names of the products destined to the national trade, in Brazil only L. purpureus and L. campechanus can be denominated "Pargo". Thus, the DNA barcode tool was used to identify the fillets sold in north of Brazil, labeled "Pargo", with the aid of sequences from the public and control databases. The results showed that among 142 fillets examined, 78% was identified as L. purpureus and 22% as Rhomboplites aurorubens, a snapper with low commercial value in the country, revealing commercial fraud. The molecular identification method successfully used in this study to authenticate fillets snappers may also be used by surveillance authorities in the quality control of processed fish products, towards ensuring consumer rights.(AU)

O Pargo Lutjanus purpureus, lutjanídeo mais importante economicamente no Brasil, é vendido, entre outras formas, como filés congelados. Durante a transformação em filés, há a remoção das características morfológicas distintivas, podendo favorecer a substituição por espécies menos valorizadas. Além disso, não há legislação nacional que exija a inserção do nome específico no rótulo. Porém, de acordo com uma Instrução Normativa (IN N° 29 /2015 MAPA) que correlaciona os nomes comuns e específicos dos produtos destinados ao comércio nacional, no Brasil somente L. purpureus e L. campechanus podem ser denominados "Pargo". Assim, a ferramenta DNA barcode foi usada para identificar os filés vendidos no norte do Brasil, rotulados como "Pargo", com o auxílio de sequências dos bancos de dados públicos e banco controle. Os resultados mostraram que entre os 142 filés examinados, 78% foi identificado como L. purpureus e 22% como Rhomboplites aurorubens, um lutjanídeo com baixo valor comercial no país, revelando fraude comercial. O método de identificação molecular, utilizado com êxito neste estudo para autenticar filés de lutjanídeos, pode também ser utilizado pelas autoridades de vigilância no controle de qualidade de produtos processados derivados de peixes em geral, para garantir os direitos dos consumidores.(AU)

Avaliação microbiológica da qualidade do pescado processado, importado no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Microbiological quality avaliation of fish meat processed and imported in Rio de Janeiro State

O pescado apresenta uma excelente composição química e, comparado com outros produtos de origem animal, é o que apresenta melhor digestibilidade. Atualmente o consumidor tem-se tornado mais exigente, e as indústrias vêm buscando se adequar a essa nova realidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer, ao Serviço de Vigilância Agropecuária, subsídios para atuar na defesa da saúde do consumidor e, aos empresários, dados para avaliação das condições de higiene e implementação de melhorias na qualidade dos produtos fabricados ou comercializados. Para tal, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, oriundas de 11 indústrias, em amostras de peixes congeladosdefumados e salgados comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante sete meses do ano de 2003. Com relação à análise microbiológica do peixe defumado, uma das amostras apresentou resultados fora dos padrões para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e para coliformes termotolerantes, configurando ser produto impróprio para o consumo humano. Todas as demais amostras de peixe defumado, congelado e salgado analisadas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para as análises microbiológicas realizadas, estando o alimento em conformidade com os padrões estabelecidos pela ANVISA, o que indica que o processamento realizado por estas indústrias foi adequado, com exceção de uma indústria que comercializa pescado defumado. Sendo assim, ao final do processo, o pescado apresentava-se dentro dos padrões nacionais indicadores de qualidade microbiológica.(AU)

Fish meat presents an excellent chemical composition and presents better digestibility when compared to another products from animal origin. Currently consumers are becoming more demanding and industries are trying to fit themselves to this new reality. The present work was undertaken to supply the Service of Farming Monitoring with subsidies to act in the defense of consumers health and, industries owners with information to evaluate hygienic conditions and carry on improvements in the products manufactured or commercialized. Therefore, microbiological monitoring was carried out in samples of frozen, cured and salty fish deriving from eleven industries and commercialized in Rio de Janeiro State during seven months of 2003. Microbiological analysis of cured fish samples showed that one of this are out of standards for Staphylococcus positive coagulase and fecal coliform, so it was improper for human consumption. All of other samples of cured, frozen and salty fish have presented satisfactory results for the microbiological analyses, being the same ones in accordance to the standards established by ANVISA, what indicates that processing accomplished by these industries was convenient, except in this one that commercialize cured fish. Consequently, at the processes ending fish meat was presented within the standards.(AU)

Avaliação microbiológica da qualidade do pescado processado, importado no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Microbiological quality avaliation of fish meat processed and imported in Rio de Janeiro State

O pescado apresenta uma excelente composição química e, comparado com outros produtos de origem animal, é o que apresenta melhor digestibilidade. Atualmente o consumidor tem-se tornado mais exigente, e as indústrias vêm buscando se adequar a essa nova realidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer, ao Serviço de Vigilância Agropecuária, subsídios para atuar na defesa da saúde do consumidor e, aos empresários, dados para avaliação das condições de higiene e implementação de melhorias na qualidade dos produtos fabricados ou comercializados. Para tal, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, oriundas de 11 indústrias, em amostras de peixes congeladosdefumados e salgados comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante sete meses do ano de 2003. Com relação à análise microbiológica do peixe defumado, uma das amostras apresentou resultados fora dos padrões para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e para coliformes termotolerantes, configurando ser produto impróprio para o consumo humano. Todas as demais amostras de peixe defumado, congelado e salgado analisadas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para as análises microbiológicas realizadas, estando o alimento em conformidade com os padrões estabelecidos pela ANVISA, o que indica que o processamento realizado por estas indústrias foi adequado, com exceção de uma indústria que comercializa pescado defumado. Sendo assim, ao final do processo, o pescado apresentava-se dentro dos padrões nacionais indicadores de qualidade microbiológica.

Fish meat presents an excellent chemical composition and presents better digestibility when compared to another products from animal origin. Currently consumers are becoming more demanding and industries are trying to fit themselves to this new reality. The present work was undertaken to supply the Service of Farming Monitoring with subsidies to act in the defense of consumer’s health and, industries owners with information to evaluate hygienic conditions and carry on improvements in the products manufactured or commercialized. Therefore, microbiological monitoring was carried out in samples of frozen, cured and salty fish deriving from eleven industries and commercialized in Rio de Janeiro State during seven months of 2003. Microbiological analysis of cured fish samples showed that one of this are out of standards for Staphylococcus positive coagulase and fecal coliform, so it was improper for human consumption. All of other samples of cured, frozen and salty fish have presented satisfactory results for the microbiological analyses, being the same ones in accordance to the standards established by ANVISA, what indicates that processing accomplished by these industries was convenient, except in this one that commercialize cured fish. Consequently, at the processes ending fish meat was presented within the standards.