Contribution to the study of antimicrobial prophylaxis in third molar extraction surgeries / Contribuição ao estudo da profilaxia antimicrobiana em cirurgias de extração dos terceiros molares

ABSTRACT The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in the extraction of third molars is extremely controversial, raising several discussions about the most appropriate clinical protocol to avoid postoperative complications. To review the literature on the subject, describing the evidence for and against antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections in third molar extractions, besides establishing a prophylactic protocol and dosage regimen. A literature review was carried out analyzing scientific evidence from articles on the PubMed and Scielo platforms by searching for the descriptors "antibiotic therapy and infection in third molar extraction surgery", "antimicrobial prophylaxis and infective endocarditis", "antibiotic prophylaxis and adverse effects", "antibiotic therapy in dentistry", "surgical time and incidence of infections in extractions", including original articles and double or triple blind randomized clinical trials, in Portuguese and English, published between 1980 and 2021, separated in chronological order. There is no consensus in the literature on the indication of antimicrobial prophylaxis, but factors as surgeon's skill, time elapsed during the procedure and the patient's general health status directly affect the incidence and severity of infections. Among all the literature analyzed for this study, it is possible to infer that the topic is still extremely questionable and, therefore, it is essential to conduct new experimental studies to obtain more conclusive data on the subject.

RESUMO O emprego da profilaxia antibiótica na exodontia de terceiros molares é extremamente controverso, gerando diversas discussões sobre o protocolo clínico mais adequado para evitar as complicações pós-operatórias. Revisar a literatura referente ao tema, descrevendo as evidências a favor e contra a profilaxia antibiótica para prevenir infecções do sítio cirúrgico nas extrações de terceiros molares, além de firmar um protocolo profilático e regime posológico. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura analisando evidências científicas através de artigos nas plataformas PubMed e Scielo pela pesquisa de descritores "antibioticoterapia e infecção em cirurgia de extração de terceiros molares", "profilaxia antimicrobiana e endocardite infecciosa", "profilaxia antibiótica e efeitos adversos", "antibioticoterapia em odontologia", "tempo cirúrgico e incidência de infecções em exodontias", sendo incluídos artigos originais e ensaios clínicos duplos ou triplos cegos randomizados, nos idiomas português e inglês, publicados entre 1980 e 2021, separados em ordem cronológica. Não há consenso na literatura sobre a indicação da profilaxia antimicrobiana, porém há fatores como a habilidade do cirurgião, tempo decorrido durante o procedimento e estado de saúde geral do paciente afetam diretamente na incidência e severidade das infecções. Dentre toda a literatura analisada para este estudo, é possível aferir que o tema é ainda extremamente questionável e, portanto, é fundamental que novos estudos de caráter experimental sejam feitos para que se obtenha dados mais contundentes sobre o assunto.

Povidona Yodada como Antiséptico Oral en la Reducción de la Carga Viral del SARS-CoV-2: Revisión de la Literatura

RESUMEN: Se ha sugerido que el uso de antisépticos orales podría reducir la carga viral del virus SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes durante la atención dental, pero sin evidencia que avale su efectividad. Dada la vulnerabilidad del virus a la oxidac ión, se ha recomendado el uso de colutorios que contengan agentes oxidantes como la povidona yodada. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue determinar la efectividad del uso de povidona yodada como antiséptico oral en la disminución de la carga viral del virus SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, SciELO, Web of Science y EBSCO host. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos en pacientes con COVID-19 y estudios in vitro con cepas del virus que utilizaran colutorios de povidona yodada como forma de intervención, publicados entre enero del 2019 y enero del 2021. La selección de los artículos se realizó en dos etapas por dos autores de manera independiente. Luego de eliminar los artículos duplicados, se mantuvieron 53 referencias. Finalmente se incluyeron 2 estudios in vivo y 5 estudios in vitro para la revisión cualitativa. En los estudios in vitro, todas las concentraciones de povidona yodada evidenciaron una actividad virucida eficaz en los distintos tiempos de exposición, donde la mínima concentración efectiva correspondió a 0,5 % en 15 segundos. Los estudios in vivo presentaron resultados positivos hacia el uso de povidona yodada, pero con tamaños muestrales pequeños y una gran heterogeneidad en su metodología. En conclusión el uso profiláctico de povidona yodada como colutorio contra el virus SARS-CoV-2 es respaldado por los trabajos in vitro, con tiempos de aplicación fácilmente realizables en la atención dental, pero se requiere de un mayor número de ensayos controlados aleatorizados para comprobar su efectividad en la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT: It has been suggested that the use of oral antiseptics could reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients during dental care, but without evidence to support its effectiveness. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of povidone iodine mouthwash in reducing the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 virus. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual enSalud, SciELO, Web of Science and EBSCOhost. Clinical studies in patients with COVID-19 or in vitro studies with SARS-CoV-2 strains that used povidone-iodine mouthwash as a form of intervention, published between January 2019 and January 2021, were included. The selection of articles was carried out in two phases by two authors independently. After removing duplicate articles, 53 references were kept. Finally, 2 in vivo studies and 5 in vitro studies were included for the qualitative review. In the in vitro studies, all concentrations of povidone iodine showed effective virucidal activity at the different exposure times, where the minimum effective concentration corresponded to 0.5 % in 15 seconds. In vivo studies showed positive results towards the use of povidone iodine, but with small sample sizes and great heterogeneity in their methodology. The prophylactic use of povidone iodine mouthwash against the SARS-CoV- 2 virus is supported by in vitro studies, with application times easily achievable in dental care, but a large number of randomized controlled trials are required to verify its effectiveness in clinical practice.

Eficacia en la remoción del biofilme dental con diferentes aditamentos durante la profilaxis dental en pacientes pediátricos / Effectiveness of dental biofilm removal with different accessories during dental prophylaxis in pediatric patients

Resumen En odontología pediátrica un procedimiento sencillo y que es eficaz para introducir al niño al ambiente del consultorio dental es la profilaxis dental, y a la vez es indispensable para la remoción del biofilme dental a escala profesional. Se analizaron tres de los aditamentos más utilizados, la copa de hule, el cepillo para profilaxis convencional y el microcepillo ICB, este último para reforzar superficies oclusales con el objetivo de conocer cuál presenta una mayor efectividad en la remoción, se utilizó el cepillo dental convencional como control. Como resultado se observó que el cepillo para profilaxis es el aditamento de mayor eficacia en la remoción del biofilm dental en todas las superficies, con un porcentaje de remoción total de 70,57% con diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto a los demás aditamentos.

Abstract In pediatric dentistry, a simple procedure that is effective to introduce the child to the environment of the dental office is dental prophylaxis, at the same time it is indispensable for the removal of the dental biofilm at a professional level. Three of the most frequently used additives, the rubber cup, the conventional prophylaxis brush and the ICB microbrush were analyzed, the latter to reinforce occlusal surfaces in order to know which one has a greater effectiveness in the removal, the conventional toothbrush as control. As a result, the prophylaxis brush is the most effective additive in the removal of dental biofilm on all surfaces, with a total removal percentage of 70.57%, with a statistically significant difference with respect to the other accessories.

Resumo Em odontologia pediátrica é um procedimento simples que é eficaz para introduzir a criança para o ambiente de escritório dental é profilaxia dentária, embora seja essencial para a remoção do biofilme dental profissionalmente. Três dos adjuvantes mais vulgarmente utilizados foram analisados, a taça de borracha, o convencional profilaxia e ICB microbrush última escova de reforçar superfícies de oclusão, a fim de saber qual tem uma remoção mais eficaz, a escova de dentes convencional é utilizada como controlo. A profilaxia escova resultante é a remoção mais eficaz de biofilme em todas as superfícies, com uma percentagem de remoção total de 70,57%, com diferen estatisticamente significativa relativamente aos outros adjuntos.

Efectos de la terapia periodontal con antibióticos tópicos en el control glicémico de pacientes diabéticos: revisión sistemática / Effects of periodontal therapy with topical antibiotics in the glycemic control of diabe tic patients: systematic review

Background: Periodontal disease is considered as a diabetes complication and has been suggested that periodontal treatment plus antibiotics should reduce glycated hemoglobin A, by reducing local production of pro inflammatory substances. Objective: To evaluate diabetic patients with periodontal disease under periodontal treatment plus topical antibiotics and reduction of HbA1c, compared to diabetic patients under periodontal treatment without antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Using PUBMED, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, EMBASE and Google Scholar data bases, were screened documents from 2008 to 2018. The documents included were the clinical studies, which included non-surgical periodontal treatment plus topical antibiotics, whose outcomes included the HbA1c report. Two independent researchers evaluate title; abstract and bias risk with Downs Black scale and Cochrane tool. Documents with a score higher than 15 on average by the two evaluators were included. Results: Five articles, which find inclusion criteria, were identified. Two documents failed to demonstrate statistically significant effect when compared to non-surgical periodontal therapy alone. Conclusion: In general a modest reduction of HbA1c was identified when using antibiotic therapy.

Antecedentes: La enfermedad periodontal es considerada una complicación del paciente diabético y se ha sugerido que su tratamiento con o sin antibióticos podría aportar a la reducción de la hemoglobina glucosilada, al reducir la producción local de sustancias pro-inflamatorias. Objetivo: Evaluar pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad periodontal que recibieron terapia periodontal no quirúrgica (TPNQ) más antibióticos tópicos y la reducción de la hemoglobina glucosilada, comparados con pacientes que recibieron TPNQ sin antibióticos tópicos. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron bases de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed, WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS, EMBASE y Google Scholar utilizando vocabulario controlado y limitando la búsqueda a los años 2008-2018. Los documentos incluidos fueron los estudios clínicos, que incluían tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico mas antibióticos tópicos, cuyos desenlaces incluyeran el reporte de HbA1c. Estos fueron analizados por dos evaluadores independientes, para identificación de riesgo de sesgo con la escala Downs Black y herramienta Cochrane. Se incluyeron los documentos con puntuación mayor a 15 en promedio de los dos evaluadores. Resultados: Se identificaron 5 documentos que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Dos documentos no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para el cambio de la HbA1c, en comparación con la terapia periodontal sola. Conclusión: En general se evidencia una discreta reducción de HbA1c con la terapia periodontal usando antibióticos tópicos.

Efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para caries dental en escolares de Paraíso de Osorio, La Paz; La Laguna, Chalatenango; Juayúa, Sonsonate; Mizata y San Pablo Tacachico, La Libertad / Effectiveness at 3 and 6 months of a comprehensive intervention for dental caries in schoolchildren from Paraíso de Osorio, La Paz; La Laguna, Chalatenango; Juayúa, Sonsonate; Mizata and San Pablo Tacachico, La Libertad

OBJETIVO: Determinar la efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para la prevención y tratamiento de caries en dientes permanentes, en escolares de 9 a 11 años atendidos por cinco Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar en el año 2017. METODOLOGÍA: Esta investigación fue de tipo intervención cuasi experimental, dirigida a la prevención y limitación del daño por caries en dientes permanentes de 150 escolares de centros educativos públicos cubiertos por 5 UCSF. Fueron atendidas en total 1741 superficies, en las que se aplicaron 1398 sellantes, 253 obturaciones y 90 remineralizaciones con flúor. Posterior a 3 y 6 meses, se midió con los índices correspondientes la efectividad a través de la reducción de placa bacteriana, la ausencia de caries y la supervivencia de los tratamientos. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Anova, F de Fisher y Kaplan Meier para el análisis de los datos. RESULTADOS: En la evaluación inicial se encontró el 46% de la población con higiene oral óptima y un promedio de 3 dientes cariados (2.91) por paciente. A los 6 meses de realizada la intervención, el 83.21% presentó higiene oral óptima, se determinó 1 diente cariado por sujeto (1.07), el 41.20% de supervivencia de sellantes de fosas y fisuras (SFF) y el 82.60% de supervivencia de obturaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La intervención a 3 y 6 meses mostró ser efectiva para prevenir y limitar el daño por caries dental en dientes permanentes en escolares entre 9 y 11 años de edad

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness after 3 and 6 months of being applied an integral intervention for prevention and treatment of dental caries in permanent teeth, in school children from 9 to 11 years; being attended in five Family Health Community Centers (UCSF Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar for its acronym in Spanish) at 2017. METHODOLOGY: This research was a quasi-experimental intervention, directed to the prevention and limitation of damage by dental caries in permanent teeth of 150 school children, from public schools, being attended in five Family Health Community Centers (UCSF). In total, 1741 surfaces were intervened in which 1398 pits and fissures sealant, 253 fillings and 90 remineralizations with fluor, were applied. After 3 and 6 months, the evaluation of the effectiveness through reduction of dentobacterial plaque, the absence of dental cavities and the survival of treatments, was assessed with the corresponding indices. The statistical tests used for the analysis of data were Anova, F de Fisher and Kaplan Meier. RESULTS: In the initial evaluation it was found 46% of population with optimal oral hygiene and an average of 3 decayed teeth (2.91) per patient. Six months after the intervention, 83.21% presented optimal oral hygiene, 1 (1.07) decayed tooth was determined per subject, 41.20% permanence of pits and fissures sealants and 82.60% permanence of dental fillings. CONCLUSION: Intervention showed effectiveness in prevention and limitation of damage by dental cavities in permanent teeth after 3 and 6 months of being executed in school children between 9 and 11 years old.