ABSTRACT
In a seminal study, Slamecka and McElree showed that the degree of initial learning of verbal material affected the intercepts but not the slopes of forgetting curves. However, more recent work has reported that memories for central events (gist) and memory for secondary details (peripheral) were forgotten at different rates over periods of days, with gist memory retained more consistently over time than details. The present experiments aimed to investigate whether qualitatively different types of memory scoring (gist vs. peripheral) are forgotten at different rates in prose recall. In three experiments, 232 participants listened to two prose narratives and were subsequently asked to freely recall the stories. In the first two experiments participants were tested repeatedly after days and a month, while in the third experiment they were tested only after a month to control for repeated retrieval. Memory for gist was higher than for peripheral details, which were forgotten at a faster rate over a month, with or without the presence of intermediate recall. Moreover, repeated retrieval had a significant benefit on both memory for gist and peripheral details. We conclude that the different nature of gist and peripheral details leads to a differential forgetting in prose free recall, while repeated retrieval does not have a differential effect on the retention of these different episodic details.
Subject(s)
Memory, Episodic , Mental Recall , Humans , LearningABSTRACT
O teste Memória Lógica da Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (WMS-R) é amplamente utilizado na prática clínica como instrumento de avaliação da memória verbal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas iniciais de versões alternativas das histórias traduzidas e livremente adaptadas da WMS-R empregadas no Brasil: três histórias equiparáveis à história Ana Soares e três à de Roberto Mota. A amostra foi constituída de 655 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos. Foi solicitada a recordação livre imediata e tardia (após 30 min) de cada história, original e alternativas. A análise de equivalência entre a recordação imediata e tardia das histórias alternativas e originais mostrou que cinco histórias foram memorizadas de forma equiparável às histórias originais se aplicadas individualmente. A recordação de três pares dessas histórias alternativas também foi equivalente à recordação do par original. Uma análise utilizando a Teoria de Resposta ao Item apontou os itens com melhor índice discriminativo. Assim, propõe-se histórias alternativas às do WMS-R que poderão ser usadas em estudos de normatização.
The Logical Memory test of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (WMS-R) is widely used in clinical practice as a tool for verbal memory assessment. The aim of this study was to examine the initial psychometric properties of alternative versions of the stories translated and freely adapted from WMS -R used in Brazil: three stories comparable to Ana Soares' and three to Roberto Mota's stories. The sample consisted of 655 adults aged between 18 and 35 years. Immediate and delayed free recall of each original and alternative story was requested. The analysis of equivalence between the recall of alternative and original stories showed that five stories proved equivalent to the original stories, if applied individually. Recall of three pairs of these alternative stories was also equivalent to that of the original pair. An analysis using Item Response Theory (IRT) showed the items with best discriminative index. Therefore, the alternative stories proposed here can be used in normalization studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Translations , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Memory, Episodic , Wechsler Memory Scale , Psychometrics , Students , Brazil , Universities , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
The logical memory test of the Wechsler Memory Scale is one of the most frequently used standardized tests for assessing verbal memory and consists of two separate short stories each containing 25 idea units. Problems with practice effects arise with re-testing a patient, as these stories may be remembered from previous assessments. Therefore, alternative versions of the test stimuli should be developed to minimize learning effects when repeated testing is required for longitudinal evaluations of patients. OBJECTIVE: To present three alternative stories for each of the original stories frequently used in Brazil (Ana Soares and Roberto Mota) and to show their similarity in terms of content, structure and linguistic characteristics. METHODS: The alternative stories were developed according to the following criteria: overall structure or thematic content (presentation of the character, conflict, aggravation or complements and resolution); specific structure (sex of the character, location and occupation, details of what happened); formal structure (number of words, characters, verbs and nouns); and readability. RESULTS: The alternative stories and scoring criteria are presented in comparison to the original WMS stories (Brazilian version). CONCLUSION: The alternative stories presented here correspond well thematically and structurally to the Brazilian versions of the original stories. .
O teste Memória Lógica da Escala Wechsler de Memória é uma das tarefas mais empregadas de avaliação de memória e é composto de duas histórias sobre diferentes personagens que contém 25 itens. A repetição destas histórias para a mesma pessoa em diferentes ocasiões leva a uma melhora nos escores por efeito de familiaridade com seu conteúdo. Portanto, versões alternativas deste teste devem ser construídas de modo a permitir que o teste seja repetido em situações como a avaliação longitudinal de pacientes. OBJETIVO: Apresentar 3 histórias alternativas a cada uma das versões das histórias originais mais empregadas no Brasil (Ana Soares e Roberto Mota). MÉTODOS: As histórias alternativas foram construídas obedecendo aos seguintes critérios: estrutura geral ou conteúdo temático (apresentação do personagem; conflito; agravante ou complemento; resolução); estrutura específica (sexo do personagem; localidade e ocupação, detalhes da ocorrência); estrutura formal (número de palavras, caracteres, verbos e substantivos); e legibilidade. RESULTADOS: São apresentadas as histórias alternativas e critérios de correção em comparação às versões das histórias originais. CONCLUSÃO: as histórias alternativas apresentadas tem correspondência temática e estrutural com as versões brasileiras do teste original. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Recall , Memory, Episodic , Memory and Learning Tests , MemoryABSTRACT
The logical memory test of the Wechsler Memory Scale is one of the most frequently used standardized tests for assessing verbal memory and consists of two separate short stories each containing 25 idea units. Problems with practice effects arise with re-testing a patient, as these stories may be remembered from previous assessments. Therefore, alternative versions of the test stimuli should be developed to minimize learning effects when repeated testing is required for longitudinal evaluations of patients. OBJECTIVE: To present three alternative stories for each of the original stories frequently used in Brazil (Ana Soares and Roberto Mota) and to show their similarity in terms of content, structure and linguistic characteristics. METHODS: The alternative stories were developed according to the following criteria: overall structure or thematic content (presentation of the character, conflict, aggravation or complements and resolution); specific structure (sex of the character, location and occupation, details of what happened); formal structure (number of words, characters, verbs and nouns); and readability. RESULTS: The alternative stories and scoring criteria are presented in comparison to the original WMS stories (Brazilian version). CONCLUSION: The alternative stories presented here correspond well thematically and structurally to the Brazilian versions of the original stories.
O teste Memória Lógica da Escala Wechsler de Memória é uma das tarefas mais empregadas de avaliação de memória e é composto de duas histórias sobre diferentes personagens que contém 25 itens. A repetição destas histórias para a mesma pessoa em diferentes ocasiões leva a uma melhora nos escores por efeito de familiaridade com seu conteúdo. Portanto, versões alternativas deste teste devem ser construídas de modo a permitir que o teste seja repetido em situações como a avaliação longitudinal de pacientes. OBJETIVO: Apresentar 3 histórias alternativas a cada uma das versões das histórias originais mais empregadas no Brasil (Ana Soares e Roberto Mota). MÉTODOS: As histórias alternativas foram construídas obedecendo aos seguintes critérios: estrutura geral ou conteúdo temático (apresentação do personagem; conflito; agravante ou complemento; resolução); estrutura específica (sexo do personagem; localidade e ocupação, detalhes da ocorrência); estrutura formal (número de palavras, caracteres, verbos e substantivos); e legibilidade. RESULTADOS: São apresentadas as histórias alternativas e critérios de correção em comparação às versões das histórias originais. CONCLUSÃO: as histórias alternativas apresentadas tem correspondência temática e estrutural com as versões brasileiras do teste original.
ABSTRACT
It has become increasingly clear that some patients with apparently normal memory may subsequently show accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), with dramatic loss when retested. We describe a constrained prose recall task that attempts to lay the foundations for a test suitable for detecting ALF sensitively and economically. Instead of the usual narrative structure of prose recall tests, it employs a matrix structure involving four episodes, each describing a minor crime, with each crime involving the binding into a coherent episode of a specified range of features, involving the victim, the crime, the criminal and the location, allowing a total of 80 different probed recall questions to be generated. These are used to create four equivalent 20-item tests, three of which are used in the study. After a single verbal presentation, young and elderly participants were tested on three occasions, immediately, and by telephone after a delay of 6 weeks, and at one of a varied range of intermediate points. The groups were approximately matched on immediate test; both showed systematic forgetting which was particularly marked in the elderly. We suggest that constrained prose recall has considerable potential for the study of long-term forgetting.
Subject(s)
Aging/psychology , Memory, Episodic , Mental Recall/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Crime/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Middle Aged , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This article investigated how a multicomponent memory intervention affected memory for prose. We compared verbatim and paraphrased recall for short stories immediately and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years post-intervention in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) sample. METHOD: We studied 1,912 ACTIVE participants aged 65 to 91. Participants were randomized into one of three training arms (Memory, Reasoning, Speed of Processing) or a no-contact Control group; about half of the trained participants received additional booster training 1 and 3 years post-intervention. RESULTS: Memory-trained participants showed higher verbatim recall than non-memory-trained participants. Booster-memory training led to higher verbatim recall. Memory training effects were evident immediately following training and not after 1 year following training. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that multifactorial memory training can improve verbatim recall for prose, but the effect does not last without continued intervention.
