Proximity television and audiences: tensions in the media territory / Televisión de proximidad y audiencias: tensiones en el territorio mediático

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

Entidades de la horticultura en proximidad a la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina): agricultura industrial y agroecología / Entities of the horticulture in proximity to Cordoba´s city (Argentine) Industrial agriculture and agroecology

Resumen El área de producción hortícola en proximidad a la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) es una de las más importantes a nivel nacional. Se reconocen dos modalidades de producción: agricultura industrial y agroecológica. En torno a cada modalidad productiva se observan entidades que se relacionan entre sí y que conforman estructuras cuyo funcionamiento condiciona el desarrollo local de la horticultura. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y caracterizar las entidades socio-institucionales que conforman el área de estudio para ambos modelos productivos. Para la definición del área de estudio se realizó revisión bibliográfica y se consideró el criterio de pensar la horticultura que se da en proximidad a la ciudad de Córdoba. Los datos para el procesamiento gráfico de la información fueron extraídos a partir de 27 entrevistas en profundidad. Se identificaron federaciones, cooperativas, asociaciones, instituciones/reparticiones estatales, fundaciones sin fines de lucro, universidades, organizaciones sociales, ferias y mercados. Se concluye sobre las potencialidades de la herramienta gráfica y cuestiones abiertas que deja este estudio para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract The area of horticulture production in proximity to Córdoba´s city (Argentine) is one of the most important at national level. We recognize two production modes: industrial agriculture and agroecology. Around each production mode we can observe entities that relate to each other and make up structures whose functioning conditions local horticulture development. The aim of this work was to identify and characterize the socio-institutional entities that conform the study area for both productive models. To define the study area we did a bibliographic review and we considered the criterion of think in the horticulture that happens near Cordoba's city. The data to the graphic processing of the information were extracted from 27 in-depth interviews. We identified federations, cooperatives, associations, institutions/estate repartitions, non-profit foundations, universities, social organizations, fairs and markets. We conclude about the potentialities of this graphic tool and of the open issues that this study leaves for future investigations.

Distancia entre la raíz palatina del primer molar superior permanente y el piso del seno maxilar, obtenida mediante tomografía computarizada cone beam / Distance between the palatal root of the first permanent upper molar to the floor of the maxillary sinus, obtained by cone beam computed tomography

El conocimiento de las relaciones anatómicas entre el piso del seno maxilar y los ápices de dientes maxilares posteriores, es muy importante al planificar una terapia endodóntica o cirugías en molares maxilares. Este estudio tiene por objetivo, establecer la distancia existente entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar, obtenida de una muestra de 61 tomografías volumétricas Cone beam. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, donde se procedió a medir la distancia entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar en 61 tomografías volumétricas Cone Beam, obteniendo medidas de un total de 107 raíces palatinas de molares maxilares. Las imágenes fueron almacenadas en formato DICOM y analizadas con el software Sky View Dental Plan en un computador HP Compaq LA1951g Z600 y en su análisis estadístico se utilizó el Programa Stata 11.0. El promedio de distancia registrado entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar fue de 1,2 mm. La mayor distancia fue de 12,5 mm y la menor de 0 mm. La medida de 0 mm se presentó en 48 casos y alcanzó al 44,9 % de la muestra. Es frecuente que los ápices radiculares se encuentren dentro del seno maxilar, condición que debe ser de conocimiento clínico, con el objetivo de prevenir al máximo accidentes y complicaciones en las terapias endodónticas.

The knowledge of the anatomical relationships between the floor of the maxillary sinus and the apices of the posterior maxillary teeth is very important when planning an endodontic therapy or surgeries in the area. The objective of this study is to establish the distance between the apex of the palatal root of the first maxillary molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus, in a sample of 61 cone-beam computed tomography. A crosssectional observational study was carried out. We proceeded to measure the distance between the apex of the palatal root of the first upper molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus in 61 conebeam computed tomography, obtaining measurements of a total of 107 first maxillary molar palatal roots. The images were stored in DICOM format and analyzed with the Sky View software and the Stata 11.0. for statistical analysis. The average distance recorded between the apex of the palatal root of the first upper molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus was 1.2 mm. The greatest distance was 12.5 mm and the smallest was 0 mm. The measurement of 0 mm was presented in 48 cases and reached 44.9 % of the sample. It is common for radicular apices to be located within the maxillary sinus. The clinician must know this condition to prevent accidents and complications in the endodontic therapies as much as possible.

La psiquiatría militar alemana en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Artículo histórico / German military psychiatry in the Second World War. Historical article

Resumen Introducción La reacción de estrés de combate (REC), que hoy en día podría ser denominada «reacción a estrés agudo¼ (ICD-10), se refiere a una reacción de ansiedad transitoria en el soldado, la cual históricamente llevó a una incapacidad para afrontar la lucha de la guerra. La mayoría de los análisis militares, históricos y médicos de la actividad realizada por la Wehrmacht § en la Segunda Guerra Mundial reportan que no se presentaron serios problemas debido al «quiebre¼ por estrés. Las razones se fundamentan en la calidad excepcional y el liderazgo de las pequeñas unidades militares del ejército alemán. Sin embargo, con el paso de los años, ya no fue posible evitar el reporte de un elevado número de bajas secundarias a la REC, lo que ha puesto en duda el mito de la inmunidad del soldado alemán al estrés de la guerra. Conclusiones Al final de la WWII, la reacción de estrés de combate fue un tópico común en las guías oficiales. Los psiquiatras fueron quienes subestimaron de forma continua el papel de este trastorno en la Wehrmacht. La percepción generalizada de que la Wehrmacht no sufría los serios problemas del quiebre emocional en los soldados puede ser modificada hasta cierto punto.

Abstract Introduction Combat stress reaction (CSR), now called «acute stress reaction¼ (ICD-10), refers to a transient anxiety reaction in the soldier, which has historically led to an inability to face the struggle of war. Most military, historical and medical analyzes of the activity carried out by the Wehrmacht in World War II reported no serious problems due to stress. The reasons are based on the exceptional quality of the small military units and the leadership of the German Army. However, over the years, it was no longer possible to avoid reporting the high number of casualties secondary to combat stress reactions, which has cast doubt on the myth of the German soldiers' immunity to the stress of war. Conclusions At the end of WWII, the CSR was a common topic in official reports, meetings and guides. The psychiatrists who had the opportunity to report it were those who continuously underestimated the role of this stress disorder in the Wehrmacht. Thus, the widespread perception that the Wehrmacht did not suffer serious problems of emotional breakdown in soldiers, typical of combat stress, can be modified to some extent.

El VIH y la proximidad corporal. Sexo, amor y silencio entre varones gay / HIV e proximidade corporal. Sexo, amor e silêncio entre homens gay / HIV and corporal proximity. Sex, love and silence between gay men

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio etnográfico que tuvo como objetivo central analizar los modos en que el vivir con VIH se entrecruza con normativas de valoración social que delinean posibilidades de la proximidad corporal. A partir de una serie de visitas que se hicieron en un lugar de encuentro sexual para varones gay denominado "las cabinas", y recurriendo a distintas narrativas sobre lo que significa ser gay y vivir con el virus, se analiza cómo la identidad se posiciona según conocimientos relativos al amor y el sexo. Se concluye que algunas de las formas en que los acercamientos y los distanciamientos afectivos, así como otros elementos que regulan la interacción sexual -como el silencio- coadyuvan a configurar la experiencia de vivir con VIH.

Resumo Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo etnográfico cujo objetivo principal foi analisar as formas pelas quais a convivência com o HIV interage com normas de valoração social que delineiam possibilidades de proximidade corporal. A partir de uma série de visitas que foram feitas em um local de encontro sexual de gays chamado de "las cabinas", e recorrendo a diferentes narrativas sobre o que significa ser gay e viver com o vírus, analisa-se como a identidade é posicionada de acordo com conhecimentos relacionados ao amor e ao sexo. Conclui-se que algumas das maneiras pelas quais abordagens e distanciamentos afetivos, bem como outros elementos que regulam a interação sexual -como o silêncio- ajudam a moldar a experiência de viver com HIV.

Abstract We present the results of an ethnographic study, which the main objective was to analyze the ways in which living with HIV is intertwined with norms of social valuation that delineate possibilities of corporal proximity. From a series of visits made to a place of sexual encounters for gay men called "las cabinas", and resorting to other narratives about what it means to be gay and live with the virus, it is analyzed how the identity is positioned according to knowledge related to love and sex. In conclusion, some of the ways in which affective approaches and distances, as well as other elements that regulate sexual interaction - such as silence - help to shape the experience of living with HIV.

Transformaciones en la matriz de protección Uruguaya a inicios del siglo XXI / Transformations in the Uruguayan protection matrix at the beginning of the 21st century

La matriz de protección social uruguaya implementada a inicios del siglo XX ha sido descripta como un sistema de políticas sociales fuertemente institucionalizado, estructurado sobre una base de prestaciones de carácter universal en educación y estratificada en materia sanitaria y de seguridad social, que tiende a cubrir a la mayoría de los sectores asalariados formales urbanos, con una incorporación tardía de los trabajadores rurales. Esta estructura de protección social ha sufrido un proceso de transformación que combina la intervención estatal con servicios semiprivatizados, focalizados y transitorios, así como otros que apelan a la configuración público-privada en su proceso de implementación. Para ello, entre otras acciones, se han diseñado y puesto en práctica, las propuestas programáticas caracterizadas por su intervención en «proximidad¼, sobre las que este estudio centra su análisis.

The Uruguayan social protection matrix implemented at the beginning of the 20th century has been described as a strongly institutionalized social policy system, structured on a universal basis in education and stratified in health and social security, which tends to cover the majority of urban salaried sectors, with a late incorporation of rural workers. This social protection structure has undergone a transformation process that combines state intervention with semi-privatized, focused and transient services, as well as others that appeal to the public-private configuration in its implementation process. To this end, among other actions, the programmatic proposals characterized by their intervention in «proximity¼ have been designed and put into practice, on which this study focuses its analysis.

Questões contemporâneas: proximidade e imagem, entre a ética e o gozo / Contemporary questions: proximity and image, between ethics and enjoyment / Cuestiones contemporáneas: proximidad y imagen, entre la ética y el goce

Em 1930, Freud afirmou que o laço social é a principal fonte de sofrimento para os homens. Vivemos hoje sob o domínio das redes sociais, da comunicação imediata que dispensa a presença do outro. Quais os efeitos disso no laço social? O advento da internet, ao prometer o acesso irrestrito ao outro, sem o ônus de sua presença, coloca em questão a proximidade e a imagem do outro, o que toca em um dos conceitos mais caros à psicanálise: o estranho (Unheimlich). Abordamos estas referências a partir de Freud e Lacan, dialogando com autores da Filosofia e da Sociologia. Em seu artigo intitulado A Coisa, Heidegger introduz uma discussão de ordem ética. A partir da ideia de que "a proximidade não é pouca distância" ele se pergunta: "O que é esta igualdade em que tudo não fica nem distante nem próximo, como se fosse sem distância?" Quando examinamos a noção de proximidade, a noção de corpo-imagem se impõe. Segundo Baudrillard, o sujeito é induzido a tratar seu corpo como capital e como fetiche, estabelecendo-se uma equivalência mágica entre comprar e sentir-se bem. O que tem a psicanálise a dizer sobre isto? Em 1972, Lacan formalizou o discurso capitalista, que foraclui o laço social e induz a práticas perversas que visam obturar a castração, prometendo um gozo sem limite e fora dos domínios da ética. (AU)

In 1930 Freud tells us that the social binding is the chief source of human suffering. We now live under the domination of the social nets, of immediate communication, that does not need the presence of the other. Which effects of this on social binding? The advent of the internet, since it promises the access to the other, without the burden of his/her presence, puts forward the notions of proximity and image of the other, and this leads us to one of the major and dearest concepts of psychoanalysis: the strange (Unheimlich). We seized those questions from the point of view of Freud and Lacan, to establish a dialogue with some authors from Philosophy and Sociology. In his article called The Thing, Heidegger introduces a question from the ethical point of view. He starts with the idea that "proximity is not the lack of distance", to ask "What is this equality in which everything does not keep distance nor gets close to, as if distance itself was not there?" When we examine closely the notion of proximity, the one of body image comes forward. Baudrillard says that the individual is induced to treat his own body as a source of capital or as a fetish, thus establishing a magical equivalence between buying and wellbeing. What does psychoanalysis have to say about all this? In 1972, Lacan establishes the capitalistic, that denies the social binding and induces the individual to perverted social practices, that aim to cover up castration, while promising boundless enjoyment, way from the limits of ethics. (AU)

En 1930, Freud dice que el lazo social es la fuente mayor del sufrimiento para los hombres. Nosotros vivimos hoy bajo la dominación de las redes sociales, de la comunicación inmediata, que no necesita la presencia del otro. Cuales serian los efectos que se podría causar en el lazo social? El adviento de la internet, en la medida en que promete el acceso inmediato al otro, sin el precio de su presencia, coloca en cuestión las nociones de proximidad y de la imagen del otro, y esto toca uno de los conceptos más caros al psicoanálisis: lo ominoso (Unheimlich). Vamos poner en discusión estas dos nociones, a partir de Freud y Lacan, dialogando con los autores de la Filosofía y de la Sociología. En su articulo La Cosa, Heidegger introduce una discusión de orden ética. Parte de la idea de que "la proximidad no es la poca distancia" para colocar la pregunta "Que cosa es esta igualdad en que todo no está ni distante, ni próximo, como si todo fuera sin distancia?" Cuando examinamos la noción de distancia, la noción de la imagen del cuerpo se impone. Segundo Baudrillard, el sujeto es inducido a tratar su cuerpo propio como capital o fetiche, estableciendo una equivalencia mágica entre el ato de comprar y su bien estar. Lo que tiene el psicoanálisis a decir de todo esto? En 1972, Lacan formalizó el discurso del capitalista, que hace la foraclusión del lazo social y induce al sujeto a prácticas sociales perversas, que tienen como objetivo obturar la castración, con la promesa de un goce sin limites y afuera de toda referencia ética. (AU)

Modelo de proximidad espacial para definir sitios de muestreo en redes urbanas de calidad de aire / A spatial proximity model to define monitoring sites in urban air quality networks / Modelo de proximidade espacial para definir áreas de amostragem em redes urbanas de qualidade do ar

Resumen Este artículo presenta un modelo de proximidad espacial a vías, usos industriales del suelo y zonas verdes para determinar concentraciones de material particulado y localizar sitios de monitoreo de calidad de aire en zonas urbanas. Se utilizan datos de concentración promedio mensual de PM10 (µgm/m3), medidos en nueve sitios de monitoreo en la ciudad de Medellín entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2008. Con estos datos se calculan mapas mensuales de concentración, usando métodos de interpolación geoestadísticos con semivariogramas J-Bessel que caracterizan espacialmente la concentración de PM10. Se calculan tres factores de proximidad espacial (a vías, a industrias y a zonas verdes) y uno combinado para multiplicarlos por los mapas de concentración. Con este resultado, se propone una red de sitios de monitoreo para Medellín. Las técnicas de análisis espacial y el modelo de proximidad permiten inspeccionar la distribución del contaminante sobre el territorio, resaltando el efecto de las intersecciones de las vías principales y las zonas industriales donde se dan las mayores concentraciones, y el efecto amortiguador de las zonas verdes. Esto complementa las disposiciones normativas existentes en Colombia para la definición de la ubicación de sitios de monitoreo en sistemas de vigilancia de la calidad del aire.

Abstract This paper presents a model of spatial proximity to roads, industrial uses of land and green areas, to determine concentrations of particulate matter and locate air quality monitoring sites in urban areas. The model uses monthly average concentration of PM10 (µgm/m3) measured at nine monitoring sites in the city of Medellin between January 2003 and December 2008. With these data, monthly maps were calculated using geostatistical interpolation methods with J-Bessel semivariograms to characterize the concentration of PM10. Three factors of spatial proximity (to main roads, industries and green areas) were calculated along with one combined factor. They were then multiplied by the concentration maps. With this result, a network of monitoring sites was proposed for Medellín. The Spatial analysis techniques and the proximity model allow for the assessment of the distribution of the contaminant on the territory, highlighting the effect of intersections and industrial areas on high concentrations and the dampening effect of green areas. This work may complement the existing regulatory provisions in Colombia for locating critical monitoring sites of the air quality surveillance systems.

Resumo Neste artigo se apresenta um modelo de proximidade espacial a vias, utilização industrial do solo e áreas verdes, para determinar concentrações de material particulado e localizar lugares de monitoração da qualidade do ar em áreas urbanas. Utilizam-se dados de concentração de média mensal de PM10 (µgm/m3), medidos em nove lugares de monitoração em Medellín, entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2008. Com estes dados calculam-se mapas mensais de concentração, utilizando métodos de interpolação geoestatísticos com semivariogramas J-bessel, caracterizando espacialmente a concentração de PM10. Calculam-se três fatores de proximidade espacial (a vias, as industrias e a áreas verdes), e um combinado para multiplicá-los nos mapas de concentração.Com este resultado, propõe-se uma rede de lugares de monitoração para Medellín. As técnicas de análise espacial e o modelo de proximidade permitem inspecionar a distribuição do poluente sobre o território, ressaltando o efeito das interseções das vias principais e as áreas industriais onde ficam as maiores concentrações, e o efeito amortecedor das áreas verdes. Isto complementa as disposições normativas que existem na Colômbia para a definição da localização de lugares de monitoração em sistemas de vigilância da qualidade do ar.

La proximidad en las políticas públicas: tensiones entre el abordaje de la vulnerabilidad social y la evidencia científica / A proximidade nas políticas públicas: tensões entre endereçamento vulnerabilidade social e evidência científica / The proximity public policies: tensions between the boarding of social vulnerability and scientifice vidence

En Uruguay se están implementando políticas de proximidad dirigidas a los sectores vulnerables. En el artículo que sigue presentamos una investigación desarrollada durante 2014 en la política Uruguay Crece Contigo. Realizamos una aproximación etnográfica a través de observación participante, registro en diario de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas en la ciudad de Montevideo. Describimos lo prescritpto por la polìtica, caracterizamos la emergencia de la figura del operador de cercanía y la ubicamos en la red sociotécnica en la que participa. Concluimos que los operadores de cercanías son actores fundamentales en el relacionamiento del estado y los sectores vulnerables. En los dos niveles que implica la cercanía se ciernen los datos que se extraen de la política: la evidencia. En la retroalimentación de la evidencia a la política pública se relega la posibilidad de construir políticas que aborden de manera certera las condiciones de existencia de la población. (AU)

No Uruguai, as políticas de proximidade destinadas a sectores vulneráveis estão sendo implementadas. No artigo a seguir, apresentamos a pesquisa realizada durante 2014, em "O Uruguai Crece Contigo" (Uruguai cresce com você). Realizamos uma abordagem etnográfica através da observação participante, diários de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, na cidade de Montevidéu. Nós descrevemos o que é prescrito pela política, caracterizando o surgimento da figura do operador de proximidade e localizamos este valor em uma rede sócio-técnica em que participa. Conclui-se que os operadores locais são actores fundamentais no relacionamento entre os setores estaduais e vulneráveis da população. Em ambos os níveis, envolvendo a proximidade, os dados são extraídos da política: as evidencias. No retorno das evidências para a ordem pública relega a possibilidade de construir políticas que tratem de forma precisa as condições de vida da população. (AU)

In Uruguay, policies aimed at proximity to vulnerable sectors are being implemented. In the following article we present research conducted during 2014 in "Uruguay Crece Contigo" (Uruguay grows with you). We conducted an ethnographic approach through participant observation, field journaling and semistructured interviews in the city of Montevideo. We describe what is prescribed by politics, characterizing the emergence of the figure of the proximity operator and we located this figure whitin a socio-technical network in which it participates. We conclude that local operators are key players in the relationship between the state and vulnerable sectors of the population. At both levels involving proximity, data is extracted from the policy: the evidence. In the feedback of evidence to public policy relegates the possibility of building policies that address in an accurate way the living conditions of the population. (AU)

La proximidad en las políticas públicas: tensiones entre el abordaje de la vulnerabilidad social y la evidencia científica / A proximidade nas políticas públicas: tensões entre endereçamento vulnerabilidade social e evidência científica / The proximity public policies: tensions between the boarding of social vulnerability and scientifice vidence

En Uruguay se están implementando políticas de proximidad dirigidas a los sectores vulnerables. En el artículo que sigue presentamos una investigación desarrollada durante 2014 en la política Uruguay Crece Contigo. Realizamos una aproximación etnográfica a través de observación participante, registro en diario de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas en la ciudad de Montevideo. Describimos lo prescritpto por la polìtica, caracterizamos la emergencia de la figura del operador de cercanía y la ubicamos en la red sociotécnica en la que participa. Concluimos que los operadores de cercanías son actores fundamentales en el relacionamiento del estado y los sectores vulnerables. En los dos niveles que implica la cercanía se ciernen los datos que se extraen de la política: la evidencia. En la retroalimentación de la evidencia a la política pública se relega la posibilidad de construir políticas que aborden de manera certera las condiciones de existencia de la población.

No Uruguai, as políticas de proximidade destinadas a sectores vulneráveis estão sendo implementadas. No artigo a seguir, apresentamos a pesquisa realizada durante 2014, em "O Uruguai Crece Contigo" (Uruguai cresce com você). Realizamos uma abordagem etnográfica através da observação participante, diários de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, na cidade de Montevidéu. Nós descrevemos o que é prescrito pela política, caracterizando o surgimento da figura do operador de proximidade e localizamos este valor em uma rede sócio-técnica em que participa. Conclui-se que os operadores locais são actores fundamentais no relacionamento entre os setores estaduais e vulneráveis da população. Em ambos os níveis, envolvendo a proximidade, os dados são extraídos da política: as evidencias. No retorno das evidências para a ordem pública relega a possibilidade de construir políticas que tratem de forma precisa as condições de vida da população.

In Uruguay, policies aimed at proximity to vulnerable sectors are being implemented. In the following article we present research conducted during 2014 in "Uruguay Crece Contigo" (Uruguay grows with you). We conducted an ethnographic approach through participant observation, field journaling and semistructured interviews in the city of Montevideo. We describe what is prescribed by politics, characterizing the emergence of the figure of the proximity operator and we located this figure whitin a socio-technical network in which it participates. We conclude that local operators are key players in the relationship between the state and vulnerable sectors of the population. At both levels involving proximity, data is extracted from the policy: the evidence. In the feedback of evidence to public policy relegates the possibility of building policies that address in an accurate way the living conditions of the population.

La metáfora de no-lugar / The noplace metaaphor

El propósito del escrito consiste en explorar la metáfora levinasiana del no-lugar, precisar sus sentidos y evaluar críticamente su pertinencia en el ámbito de las reflexiones contemporáneas. Para ello, contextualizaremos la propuesta levinasiana en torno al no-lugar, especialmente bajo los conceptos de sensibilidad, proximidad e infinito; reconstruiremos algunas de las críticas de Levinas a lo que denominamos: "filosofías del regreso a casa"; y, finalmente, sugeriremos algunos aspectos en los cuales las tesis del filósofo judío podrían hacerse pertinentes. Este último propósito lo acompañaremos con una investigación social adelantada al respecto.

The purpose of this writing is to explore the Levinasian no-place metaphor, in order to clarify its meanings as well as to critically evaluate its pertinence under the light of contemporary reflections. In order to do this, we will contextualize the Levinasian proposal around the no-place, especially under the concepts of sensitivity, proximity, and infinite; we will reconstruct some Levinas's critiques which we will call "philosophies of the coming back home", and finally we will suggest some aspects in which the Jew philosopher theses might be pertinent. This last purpose will be accompanied by a social research carried out about this issue.