Psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with bipolar disorder: relation with clinical outcomes and functioning.

The aim was to assess the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity (PC) in Brazilian euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder type I, and investigate its effects on clinical outcomes and functioning. A group of 179 outpatients with BD-I in the recuperation phase were assessed, of whom 75 (41.9%) had PC and 104 (58.1%) had not. Both groups were compared using sociodemographic/clinical questionnaire, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I and II, Sheehan Disability and Barratt Impulsiveness Scales. Patients with PC presented less religious affiliation, more history of lifetime psychotic symptoms, rapid cycling, suicide attempts, worse scores of functioning, and higher prevalence of personality disorders. Ordinal logistic regression indicated that PC was associated with increased odds of worse levels of disability. Therefore, it could be observed that patients with BD evaluated only in euthymia presented a high mental disorders comorbidity. Considering their burdensome impact, appropriate management is a challenging reality and a crucial factor in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with BD. Further longitudinal studies on their relationship may broaden interventions to reduce patient's suffering.

Long-Term Effects of Anxiety on the Metabolic Control of Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from the CAIPaDi Cohort Study.

Introduction: Anxiety disorders (AXD) are among the most prevalent mental health conditions in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous data have established an association of other psychiatric conditions with poor metabolic control and increased odds of diabetes-related complications. Nonetheless, follow-up information about the effects of AXD on the metabolic control of patients with TD2 is still limited. Objective: Evaluate the effects of AXD on the metabolic parameters of patients with T2D over 12 months of follow-up in a multidisciplinary comprehensive care model. Methods: Prospective study of T2D subjects enrolled in a comprehensive care program with follow-up at 3 and 12 months of treatment. Patients were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We registered clinical and metabolic characteristics from each visit. Metabolic parameters over time were analyzed with a mixed model of repeated measures using AXD and time as interaction variables. Results: Our sample included 2703 patients at baseline, and 1161 (43%) subjects continued the follow-up at 12 months. The AXD group had more females, lower age, and fewer years of formal education compared with subjects without AXD at baseline, 3 and 12 months. Patients with AXD also reported higher mean fasting glucose at three months, and higher HbA1c at three and 12 months. Our MMRM for HbA1c reported significant differences over time in subjects with and without AXD. The differences in means between groups increased from 0.17% at three months to 0.31% at 12 months. The variables from the HADS anxiety score, sex, age, years of diagnosis, and insulin treatment were also associated with HbA1c parameters over time. Conclusion: Patients with AXD had the worst glycemic control at 3 and 12 months of follow-up. HbA1c differences in patients with AXD compared with non-AXD subjects increases over time in association with anxiety symptoms.

Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity and personality characteristics among adults seeking treatment for problematic internet use.

In the present study, we investigated gender differences in personality and psychiatric correlates among adults (N = 115) seeking treatment for problematic internet use (PIU) at a specialized clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were assessed at the beginning of their treatment for co-occurring psychiatric conditions, other addictive behaviors, and personality characteristics. Women (n = 20) were more likely to present with greater rates of psychiatric comorbidity compared to men (n = 95), including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bulimia nervosa. Women also had a greater severity of certain behavioral addictions, such as compulsive buying and disordered eating. Gender differences were also found across personality characteristics, with women scoring higher on impulsivity, novelty seeking, and self-transcendence compared to men. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate gender differences for PIU in a clinical sample. The results suggest that there are notable gender differences in individuals seeking treatment for PIU which underscores the importance of assessing for co-occurring conditions, especially in women. Understanding the characteristics associated with PIU can help serve to inform the most appropriate interventions to bolster treatment outcomes.

Comorbidity Between Recent Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Psychotic Psychiatric Disorders: Metabolic Characteristics and Clinical Correlates.

Purpose: To describe the metabolic status and clinical characteristics associated with NPPD in patients with less than five years of T2D diagnosis and explore the role of age in the presentation of psychiatric comorbidities. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of subjects who attended a comprehensive care program. Patients were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and clinical and metabolic characteristics were registered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk and protective factors for psychiatric disorders. We performed an analysis to further explore age's influence on our results. Results: We included 1953 patients, and 40.1% had any psychiatric disorder. Younger age, female sex, and personal psychiatric history were associated with NPPD. The use of insulin was reported as a protective factor for eating disorders. Body mass index was associated with any psychiatric disorders and eating disorders. The analysis of age reported that patients younger than 45 years had the worst metabolic parameters and increased odds for NPPD, while patients older than 65 years had the best metabolic measures and decreased odds for psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusion: NPPD were frequent comorbidities in our sample; younger age, female sex, and personal psychiatric history were the most important factors associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Younger subjects experience a higher risk for psychiatric disorders and worst metabolic control.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Mexican Adolescents with a Diagnosis of Eating Disorders Its Relationship with the Body Mass Index.

The prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among patients with eating disorders (ED) is higher than the general population. Individuals diagnosed with eating disorders have changes in their body mass index which could promote severe metabolic disruptions. This study aimed (1) to report the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among a Mexican adolescent sample diagnosed with eating disorders, (2) to compare our results with the prevalence of psychiatric disorders reported from a national survey of mental health of adolescents, (3) to compare the presence of psychiatric comorbidities between ED diagnoses, and (4) to explore the relationship of these comorbidities with the body mass index. In the study, we included 187 Mexican adolescents diagnosed with eating disorders. The psychiatric comorbidities were evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children/adolescents, and a revised questionnaire on eating and weight patterns. We found that 89% of the Mexican adolescents diagnosed with ED had another psychiatric comorbidity. Major depressive disorder (52.40%) and suicide risk (40%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Attention and deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence was different between ED diagnosis, and adolescents with binge-eating disorder and ADHD had the higher body mass index. Our results showed that in this sample of Mexican adolescents, the presence of comorbidities could impact body mass index. This emphasizes the importance that clinicians take into consideration the presence of psychiatric comorbidities to achieve an integrative treatment for adolescents diagnosed with ED.

The Quality of Life of People with Solid Cancer is Less Worse than Other Diseases with better Prognosis, Except in the Presence of Depression.

Background: Suffering from Solid Cancer (SC) may adversely impact the Health-related Quality of Life (H-QoL). The aims of this study are to measure the H-QoL in a sample of people suffering from SC and to clarify the role of the co-occurrence of depressive episodes. Results were compared with a healthy control group and with groups of other disorders. Methods: In 151 patients with SC (mean±sd age 63.1±11.5; female 54.3%), H-QoL was assessed by SF-12, depressive episodes were identified by PHQ-9. The attributable burden of SC in impairing H-QoL was calculated as the difference between SF-12 score of a community sex and age » matched healthy control group and that of the study sample. The attributable burden of SC was compared with other chronic diseases using specific diagnostic groups drawn from case-control studies that used the same database for selecting control samples. Results: H-QoL in people with SC was significantly worse than in the healthy control group (p<0.0001). The attributable burden in worsening the H-QoL due to SC was similar to those of severe chronic diseases, but lower than Multiple Sclerosis (p<0.0001) or Fibromyalgia (p<0.00001). Having a depressive episode was a strong determinant of decreasing H-QoL, regardless of the severity of cancer. Conclusion: The findings confirm a strong impact of SC but showed that H-QoL in SC was higher than in chronic diseases with better "quoad vitam" outcome. Since depression was a strong determinant, its prevention, early detection and therapy are the main objectives that must be reached in cancer patients.

Enfermedad de Willis-Ekbom a propósito de un caso / Willis-Ekbom's disease a case report

Los trastornos del sueño REM, son de alta prevalencia en nuestro medio, se manifiestan por lo general en comorbilidad con trastornos afectivos como la ansiedad y la depresión. Dependiendo de la sintomatología del paciente la afectación puede afectar su calidad de vida, en nuestro medio son frecuentes las crisis de pánico y trastornos del sueño reconocidos culturalmente como provenientes de embrujos o maleficios, que al no ser tratados con buenos resultados, buscan una respuesta en el ámbito médico postergando la intervención en el caso evaluado. El presente caso describe los síntomas experimentados por un adulto de sexo masculino, con un cuadro que impresiona por su descripción sintomatológica de origen netamente urológico, que fue valorado en integridad con sus respectivos resultados laboratoriales y de gabinete es referido a diferentes especialidades y finalmente a psiquiatría donde se llega a la conclusión diagnostica de enfermedad de Willis-Ekbom, trastorno del sueño REM y Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada con crisis de pánico, se realiza tratamiento específico, con resultados favorables y seguimientos periódicos. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino de 61 años como se describe en la presentación.

REM sleep disorders, are of high prevalence in our environment, are usually manifested in comorbidity with affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. Depending on the symptomatology of the patient, the affectation can affect their quality of life, in our environment there are frequent panic crises and sleep disorders culturally recognized as coming from spells or curses, which, when not being treated with good results, seek an answer in the medical field postponing the intervention in the case evaluated. The present case describes the symptoms experienced by a male adult, with a picture that impresses with his symptomatic description of a purely urological origin, which was assessed in integrity with their respective laboratory and laboratory results. It refers to different specialties and finally to psychiatry. where the diagnostic conclusión of Willis-Ekbom disease, REM sleep disorder and generalized anxiety disorder with panic crisis is reached, specific treatment is performed, with favorable results and periodic follow-up.

Exploring the prevalence of substance-induced neurocognitive disorder among polysubstance users, adding subjective and objective evidence of cognitive impairment.

The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of substance-induced neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in a sample of polysubstance users, adding both objective- and subjective cognitive impairment. METHOD: We collected cross-sectional data from 33 community-based residential facilities in Mexico City. Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used for measurement of objective cognitive impairment, and a DSM-5-based interview for subjective impairment. Years and days of recent use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and inhalants were collected for regression analyses. RESULTS: 753 participants were analyzed; from these, 50.5% show objective impairment, 71% and 58.5% self-reported any cognitive deficit and cognitive decline, respectively. Between 21.8%-36.5% would qualify for NCD when integrating both objective- and subjective impairment (deficit or decline). Significant weak associations were found between objective impairment and subjective deficits in all cognitive domains except social cognition. Regression models adding both objective- and subjective measures explained more variation in the years of alcohol, inhalant and cocaine use, and in recent marijuana use, than the objective measure alone, but associations were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: Though significant in proportion, the prevalence of NCD in this population can only be partially related to substance use. Further integrative approaches are needed to refine the epidemiology of this disorder.

Síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette / Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de la Tourette constituye un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico que puede afectar seriamente la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y el tratamiento del síndrome de la Tourette en un paciente atendido en el Departamento de Salud Mental del Policlínico Universitario Héroes de Girón. Métodos: Se aplicó el método clínico, anamnesis, examen físico general, neurológico y psiquiátrico. Entrevista semiestructurada, pruebas psicológicas proyectivas, exámenes de laboratorio, electrocardiograma, imagineología cerebral (TAC simple de cráneo); estudios neuropsicológicos (Wisconsin) y neurofisiológicos (electroencefalograma). Se revisó la historia clínica del paciente examinado. Resultados: Paciente masculino de 43 años de edad, soltero, no hijos, electricista. Con historia de hiperactividad y dificultad atencional, asociado a tics motores complejos y fonatorios desde los 7 años de edad sin tratamiento, con afectación de su calidad de vida. Al examen clínico se constatan tics mixtos, al examen psiquiátrico distractibilidad, retraimiento, desmotivación, perseveración, rumiaciones, ideas obsesivas, ansiedad, angustia, hipercinesia, compulsiones, rituales, disfemia, coprolalia e insomnio nocturno. En las pruebas psicológicas marcada ansiedad e impulsividad. Los estudios de laboratorio, electrocardiografía y TAC de cráneo no arrojaron resultados patológicos. Wisconsin positivo. Electroencefalograma con irritación cortical en región frontotemporal izquierda. Conclusiones: El síndrome de la Tourette se presenta con frecuencia en la clínica psiquiátrica del adulto como entidad comórbida con el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad y el Trastorno obsesivo compulsivo(AU)

Introduction: Tourette's syndrome constitutes a neuropsychiatric disorder that can seriously affect the quality of life. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and the treatment of Tourette's syndrome in a patient treated at the Department of Mental Health of Héroes de Girón University Polyclinic. Methods: The clinical method, anamnesis, general physical, neurological and psychiatric examination were applied. Semi-structured interview, projective psychological tests, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, brain imaging (simple skull CAT scan); neuropsychological (Wisconsin) and neurophysiological studies (Electroencephalogram). The clinical record of the patient examined was reviewed. Results: Male patient aged 43 years, single, without children, electrician. With a history of hyperactivity and attentional difficulty, associated with complex and phonatory motor tics from the age of 7 and without treatment, affecting his quality of life. The clinical examination shows mixed tics, psychiatric examination, distractibility, withdrawal, demotivation, perseveration, ruminations, obsessive ideas, anxiety, anguish, hyperkinesia, compulsions, rituals, dyspnea, coprolalia and nocturnal insomnia. In psychological tests, marked anxiety and impulsivity. The laboratory studies, electrocardiography and CT scan of the skull did not yield pathological results. Wisconsin positive. Electroencephalogram with cortical irritation in the left frontotemporal region. Conclusions: Tourette's syndrome is frequently seen in the psychiatric clinic of the adult as a comorbid entity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder(AU)

Psychiatric manifestations of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a literature review. / Manifestaciones psiquiátricas del síndrome de deleción 22q11.2: una revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder with variable clinical manifestations. It affects one out of 5950 neonates and has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The aim of this article is to review its psychiatric manifestations and any underlying genetic alterations. METHODS: We reviewed the scientific literature available as of October 2014 in the LILACS and Medline databases. RESULTS: Sixty per cent of these patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder at some point in their lives, referring to psychotic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Specific genes, such as COMT and PRODH, have been linked to these psychiatric manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to raise awareness among all health care professionals so that they understand the relevance of these manifestations, are able to anticipate them, and can provide appropriate information to patients and family members.

Association between severity of illicit drug dependence and quality of life in a psychosocial care center in BRAZIL: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life must be one of the main purposes for the treatment of drug users, requiring a better understanding of the association between the quality of life and the severity of dependency. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between severity of substance use in various areas of human functioning and quality of life of illicit drug users in a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drugs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 60 participants - illicit drug users - treated at a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drugs. Participants were evaluated with the short version of World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Bref) instrument to measure the quality of life, the 6th version of Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) to assess the severity of dependence in several areas and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to identify the presence of psychiatric disorders. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and linear regression were applied to verify the association between the severity of dependence and the quality of life, and Student's t-test to compare the mean quality of life between individuals with and without psychiatric comorbidities. RESULTS: Negative correlation was found between the severity of dependence on the drugs dimensions: alcohol, psychiatric, medical, legal, family/social support and family/social problems of ASI-6, and the quality of life domains measured by the WHOQOL-Bref. The evidence was strongest in the psychiatric and medical dimensions. There was a significant difference in the quality of life mean among participants presenting or not presenting psychiatric comorbidities, for the psychological domain in anxiety disorders, and for the physical and psychological domains in mood disorders. CONCLUSION: The quality of life decreased as the severity of dependence increased, with different results in the various areas of the participant's life. This result emphasizes the need for training the professional team which works in the substance use disorders area for more comprehensive diagnostic evaluations and more appropriate therapeutic interventions for each area. The associations were more evident in the medical and psychiatric fields, indicating the need for greater attention to be paid in relation to medical and psychiatric comorbidities.

Presence of dual diagnosis between users and non-users of licit and illicit drugs in Brazil / Presença de diagnóstico duplo entre usuários e não usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the occurrence of dual diagnosis in users of legal and illegal drugs. Methods It is an analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, non-probabilistic intentional sampling, carried out in two centers for drug addiction treatment, by means of individual interviews. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were used. Results One hundred and ten volunteers divided into abstinent users (group 1), alcoholics (group 2) and users of alcohol and illicit drugs (group 3). The substances were alcohol, tobacco, crack and marijuana. A higher presence of dual diagnosis in group 3 (71.8%) was observed, which decreased in group 2 (60%) and 37.1% of drug abstinent users had psychiatric disorder. Dual diagnosis was associated with the risk of suicide, suicide attempts and the practice of infractions. The crack consumption was associated with the occurrence of major depressive episode and antisocial personality disorder. Conclusion It was concluded that the illicit drug users had a higher presence of dual diagnosis showing the severity of this clinical condition. It is considered essential that this clinical reality is included in intervention strategies in order to decrease the negative effects of consumption of these substances and provide better quality of life for these people.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a ocorrência do diagnóstico duplo entre os usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Métodos Estudo analítico, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, amostragem não probabilística do tipo intencional, realizado em dois centros de tratamento para a dependência química, por meio de entrevista individual. Utilizaram-se um questionário sociodemográfico, o Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Substâncias (ASSIST) e o Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Resultados Cento e dez voluntários divididos em abstinentes (grupo 1), alcoolistas (grupo 2) e usuários de álcool e drogas ilícitas (grupo 3). As substâncias mais consumidas foram álcool, tabaco, crack e maconha. Observou-se maior presença de diagnóstico duplo no grupo 3 (71,8%), decrescendo no grupo 2 (60%) e 37,1% dos abstinentes de drogas apresentaram transtorno psiquiátrico. O diagnóstico duplo foi associado a risco de suicídio, tentativas de suicídio e prática de atos infracionais. O consumo do crack foi associado à ocorrência do episódio depressivo maior e ao transtorno de personalidade antissocial. Conclusão Os usuários de drogas ilícitas apresentaram maior presença do diagnóstico duplo, evidenciando a gravidade desse quadro clínico. Considera-se imprescindível que essa realidade clínica seja incluída nas estratégias de intervenção, com o intuito de minimizar os prejuízos decorrentes do consumo dessas substâncias e proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a essas pessoas.

Psychosocial adjustment of children with migraine and tension-type headache - a nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of psychosocial adjustment and psychological attributes in preadolescent children as a function of headache status in univariate and adjusted analyses. METHODS: Target sample of children (n = 8599) was representative of Brazil by demographics. Parents were interviewed using validated headache questionnaires and the "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire," which measures behavior in 5 domains. One-year prevalence estimates of headaches were derived by demographics. Relative risk of abnormal Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores were separately modeled in children with episodic migraine and episodic tension-type headache using logistic regression. RESULTS: Sample consisted of 5671 children (65.9% of the target sample), from 5 to 12 years old (49.3% girls). Prevalence estimates in children were 20.6% for "no headache," 9% for episodic migraine, and 12.8% for episodic tension-type headache. Abnormal scores in psychosocial adjustment were significantly more likely in children with episodic migraine, relative to children without headaches and children with episodic tension-type headache, and was significantly influenced by frequency of headache attacks, nausea, school performance, prenatal exposure to tobacco, as well as by phonophobia and photophobia. CONCLUSIONS: Children with migraine are at an increased risk of having impairment in psychosocial adjustment, and the factors associated with this impairment have been mapped. Future studies should address the directionality of the association and putative mechanisms to explain it.

Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Co-morbidity among Latino Primary Care Patients in Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: The present investigation was designed to study PTSD among inner city primary care patients in Puerto Rico. Specifically, we examined the rate of probable PTSD, PTSD co-morbidity with MDD and GAD, and the association of probable PTSD and co-occurring disorders with demographic, treatment, and alcohol related factors. METHODS: We screened 3,568 patients at primary care practices serving primarily low-income patients. The presence of probable PTSD was assessed with the Primary Care PTSD screen, major depression with the PHQ-9, and generalized anxiety disorder with the GAD Q-IV. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of our sample screened positive for probable PTSD. Among this group, 12% met criteria for co-morbid GAD without MDD and 15.9% for co-morbid MDD with/without GAD, whereas 72% of the patients with probable PTSD did not meet criteria for co-morbidity. Over 80% of the patients with probable PTSD indicated they were not receiving mental health treatment. Multiple logistic regression findings show that there were no significant differences in demographic and alcohol related factors by PTSD status. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed significant differences in the use of mental health treatment among the subgroups of patients with probable PTSD. As compared to patients with only probable PTSD, the use of mental health services was 4 times higher among patients with probable PTSD and MDD and over 2 1/2 times higher among patients with probable PTSD and GAD. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of probable PTSD in our sample was similar to the rates reported for soldiers after returning from deployment and for Latinos after the September 11 attacks. The high prevalence of probable PTSD and low use of mental health treatment among inner city primary care patients in our study, highlight the need of future research to obtain information on how to effectively target and treat Latino primary care patients in need of treatment for PTSD.

Evaluación neuropsicológica, factores psicosociales y co-morbilidad psiquiátrica en pacientes pediátricos infectados con el VIH / Neuropsychological evaluation, psychosocial factors, and psychiatric comorbidity of children with HIV infection

Antiretroviral therapy has marked a change in the course of HIV infection, posing new challenges to improve quality of life in pediatric patients. Objective: The goal of this paper was to identify psychosocial aspects of HIV-infected children and adolescents, and to evaluate their neuropsychological development and psychiatric co-morbidity. Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted, evaluating the neurocognitive performance of patients attending at the Pediatric Department of Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí of La Habana, Cuba, between February and July of 2008. For that purpose, interviews to the patients and their relatives were done with the application of appropriate tests for each age. Results: Twenty-three patients ages 3-17 years (57 percent female) were studied. Sixteen (69.5 percent) were infected through vertical transmission, and 7 (30.5 percent) through other routes. School children infected through vertical transmission showed the most symptoms. Hyperactivity, anxiety, and learning disorders were the most frequently observed symptoms as well as hyperkinetic disorders, temporary tic disorders and mental retardation. Conclusion: This study shows the neuropsychological characterization of HIV-positive children and adolescents, considering the route of acquisition of the infection and the stage of the disease. It also describes psychiatric comorbidity of HIV-infected children.

El tratamiento anti-retroviral marcó un cambio en la evolución de la infección por VIH, planteándose nuevos retos que mejoren la calidad de vida en las edades pediátricas. Objetivos: Identificar aspectos psicosociales en niño y adolescente que adquirieron la infección por VIH, evaluar el desarrollo neuropsicológico y describir la co-morbilidad psiquiátrica presente en el grupo estudiado. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, donde se evaluó el desempeño neurocognitivo de pacientes atendidos en la clínica pediátrica del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí de La Habana, Cuba, entre los meses de febrero y julio de 2008, para lo cual se realizaron entrevistas a familiares, examen directo del participante y la aplicación de instrumentos específicos para cada edad. Resultados: Se evaluaron 23 niños y adolescentes entre los 3 y 17 años, predominó el sexo femenino con 13 (56,5 por ciento) y las edades entre los 6-11 años con 10 (43,5 por ciento) niños, más del 50 por ciento de los cuales se encontraban en los primeros años de escolarización, 16 (69,5 por ciento) infectados por trasmisión vertical y 7 (30,5 por ciento) por otras vías. Los escolares infectados por vía vertical fueron los que mayor sintomatología aportaron, la hiperactividad (57,1 por ciento), la ansiedad (42,8 por ciento) y las dificultades en el aprendizaje (14,2 por ciento), fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. El diagnóstico de trastorno hipercinético (13,0 por ciento) fue el más importante en la etapa escolar, mientras que el trastorno de adaptación depresivo lo fue en la adolescencia (8,6 por ciento). Conclusión: El estudio permitió la caracterización neuropsicológica de los niños y adolescentes estudiados, teniendo en cuenta las vías de adquisición de la infección, el momento evolutivo de la enfermedad y describir la co-morbilidad psiquiátrica asociada.

Maltrato juvenil en discapacitados intelectuales, su relación con la comorbilidad psiquiátrica / Juvenile abuse in intellectual disability, its relationship with psychiatric co-morbidities

Children and teenagers with intellectual disability are a complex issue within the society and for the medical practice. Determining the more frequent forms of abuse, it's behaving in this particular population, and to evaluate the possible relationship between juvenile abuse and psychiatric co-morbidities were the main objectives in this investigation. 99 people with intellectual disability between 5 and 17 year old from three different communities (Felicia, Cocosol and Belen) located at Marianao municipality were selected by monoetapic conglomerate and studied firstly trough an analytic study with transversal cut seconded by a differentiated intervention according with the results. Taking into account the sociopsychiatric history, the psychiatric examination, using strictest observational techniques of the patient at home and the school, and applying the tools for diagnosis of infant abuse in this people, we concluded that juvenile abuse was a serious health problem in the studied population: negligence and carelessness the main types. The relationship between infant abuse and psychiatric co-morbities was demonstrated.

La condición de discapacidad intelectual convierte a niños y adolescentes en población de alta complejidad en la medicina. Determinar comportamiento y formas más frecuentes del maltrato en esta población, así como evaluar la relación entre maltrato infantil y comorbilidad psiquíatrica, fueron los objetivos fundamentales de esta investigación. Para ello se estudió una muestra de 99 pacientes discapacitados intelectuales en edades comprendidas entre 5 y 17 años de tres consejos populares (Felicia, Cocosol y Belén) del municipio Marianao, seleccionados por conglomerado monoetápico. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal en un primer momento, con intervención diferenciada según los resultados en un segundo momento. Mediante la historia socialpsiquíatrica, examen psiquiátrico, empleo de técnicas observacionales rigurosas del paciente en la casa y escuela y aplicación de instrumento para el diagnóstico de maltrato infantil en este tipo de población. Concluimos que el maltrato infantil fue un problema de salud en la muestra estudiada; el maltrato por negligencia o descuido fueron los más frecuentes. Se comprobó estrecha relación entre la existencia de maltrato infantil y comorbilidad psiquiátrica en los pacientes estudiados.

Comorbilidad psiquiátrica y epilepsia en niños y adolescentes con discapacidades mentales / Psychiatric co-morbidity and epilepsy in children and adolescents with mental disability

La epilepsia es una condición médica de alta representación en la población infanto juvenil a nivel mundial, y si particularizamos esta en retrasados mentales, encontramos cifras bien elevadas en este tipo de población. Por tanto, no resulta raro el interés por estudiar si ella influye de alguna manera en el comportamiento de la comorbilidad psiquiátrica en niños y adolescentes con discapacidad cognitiva. Si a este acápite le añadimos la influencia de los síndromes genéticos y de la sicopatología parental en el comportamiento de la comorbilidad psiquiátrica de estos niños y adolescentes, estaremos obteniendo un compendio muy completo y actualizado sobre la influencia de importantes factores biológicos en esta particular condición. El objetivo de la presente revisión es profundizar en el conocimiento de este acápite y actualizarlo según los estudios más recientes y avanzados del tema. Se encontrará aquí la unanimidad de investigadores en el criterio de la influencia directa de estos factores en la mayor presencia de comorbilidades psiquiátricas en poblaciones de discapacitados cognitivos, así como los principales aspectos de ella que favorecen este comportamiento

Epilepsy is a medical condition of high representation in the infantile-youthful population at world level and if we characterize it in mentally retarded persons, it is possible to find very high figures in this type of population. Thus, it is usual the interest to study if it influence somehow in the behavior of psychiatric co-morbidity in children and adolescents presenting with cognitive inability. If to this paragraph we added the influence of genetic syndromes and of the parental psychopathology in the behavior of above mentioned co-morbidity in these children and adolescents, we will be achieving a very complete and updated compendium on the influence of significant biological factors in this particular condition. The objective of present review is to study in depth the knowledge of this paragraph and update it according the more recent and advanced studies on this subject. Here, we will found the researchers consensus in the criteria of the direct influence of these factors in the great presence of psychiatric co-morbidities in cognitive incapacited persons, as well as its major features favoring this behavior

El uso del cuestionario OQ-45. 2 como indicador de psicopatología y de mejoría en pacientes psiquiátricos hospitalizados / OQ-45. 2 questionnaire as an indicator of psychopathology and improvement in psychiatric inpatients

Objective: To test the OQ-45.2 questionnaire as an indicator of psychopathology and improvement in hospitalized patients, at the psychiatric unit of Hospital del Salvador, Santiago de Chile. Methods: A sample of 116 hospitalized patients was collected between August 2003 and September 2004. All of them had three OQ-45.2 questionnaire measurements: at admission, at discharge, and during follow-up. The scores obtained were compared with progression of the psychiatric condition and co-morbidity. Results: All patients, except those diagnosed as suffering psycho-organic syndromes, had a statistically significant reduction in OQ-45-2 scores, when the results at admission and follow-up were compared. Even though this instrument has not been validated in psychotic patients, they showed improvement and their scores were below the average for this sample. Patients suffering psychiatric co-morbidity had higher scores, when compared with those with no co-morbidity and similar improvement. Conclusions: The OQ-45.2 questionnaire is a valid and sensitive instrument for assessing improvement in psychiatric inpatients.

Objetivos: Probar el cuestionario OQ-45.2 como un indicador de psicopatología y de cambio en pacientes hospitalizados en un servicio de psiquiatría y estudiar la relación existente entre mejoría según OQ y tanto diagnóstico como comorbilidad psiquiátrica. Metodología: Se seleccionaron 116 pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio entre Agosto de 2003 y Septiembre de 2004 con tres mediciones del cuestionario OQ-45.2; al ingreso, alta y control post-alta. Se estudió la progresión de las mediciones y se compararon según diagnóstico y comorbilidad. Resultados: Solamente los pacientes con diagnóstico de trastornos orgánicos no presentaron una reducción del puntaje OQ-45.2 estadísticamente significativa entre el ingreso y el control post-alta. Los pacientes psicóticos, en quienes no se ha validado este instrumento, mostraron mejoría y puntajes menores a la media de la muestra. Los pacientes con comorbilidad psiquiátrica presentaron puntajes superiores a los que presentaban un sólo diagnóstico, pero con igual nivel de mejoría. Conclusión: El cuestionario OQ-45.2 resultó ser un instrumento sensible y válido que ilustra la mejoría significativa experimentada por los pacientes hospitalizados.

Diagnosticando depressão em pacientes internados com doenças hematológicas: prevalência e sintomas associados / Diagnosing depression among hematological impatients: prevalence and associated symptons

Introdução: não encontramos estudos avaliando o diagnóstico e a prevalência de depressão em pacientes hematológicos aqui no Brasil. Objetivo: verificar a prevalência dos sintomas depressivos e quais deles mais se associam à depressão em pacientes internados com doenças hematológicas. Métodos: num estudo transversal, 104 pacientes consecutivamente internados nos leitos da hematologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU/UFSC) foram avaliados. Foram preenchidos questionários de variáveis sociodemográficas e de história psiquiátrica. O índice Charlson de co-morbidade (IC) foi usado para medir gravidade física. Foi aplicado, também, o inventário Beck de depressão (BDI). Aqueles que tiveram pontuação acima de 9 na soma dos 13 primeiros itens do BDI(BDI-13) foram considerados deprimidos. Também foi verificada a freqüência caso fosse utilizada a escala completa com 21 itens (BDI-21), com ponto de corte 16/17. Resultados: as prevalências foram: BDI-13 = 25% e BDI-21 = 32,7%. Após controle para fatores de confusão, os sintomas que permaneceram no modelo de regressão logística, indicando que melhor detectavam os deprimidos, foram sensação de fracasso, anedonia, culpa e fadiga. Conclusão: cerca de um quarto a um terço dos pacientes internados com doenças hematológicas tinham sintomas depressivos significativos, e os sintomas que melhor os discriminaram foram sensação de fracasso, anedonia, culpa e fadiga.