The meaning and feeling of the time and space between psychotherapy sessions and everyday life: Client experiences of transitions.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how clients in psychodynamic or psychoanalytic psychotherapy, conducted in the traditional in-person setting, experience the transitions in time and space between psychotherapy sessions and everyday life. METHOD: Twelve semi-structured interviews were analyzed with inductive experiential thematic analysis, focusing on how the participants experience and make sense of the phenomenon in focus. RESULTS: The participants described therapy as a sheltered space where they could be open, vulnerable, receptive, and present. Approaching and leaving psychotherapy sessions, the participants established different behavioral patterns and routines dealing with their anxieties and resistances. In this in-between area, the participants could handle interconnections and differences between therapy and everyday life. Participants stressed the clinical impact of transitions: transitions affect both therapy and everyday life; disturbed transitions have an adverse impact; transitions are insufficiently addressed in therapy. CONCLUSION: Transitions between therapy and life appear to be an essential but seldom recognized part of the therapy process beyond the borders of therapy sessions. Implications of these findings for psychotherapy training and practice are discussed, and a tentative transtheoretical framework for further research is proposed.

Putting the Gaming Experience at the Center of the Therapy-The Video Game Therapy® Approach.

Video games have been increasingly used as a form of therapy for various mental health conditions. Research has shown that video games can be used to treat conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. One of the main benefits of video games in therapy is that they can provide a sense of engagement and immersion that traditional therapy methods may lack. Additionally, video games can teach valuable skills such as problem solving, decision making, and coping strategies. Video games can also simulate real-life scenarios, allowing individuals to practice and improve social skills in a safe and controlled environment. Furthermore, video games can provide feedback and track progress objectively and quantifiably. This paper proposes an approach, the Video Game Therapy® (VGT®) approach, where game experience is put at the center of the therapy in a tailored way, connecting the individual patient's personality, the therapy's goals, and the suggested type of video game through the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).VGT®'s core assumption is that playing video games could facilitate patients in reaching conditions where traditional methodologies and therapeutic approaches could work best. VGT® was elaborated according to the Adlerian therapy vision and, consequently, the different phases of Adlerian therapy and VGT® match. Despite the use of video games in psychotherapy might have some adverse effects in specific cases, VGT® is currently used in three associations with positive results in promoting emotional experimentation and literacy, social feeling, sense of identity, and activating cognitive processes. Future developments include expanding the use of VGT® further to validate such results from a statistical point of view.

The effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in individuals diagnosed with PTSD due to torture and severe human right violations.

INTRODUCTION: Various psychotherapies have been applied to individuals who have been subjected to torture and severe human rights violations. However, studies assessing the ef-fectiveness of such therapies are limited. Psy-choanalytic psychotherapy is said to be used frequently in practice for these patient groups. Yet, there are scarcely any studies assessing its efficacy. In this study, we aim to assess the effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in patients with PTSD associated with torture and severe human rights violations. METHODS: 70 patients who were diagnosed with PTSD due to being tortured and severe human rights violations in accordance with DSM-IV-TR and who applied to the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey were given psy-choanalytic psychotherapy. CGI-S and CGI-I scales were applied to the patients (in Months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12); and the patients' continu-ity of therapy and the changes in their recov-ery during the one-year psychotherapy period were assessed. RESULTS: 38 (54.3%) of the patients were female. Their mean age was 37.7 years (SD= 12.25), while their mean baseline CGI-S score was 4.67. The drop-out rate was 34%. The mean length of treatment was 21.9 ses-sions (SD = 20.30). Mean scores for CGI-I scale were 3.46, 2.95, 2.23, 2.00, and 1.54 for months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 respectively. As the number of sessions increased, the final CGI-I scores of the patients improved significantly towards recovery.75.4% of the pa-tients benefited from the treatment in general according to their final CGI-I score. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the limited liter-ature in the field, this study has provided sig-nificant data on the effectiveness of the use of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in individuals diagnosed with PTSD related to torture and severe human rights violations, despite its lim-itations such as not involving a control group, not having been conducted blindly and ran-domized and being based on a single scale.

[Love is all around? - On dealing with eroticism and infatuation in three different psychotherapeutic approaches]. / Love is all around? ­ Über den Umgang mit Erotik und Verliebtheit in drei verschiedenen Therapieschulen: Ein Scoping Review.

How do therapists react when their patients or they themselves develop erotic feelings in the therapeutic setting? Conceptual differences of different therapy approaches (psychoanalytic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and client-centered therapy), specific attitudes of therapists and possibilities of intervention will be shown. The literature search in several databases revealed that in comparison to the abundance of psychoanalytic literature on the topic, little (but relevant) information can be found in the two other approaches. These publications point to the regular occurrence of feelings of infatuation in behavioral therapy and client-centered psychotherapy and to a need to engage with the topic as therapists. The consensus of the publications presented here is that therapists want to accept and work with feelings of infatuation in patients and in themselves, while maintaining abstinence. It is considered especially important not to shame disclosing patients by rejecting them. Treatment discontinuation should be avoided whenever possible. More research on erotic feelings in behavioral and client-centered psychotherapy is encouraged, as well as ideas for education and training.

Psychoanalytic psychotherapies and the free energy principle.

In this paper I propose a model of the fundamental components of psychoanalytic psychotherapies that I try to explicate with contemporary theories of the Bayesian brain and the Free Energy Principle (FEP). I first show that psychoanalytic therapies require a setting (made up of several envelopes), a particular psychic state and specific processes (transference, free association, dreaming, play, reflexivity and narrativity) in order to induce psychic transformations. I then analyze how these processes of transformations operate and how they can be enlightened by the FEP. I first underline the fact that psychoanalytic therapies imply non-linear processes taking time to unfold and require a setting containing high entropy processes. More precisely, these processes are characterized by an interplay between extension and reduction of free energy. This interplay also favors the emergence of new orders of subjective experience, which occur following states of disorder, according to a certain energetic threshold allowing the modification and improvement of mental functioning. These high entropy states are also characterized by random functioning and psychic malleability which favors the exploration of subjective experience in an original manner. Overall, the approach proposed in this paper support the dialogue between psychoanalysis and other fields of research while underlining how psychoanalytical theoretical and conceptual constructs can also be useful to other disciplines, in particular the neurosciences of subjectivity.

Insight and Outcome in Long-Term Psychotherapies of Depression.

Objectives: In different therapeutic approaches, insight is acknowledged as an important part of patient's therapeutic change process. We examined whether the level of insight (1) differs between psychoanalytic (PA), psychodynamic (PD) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and (2) predicts long-term symptomatic outcome. Methods: A completer sample of 67 depressed patients from the Munich Psychotherapy Study was analyzed. Symptoms were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) at pre-treatment and three-year follow-up. Insight was assessed from 242 sessions of mid-therapy phase with the Experiencing Scale. Results: The general level of insight was higher in PA as compared to CBT, and associated with lower depressive symptoms (BDI) across all three therapeutic modalities at three-year follow-up. Insight was unrelated to general distress (SCL-90-R). Exploratory analyses suggested that patients treated with PA showed higher levels of insight especially in high quality sessions (assessed by therapist). Patients for whom the extent of insight was positively linked to session quality, suffered from more depressive symptoms at three-year follow-up than patients gaining insight when session quality was low. Conclusion: Insight differs between PA and CBT and may be a common change mechanism in long-term psychotherapies.

Association of anxiety, depression, and stress with burning mouth syndrome: a case-control study.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a painful disorder characterized by severe burning in the oral cavity in the absence of clinical signs. In this case-control study, 60 patients were allocated to 3 groups: patients with BMS, patients with benign changes in the oral cavity (anxiety [positive] control group), or healthy patients (negative control group). A visual analog scale (VAS), Beck Anxiety and Depression inventories, Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory, Xerostomia Inventory-Dutch Version, and a BMS questionnaire were used. Statistical analyses (P < 0.05) were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn post hoc, Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and multinomial logistic regression tests. Most of the patients were female. The BMS group had more patients who were older than 60 years (P = 0.008), more patients with high VAS scores (P < 0.001), and more patients with moderate or severe anxiety (P < 0.001) and depression (P < 0.001) than the 2 control groups. Patients in the BMS group also had higher rates of stress during the alarm (P = 0.003), resistance (P < 0.001), and exhaustion phases (P < 0.001). All patients with BMS reported burning and xerostomia, 90% reported a feeling of dry mouth, and 80% reported a change in taste; these values were significantly higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.001). Anxiety was independently associated with a 123.80 times greater risk of having BMS (P = 0.004). Psychological factors are directly associated with BMS, and anxiety is the most important of these factor.

[Evaluation of Short-term Psychoanalytic Child Therapy (PaCT) for Young Children with Depressive Disorders: Results from a Pilot Study]. / Evaluation der Psychoanalytischen Kurzzeittherapie (PaKT) für junge Kinder mit depressiven Störungen: Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie.

Depressive disorders in early childhood are associated with high psychosocial impairment and tend to remain stable over time without adequate treatment. Short-term psychoanalytic therapy is a common form of child psychotherapy, yet there is a lack of empirical evaluation of this approach for young children with depressive disorders. Therefore, this secondary evaluation of a study on the treatment of anxiety disorders used an uncontrolled pre-post design in a clinical setting to investigate whether children with depressive comorbidity would evidence significant diagnostic and symptomatic remission after treatment with manualized short-term Psychoanalytic Child Therapy (PaCT). Nineteen children who had an anxiety disorder and a (subclinical) depressive disorder (assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment using DSM-IV criteria) were treated with PaCT. After treatment, 15 of 19 children (78.94 %) were remitted and 15 of 17 children (88.24 %; 2 were lost to follow-up) were free of depressive disorders at the 6-month follow-up. Further analyses revealed significant effects for pre- to post and pre- to follow-up comparisons regarding internalizing symptoms and overall problems using parent- and (nursery-)teacher-ratings. These results suggest that short-term PaCT shows promise as a treatment for childhood depressive disorders.

Estudio epidemiológico sobre la práctica clínica de la psicoterapia psicoanalítica en España: pacientes y terapeutas / Epidemiological study on the clinical practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Spain: patients and therapists

Sabemos poco sobre los dispositivos asistenciales de salud mental que tratan mediante psicoterapia psicoanalítica en España. Presentamos los resultados de un estudio epidemiológico que recoge la información proporcionada por 97 psicoterapeutas con orientación psicoanalítica pertenecientes a la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicoterapeutas (FEAP). Se describen los perfiles de los terapeutas, de los pacientes atendidos (n=1862) y de sus tratamientos. Los resultados son discutidos a la luz de otros estudios y representan un 7% de la actividad psicoanalítica de FEAP. (AU)

We do not know much about mental health care centers that treat through psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Spain. We present the results of an epidemiological study that collects the information provided by 97 psychoanalytic-oriented psychotherapists belonging to the Spanish Federation of Psychotherapist Associations (FEAP). Therapists’ profiles are described, as well as the patients attended (n=1862) and their treatments. The results are discussed in the light of other studies and represent 7% of the psychoanalytic activity of FEAP. (AU)

The Effect of Psychotherapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life of Patients with Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Background Patients with heart failure often experience depression, anxiety, and impacts on quality of life. Psychotherapeutic interventions have been used for chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, showing improvement in mental health. However, no studies have assessed the effects of a psychological intervention using psychoanalysis on patients with heart failure. Objective To assess the effect of short-term psychotherapy on depressive symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life of patients seen at a specialty clinic. Method A randomized clinical trial with scales to assess outcomes before and after psychotherapy, under the perspective of psychoanalysis, with 12 weekly sessions. The Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire were used. The mean initial and final scores for quality of life, anxiety, and depression were compared using Student's t-test for independent samples when distribution was normal, or Mann-Whitney test when distribution was non-normal. A bivariate p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Results This study involved 32 patients, 50% were female, mean age was 64.3±11.6, and most participants were New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I (56.3%). For anxiety (p = 0.196), there was no statistically significant difference between groups. For quality of life and depression, there was a statistical difference (p = 0.009 and 0.035, respectively), with a medium effect (Cohen's d = 0.593) on quality of life. Conclusion Short-term psychotherapy in outpatients with heart failure showed an impact on depression and quality of life but did not improve anxiety. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Case report of the treatment and experience of mental disorders due to chronic viral encephalitis.

Viral encephalitis is a common clinical condition. Its clinical manifestations are variable and include neurological symptoms and psychiatric abnormalities, which makes clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult. To date, there are only a few reported cases on mental symptoms of chronic viral encephalitis. We present a case of a 16-year-old male patient who was previously hospitalised and diagnosed with schizophrenia and treated with aripiprazole 15 mg/day but failed to respond. The patient was then given antiviral therapy and recovered after 2 weeks. Clinicians should be aware of the possbility that chronic mental disorders could be caused by viral encephalitis. In the future, diagnosis of chronic functional mental disorders should include viral encephalitis in the differential diagnosis.

Psychiatric residents' experience about Balint groups: A qualitative study using phenomenological approach in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has shown that Balint group is effective in the professional and personal development of residents. The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of psychiatric residents about Balint groups. METHODS: This is a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Seven sessions of the Balint groups were held with a number of psychiatric residents at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Two of the leaders were psychoanalytic psychotherapist. Finally, eight in-depth semi-structured interviews and focused group interview were conducted. Data were collected by tape recorded interviews. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA-10 software. RESULTS: Three main themes were obtained from the interviews that included "Early experiences", "Touching the Balint group" and "Relationship with Balint group". The category of "Early experiences" included three categories of "defenseless", "fire under the ashes" and "deep feeling". Touching the Balint group theme included categories such as "Empathetic", "I am not the only one ...", "Releasing", "Reading story", "This patient", and "Getting closer". The relationship with Balint group theme included three categories of "first of all", "attachment" and "courage and time". CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, while some aspects of Balint group are stressful but ultimately improve the emotions and better understanding of the patient. This research shows incorporating Balint group into the educational program and curriculum of psychiatric residents in Iran might be helpful, but more qualitative and quantitative research is necessary.

Insight: do chimpanzé ao setting terapêutico / Insight: from chimpanzee to therapeutic setting

O insight pode ser definido com o um tipo especial de conhecimento, novo, claro e distinto, que ilumina de imediato a consciência e se refere sempre à própria pessoa que experimenta. É um termo teórico da psicanálise que pertence a psicologia processual, não à personalística, pois se refere ao processo mental de tornar consciente o inconsciente. Diversos modelos teóricos da psicanálise buscam definir o insight como um conhecimento que reúne entre suas características a de ser novo e intransferível. O insight pode ser visto de diferentes maneiras. A classificação mais típica é a que divide o insight em intelectual e emocional. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar o conceito de insight na literatura psicanalítica, classificar os diferentes tipos de insight, aplicar, através de uma vinheta, e discutir esse fenômeno dentro do setting terapêutico.(AU)

The insight can be defined with a special kind of knowledge, new, clear and distinct, which immediately illuminates consciousness and always refers to the person who experiences it. It is a theoretical term of psychoanalysis that belongs to procedural psychology, not to personalistic, since it refers to the mental process of making the unconscious aware. Several theoretical models of psychoanalysis seek to define insight as a knowledge that brings together among its characteristics that of being new and nontransferable. Insight can be seen in different ways. The most typical classification is that which divides insight into intellectual and emotional. This work aims to review the concept of insight in the psychoanalytic literature, to classify the different types of insight, to apply, through a vignette, and to discuss this phenomenon within the therapeutic setting.(AU)

El Insight puede definirse como un tipo especial de conocimiento, nuevo, claro y distinto, que ilumina inmediatamente la conciencia y siempre se refiere a la persona que la experimenta. Es un término teórico de psicoanálisis que pertenece a la psicología procesal, no personalista, ya que se refiere al proceso mental de hacer consciente al inconsciente. Varios modelos teóricos del psicoanálisis buscan definir la percepción como un conocimiento que reúne entre sus características la de ser nuevo e intransferible. El Insight se puede ver de diferentes maneras. La clasificación más típica es la que divide el Insight intelectual y emocional. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar el concepto de Insight en la literatura psicoanalítica, clasificar los diferentes tipos de conocimiento, aplicar, a través de una viñeta, y discutir este fenómeno dentro del setting terapéutico.(AU)

Participação dos Pais na Psicoterapia da Criança: Práticas dos Psicoterapeutas / Participation of Parents in their Child's Psychotherapy: Psychotherapists' Practices / Participación de los Padres en la Psicoterapia del Niño: Prácticas de los Psicoterapeutas

A participação dos pais na psicoterapia de crianças é um tema controverso na literatura. Há autores a favor de uma abordagem mais intervencionista em relação aos pais e outros que circunscrevem seu papel à manutenção do tratamento e provimento de informações sobre a criança. O objetivo deste estudo exploratório, de levantamento, transversal, foi identificar experiências de psicoterapeutas de crianças brasileiros quanto às formas de inclusão dos pais no tratamento. Participaram 76 psicólogos, que responderam a um questionário on-line e as análises contemplaram estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. De acordo com os resultados, os respondentes foram predominantemente mulheres (89,5%), residentes na Região Sul (86,8%), entre 26 e 35 anos (53,9%) e com até três anos de experiência clínica (43,4%). De maneira geral, os participantes incluem os pais na psicoterapia (76,3%); em entrevistas específicas (90,8%); coleta de informações (88,2%), para aconselhamento/orientação (72,4%); e para fortalecer a aliança terapêutica (61,8%). Riscos e benefícios da participação dos pais foram reportados e constituíram seis categorias: a criança como sintoma dos conflitos familiares; resistência dos pais à psicoterapia e às mudanças; cumprimento do contrato pelos pais; aliança terapêutica; compreensão da dinâmica familiar e dos sintomas da criança; e fortalecimento dos vínculos pais-filhos. Conclui-se que há tendência de inclusão dos pais, por parte dos psicoterapeutas, no processo de psicoterapia de crianças....(AU)

The participation of parents in their children's psychotherapy is a controversial issue in the literature: while some authors agree with a more interventionist approach towards parents, others circumscribe their role in maintaining treatment and providing information about the child. The purpose of this exploratory and cross-sectional survey was to identify experiences of Brazilian child psychotherapists regarding the ways parents are included in the treatment. Participants were 76 psychologists, who responded to an online questionnaire, and the analyzes included descriptive statistics and content analysis. According to the results, respondents were predominantly women (89.5%), living in the southern region (86.8%), between 26 and 35 years old (53.9%), and with up to a 3-year clinical experience (43.4%). In general, the participants included parents in psychotherapy (76.3%), in specific interviews (90.8%), to gather information (88.2%), for advising or guidance (72.4%), and to strengthen the therapeutic alliance (61.8%). Risks and benefits of parents' involvement were reported and classified into six categories: the child as a symptom of the family conflicts, parental resistance to psychotherapy and change, parental contract compliance, therapeutic alliance, understanding of family dynamics and the child's symptoms, and strengthening parent-child bonds. We conclude that there is a tendency among psychotherapists to include parents in the children's psychotherapy process....(AU)

La participación de los padres en la psicoterapia de niños es un tema controvertido en la literatura: mientras algunos autores están a favor de un enfoque más intervencionista con relación a los padres, hay otros que circunscriben su rol al mantenimiento del tratamiento y a la provisión de informaciones sobre el niño. El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio, de levantamiento, transversal, fue identificar experiencias de psicoterapeutas brasileños de niños en cuanto a las formas de inclusión de los padres en el tratamiento. Participaron en el estudio 76 psicólogos, que respondieron a un cuestionario en línea y los análisis contemplaron estadística descriptiva y análisis de contenido. De acuerdo con los resultados, los encuestados fueron predominantemente mujeres (89,5%), residentes en la región sur (86,8%), entre 26 y 35 años (53,9%) y con hasta tres años de experiencia clínica (43,4%). En general, los participantes incluyen a los padres en la psicoterapia (76,3%), en entrevistas específicas (90,8%), para recoger informaciones (88,2%), para asesoramiento/orientación (72,4%), y para fortalecer la alianza terapéutica (61,8%). Los riesgos y beneficios de la participación de los padres fueron reportados y constituyeron seis categorías: el niño como síntoma de los conflictos familiares, la resistencia de los padres a la psicoterapia y a los cambios, el cumplimiento del contrato por los padres, la alianza terapéutica, la comprensión de la dinámica familiar y de los síntomas del niño, y el fortalecimiento de los vínculos padres-hijos. Se concluye que existe una tendencia de inclusión de los padres, por parte de los psicoterapeutas, en el proceso de psicoterapia de los niños....(AU)

Environment, trauma and technical innovations: Three links between Donald W. Winnicott and Sándor Ferenczi / Ambiente, trauma e innovaciones técnicas: tres articulaciones entre Donald W. Winnicott y Sándor Ferenczi

Abstract Throughout this paper, the theoretical and clinical approaches of D.W. Winnicott are reviewed in order to reread the written production of Sándor Ferenczi. Winnicott's clinical and theoretical concepts allow returning to Ferenczi and rescuing aspects of his work that had been silenced in the psychoanalytic community. Ferenczi, in turn, is one that holds his presence in Winnicott's thought. Even though there are few times in which he cites Ferenczi in his work, it is possible to draw clear relationships between both theories. Three main issues are addressed: the role of the environment as active; the primitive traumatic event in which there is no one that has experience of it, and psychoanalysis as the place to experience that which happened in the first months of life for the first time; and, finally, severe pathologies and psychoses: technical innovations in Winnicott and Ferenczi for the treatment of psychotic and borderline patients. It is concluded that the theoretical and technical developments of Winnicott serve to illuminate a retrospective reading of Ferenczi.

Resumen A través de este trabajo, se retoman los planteamientos teóricos y clínicos de D.W. Winnicott para releer la producción escrita de Sándor Ferenczi. Los conceptos teóricos y clínicos de Winnicott permiten volver a Ferenczi y rescatar aspectos de su obra que habían quedado silenciados en la comunidad psicoanalítica. Ferenczi, a su vez, conserva su presencia en limítrofe el pensamiento de Winnicott. Si bien son escasas las veces que cita a Ferenczi en su obra, es posible trazar claros puntos de encuentro entre ambas teorías. Se abordan tres puntos principales: el papel del medio como activo, la vivencia traumática primitiva en la cual no hay un alguien que haga experiencia de ello y el psicoanálisis como el lugar para hacer experiencia por primera vez de eso que ocurrió en los primeros meses de vida y, por último, las enfermedades graves y la psicosis: innovaciones técnicas en Winnicott y Ferenczi para el tratamiento de pacientes psicóticos y borderline. Se concluye que los desarrollos teóricos y técnicos de Winnicott sirven para iluminar una lectura retrospectiva de Ferenczi.

[Environment, Trauma and Technical Innovations: Three Links Between Donald W. Winnicott and Sándor Ferenczi]. / Ambiente, trauma e innovaciones técnicas: tres articulaciones entre Donald W. Winnicott y Sándor Ferenczi.

Throughout this paper, the theoretical and clinical approaches of D.W. Winnicott are reviewed in order to reread the written production of Sándor Ferenczi. Winnicott's clinical and theoretical concepts allow returning to Ferenczi and rescuing aspects of his work that had been silenced in the psychoanalytic community. Ferenczi, in turn, is one that holds his presence in Winnicott's thought. Even though there are few times in which he cites Ferenczi in his work, it is possible to draw clear relationships between both theories. Three main issues are addressed: the role of the environment as active; the primitive traumatic event in which there is no one that has experience of it, and psychoanalysis as the place to experience that which happened in the first months of life for the first time; and, finally, severe pathologies and psychoses: technical innovations in Winnicott and Ferenczi for the treatment of psychotic and borderline patients. It is concluded that the theoretical and technical developments of Winnicott serve to illuminate a retrospective reading of Ferenczi.

"Balint group" performed as core skill course of doctor-patient communication in general practice residents standardized training program / 中华全科医师杂志

Communication between doctors and patients is an important way to establish good doctorpatient relationship.It is crucial to master doctor-patient communication skills and arts for general practitioners who will extensively serve the people in community for life-long time after completion of residency training.To improve the communication skills and to enhance the clinical competency of general practitioners,we applied the Balint special group activities as core of doctor-patient communication course in residency training program.Through 3 years of practice,we found that the application of Balint group enriched the teaching contents and form of general practice residency training;improved doctor-patient communication skills,and enhanced the competency and professionalism of general practice trainees.

A Comparison of Psychoanalytic Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety (Panic/Agoraphobia) and Personality Disorders (APD Study): Presentation of the RCT Study Design.

OBJECTIVES: Anxiety disorders, most notably panic disorders and agoraphobia, are common mental disorders, and there is a high comorbidity with personality disorders. Randomized controlled trails addressing this highly relevant group of patients are missing. DESIGN: The multicenter Anxiety and Personality Disorders (APD) study investigates 200 patients with panic disorder and/or agoraphobia with comorbid personality disorder in a randomized control-group comparison of psychoanalytic therapy (PT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including 100 patients in each group. Each patient will be examined over a period of six years, regardless of the duration of the individual treatment. The main issues that are addressed in this study are the comparison of the efficacy of PT and CBT in this special patient population, the comparison of the sustainability of the effects of PT and CBT, the comparison of the long-term cost-benefit-ratios of PT and CBT as well as the investigation of prescriptive patient characteristics for individualized treatment recommendations (differential indication). DISCUSSION: The APD study compares efficacy, sustainability, and cost-benefit-ratios of CBT and PT for anxiety plus personality disorders in a randomized controlled trail. The study design meets the requirements for an efficacy study for PT, which were recently defined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12449681.

Psicanálise com crianças: questões atuais e considerações sobre o processo de alta / Child psychoanalysis: current issues and considerations on the end of the psychoanalytic process / Psicoanálisis con niños: temas de actualidad y consideraciones sobre el final del proceso analítico

A autora propõe algumas reflexões sobre a alta nos processos de análise com crianças utilizando-se de exemplos clínicos e da metapsicologia. Aborda situações que levam esses pacientes a retornar à análise quando adolescentes. Busca compreender o que estaria aquém do recalcado e as construções e representações presentes nesses processos. Apresenta alguns índices evolutivos das análises com crianças que possibilitam pensar no seu término, do irrepresentável ao além do recalcado.

The author proposes a reflection on discharging the patient from the psychotherapy in child psychoanalysis by using clinical vignettes and metapsychology. The author analyzes situations that lead these patients to relapse and return to psychoanalytically oriented therapy by the time of their adolescence. This paper is an attempt to understand what would be unaware of repressed memories, and the constructions and representations inside these processes. The author also presents some evolution indexes of child psychoanalysis - from the unrepresentable to the return of repressed memories. These evolution indexes enable the psychoanalyst to consider the termination of psychoanalytic processes for children.

La autora propone, por medio de ejemplos clínicos y de la metapsicología, algunas reflexiones sobre el alta en los procesos de análisis con niños. Presenta reflexiones sobre situaciones que llevan a estos pacientes a regresar al análisis cuando son adolescentes. El artículo trata de entender lo que está más acá de lo reprimido y las construcciones y representaciones presentes en estos procesos. Presenta algunos índices evolutivos de análisis con niños que permiten pensar en su final, de lo no representable hasta más allá de lo reprimido