ABSTRACT
In the last two decades, several working groups in the international psychoanalytic community have been interested in the development of systematic tools for psychodynamic diagnosis, case formulation and treatment planning. Such psychodynamic diagnostic manuals are efforts to systematically integrate an enormous and rich amount of historically partialized and dispersed information, but which constitute the substantial contribution of psychoanalysis to the field of mental health. The aim of the present article is to provide an updated review on this kind of systematic tools for diagnosis, case formulation and therapeutic planning, designed for the field of psychodynamic approaches. To this end, we describe the aims and structure of: 1) the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual 2 (PDM-2), 2) the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2/OPD-3) and 3) the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis for Children and adolescents 2 (OPD-CA-2). The contributions of these current tools to clinical practice and empirical research are discussed, as well as the need to disseminate these types of instruments in our regional context.
En las últimas dos décadas, diversos grupos de trabajo de la comunidad psicoanalítica internacional se han interesado por el desarrollo de herramientas sistemáticas para el diagnóstico, la formulación de los casos y la planificación del tratamiento psicodinámico. Este tipo de manuales diagnósticos psicodinámicos son esfuerzos de integración sistemática de una enorme y rica cantidad de información históricamente parcializada y dispersa, pero que constituye el aporte sustancial del psicoanálisis al campo de la salud mental. El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer una revisión actualizada sobre esta clase de herramientas sistemáticas de diagnóstico, formulación del caso y planificación terapéutica, diseñadas para el campo de los abordajes psicodinámicos. A estos fines, se describe la estructura y los objetivos de: 1) el Manual Diagnóstico Psicodinámico 2 (PDM-2), 2) el Diagnóstico Psicodinámico Operacionalizado (OPD-2/OPD-3) y 3) el Diagnóstico Psicodinámico Operacionalizado Infanto-Juvenil 2 (OPD-IJ-2).Se discuten las contribuciones de estas herramientas actuales para la práctica clínica y la investigación empírica, así como la necesidad de difundir este tipo de instrumentos en nuestro contexto regional.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Humans , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic/methods , Mental Disorders/therapy , Mental Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Recent guidelines on depressive disorders suggest a combination of antidepressants and psychotherapy in case of moderate to severe symptomatology. While cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy are the most investigated interventions, psychodynamic psychotherapies have been less explored. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to systematically review literature data on the efficacy of shortterm psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) in combination with antidepressants in the treatment of depressive disorders, focusing both on short and on long-term results and on potential moderators that could influence its effectiveness. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Databases searched were PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, from inception to August 2023. RESULTS: Adding STPP to medications in the first six months of treatment didn't influence remission rates, but improved acceptability, work adjustment, interpersonal relationships, social role functioning, hospitalization rates and cost-effectiveness. After 12 months, a significant difference in remission rates arised, favouring combined therapy. In a long-term perspective, adding STPP to pharmacotherapy reduced the recurrence rate by almost 50%. STPP has proven to be more effective in longer depressive episodes, in more severe depressions and in patients with a childhood abuse history. Instead, STPP had no impact on major depressive disorder with comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). CONCLUSIONS: Combining STPP with antidepressants appeared to be helpful both in a short-term and in a long-term perspective. Still, there are few rigorous studies with large samples and further research is needed to identify which subgroups of patients may benefit more from STPP.
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BACKGROUND: There are companies that can be considered financially successful while creating negative externalities for their workers. This is the case of contact centers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to investigate the challenges for a service company (such as a contact center) in reconciling its economic and financial objectives with the promotion of the work dimension, guaranteeing workers the possibility of professional, collective, and human development. METHODS: This research has a qualitative ethnographic approach. An activity-centered work analysis method, also known as "Ergonomic Work Analysis" (EWA), was carried out in one of the largest companies in the Brazilian contact center market. RESULTS: The case shows that the achievement of economic-financial objectives of the analyzed company is mainly done by harming the well-being of its workers. In particular, the work of the attendants did not bring any development perspective for them. The prevalence of instrumental rationality in decision-making processes and the asymmetry of power relations between stakeholders are the main reasons why workers' well-being is not considered. CONCLUSION: The discussion proposes that work-related sciences, such as ergonomics and psychodynamics of work, can bring another type of rationality to the decision-making processes of companies. The work also needs to be sustainable enough to allow the construction and development of professionals, and the health of working population, while improving the company's performance.
Subject(s)
Ergonomics , Mental Health , Humans , Occupations , Allied Health Personnel , Rehabilitation, VocationalABSTRACT
Background: Little attention has been given to efficacious treatment and adherence to treatment of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB). Aims: Randomized controlled trial investigated short-term psychodynamic group therapy followed by relapse prevention group (STPGP-RPGT) and pharmacological treatment (PT) for CSB men on sexual compulsivity and adherence. Method: 135 men, 38 (SD = 9) years old on average, were randomly assigned to 1) STPGP-RPGT; 2) PT; 3) Both. Participants completed measures at baseline, 25th, and 34th week. 57 (42.2%) participants dropped out between baseline and 25th week, and 68 (50.4%) between baseline and 34th week. 94 (69.6%) did not adhere (80% pills taken or attended 75% therapy sessions). Results: A significant interaction effect was found between time and group (F (4, 128) = 2.62, P = 0.038, ES = 0.08), showing who received PT improved less in sexual compulsivity than those who received STPGP-RPGT (t = 2.41; P = 0.038; ES = 0.60) and PT + STPGP-RPGT (t = 3.15; P = 0.007, ES = 0.74). Adherent participants improved more in sexual compulsivity than non-adherent at the 25th week (t = 2.82; P = 0.006, ES = 0.65) and 34th week (t = 2.26; P = 0.027, ES = 0.55), but there was no interaction effect, F (2, 130) = 2.88; P = 0.06; ES = 0.04). The most reported behavior (masturbation) showed greater risk of non-adherence (72.6%). Discussion and conclusions: Adherent participants improved better than non-adherent. Participants who received psychotherapy improved better than those who received PT. Methodological limitations preclude conclusions on efficacy.
Subject(s)
Sexual Behavior , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological , Male , Humans , Child , Psychotherapy , Compulsive Behavior/drug therapyABSTRACT
To understand processes associated with better or poorer psychotherapy outcomes is vital. This study examined and contrasted interaction patterns between one therapist and two depressed 17-year-old girls, Johanna (good outcome) and Sonja (poor outcome), in short-term psychoanalytic therapies selected from an RCT. Outcome data were collected regarding level of inter- and intra-personal functioning and symptoms of depression. Process data were obtained using the Adolescent Psychotherapy Q-Set on all available sessions. Analyses yielded five relational patterns or "interaction structures" in the two therapy processes; Three explained most of the variance in sessions with Johanna (i.e., 'positive working alliance', 'therapist's active use of psychodynamic techniques', and 'a receptive patient') and two explained more of the variance in sessions with Sonja (i.e., 'therapist using a more problem-solving and symptom-oriented approach' and 'patient displaying limited capacity for mentalization'). The processes in the two cases presented differences related to mentalization, psychological mindedness, and attachment style of the patients. The therapist used different therapeutic approaches, favouring more psychodynamic interventions in the good outcome case and a more problem-solving and symptom-oriented approach with the poor outcome case. In the latter case, the relationship seemed to be more of a struggle.
Subject(s)
Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Psychotherapeutic Processes , Psychotherapy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy has gained importance in current clinical practice. To achieve brevity, a focus must be established and worked through. Different conceptualizations have emphasized the relational patterns and/or conflict foci as central but adopting a mono-schematic approach. However, patients come to treatment with more than one issue that must be addressed. Thus, another focus must be included because of its relevance, i.e., personality functioning. The aims of this study were to identify the presence and depth level of three foci (relational pattern, conflict, and personality functioning) in episodes of change throughout the process, and to evaluate the relationship of each focus with the complexity of patients' change. Initial OPD foci and the presence and depth of each were evaluated in 13 successful brief psychodynamic therapies. Change episodes of those therapies were analyzed as well. Results showed differences between foci in the initial phase with a higher presence of conflict focus. Throughout the process, only the presence and level of personality functioning improved. Also, complexity of patients' change was related to conflict focus, specifically on the emergence of competence feelings. The results provide evidence and enrich process research of brief psychodynamic therapies.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A interpretação segue sendo uma valiosa ferramenta para o processo de mudança psíquica no tratamento psicanalítico. A clínica atual pretende desenvolver uma nova experiência emocional, ampliar das capacidades do self, além de acompanhar os movimentos culturais vigentes. Entretanto, eleger o conteúdo da interpretação e o modo como ela será transmitida para que o paciente compreenda segue sendo um desafio. MÉTODO: A revisão da literatura partiu de uma busca nas principais bases de pesquisa de artigos, acrescida das referências de leituras obrigatórias do conteúdo programático da formação psicanalítica na SPPA. Após, foi realizada uma seleção de artigos e capítulos de livros que contivessem o tema de como formular uma interpretação psicanalítica incluindo o referencial a partir das vivências no campo analítico. RESULTADOS: Destaca-se a atitude analítica como fundamental para desenvolver a experiência emocional e compreender as vivências no campo analítico. A partir delas, é possível formular uma interpretação com o objetivo de ampliar as capacidades do self. O artigo traz parâmetros de como eleger o conteúdo, o modo e o momento de transmitir a interpretação ao paciente. CONCLUSÃO: A formulação da interpretação ocorre a partir da vivência emocional de algo incompreensível vivido pela dupla no campo analítico. O processo analítico, ancorado na teoria, desenvolve um novo significado da fantasia inconsciente vivenciada pela dupla que deve ser interpretado. Este novo significado, que tecerá progressivamente a nova rede simbólica do paciente, pode ser transmitido por intervenções verbais e não verbais.(AU)
INTRODUCTION: Interpretation remains a valuable tool for the process of psychic change in psychoanalytic treatment. The current clinic intends to develop a new emotional experience, expand the capacities of the self, and accompany the current cultural movements. However, choosing the content of the interpretation and how it will be transmitted to the patient remains challenging. METHOD: The literature review started from a search in the main research bases of articles and added to the references of mandatory readings of the programmatic content of psychoanalytic training at SPPA. Afterward, a selection of articles and book chapters was carried out that contained the theme of how to formulate a psychoanalytic interpretation, including the reference from the experiences in the analytical field. RESULTS: The analytical attitude is highlighted as fundamental to developing the emotional experience and understanding the experiences in the analytical field. From them, it is possible to formulate an interpretation to expand the capacities of the self. The article provides parameters for choosing the contente, the way, and the timing of transmitting the interpretation to the patient. CONCLUSION: The formulation of the interpretation takes place from the emotional experience of something incomprehensible experienced by the pair in the analytical field. The analytical process, anchored in theory, develops a new meaning of the unconscious fantasy experienced by the pair that must be interpreted. This new meaning, progressively weaving the patients new symbolic network, can be transmitted through verbal and non-verbal interventions.(AU)
INTRODUCCIÓN: La interpretación sigue siendo una herramienta valiosa para el proceso de cambio psique en el tratamiento psicoanalítico. La clínica actual pretende desarrollar una nueva experiencia emocional, ampliar las capacidades del yo, además de seguir los movimientos culturas actuales. Sin embargo, elegir el contenido de la interpretación y la forma en que se transmitir para que el paciente entienda sigue siendo un desafío. MÉTODO: La revisión bibliográfica partió de una búsqueda en las principales bases de investigación de artículos, además de referencias a lecturas obligatorias del programa de estudios del formación psicoanalítica en la SPPA. Posteriormente, se realizó una selección de artículos y capítulos de libros. que contenía el tema de cómo formular una interpretación psicoanalítica incluyendo la referencial a partir de las experiencias en el campo analítico. RESULTADOS: La actitud analítica se destaca como fundamental para desarrollar la experiencia. emocional y comprender las experiencias en el campo analítico. A partir de ellos, es posible formular una interpretación dirigida a expandir las capacidades del yo. El artículo trae parámetros. cómo elegir el contenido, modo y momento de transmitir la interpretación al paciente. CONCLUSIÓN: La formulación de la interpretación se da a partir de la experiencia emocional de algo experiencia incomprensible vivida por el dúo en el campo analítico. El proceso analítico, anclado en la teoría, desarrolla un nuevo significado de la fantasía inconsciente experimentada por la pareja que debe ser interpretado. Este nuevo sentido, que irá tejiendo progresivamente la nueva red simbólico del paciente, puede ser transmitido por intervenciones verbales y no verbales.(AU)
Subject(s)
Psychoanalytic Interpretation , Psychotherapy, PsychodynamicABSTRACT
A cultura representa os sistemas de valores e simbolismos presentes em um grupo social, e sua influência no psiquismo humano é mencionada na literatura psicanalítica desde a obra Totem e Tabu, de Sigmund Freud. Diferenças culturais podem determinar maneiras diversas de sentir e de expressar o sofrimento psíquico, e no que diz respeito à psicoterapia de orientação analítica considera-se fundamental que o terapeuta esteja sensível aos componentes culturais que influenciam a dinâmica psicológica do paciente. O modelo da psicoterapia transcultural propõe a adaptação de alguns elementos, a fim de cumprir esta finalidade. Este relato foi desenvolvido a partir do atendimento de um paciente de origem africana, admitido em uma internação psiquiátrica por uma síndrome psicótica. Procuramos relacionar os elementos transculturais presentes no caso, como particularidades no idioma e crenças culturais, à prática da psicoterapia de orientação analítica neste contexto. Elementos do conflito psíquico, da transferência e vinculação com o terapeuta foram analisados, tendo por base autores psicanalíticos clássicos e contemporâneos. A partir desta análise, discutimos a respeito de elementos teóricos e técnicos relacionados à transculturalidade em psicoterapia. Espera-se que este relato possa auxiliar psicoterapeutas a trabalhar neste contexto.(AU)
Culture represents value systems and symbolisms present in a social group, and its influence on human psyche has been mentioned in psychoanalytic literature since Sigmund Freud's Totem and Tabu. Cultural differences can determine different ways of feeling and expressing mental distress, and with regard to analytical orientation psychotherapy it is considered essential that the therapist be sensitive to cultural components that influence patient's psychic dynamics. The transcultural psychotherapy model proposes the flexibility of some elements in order to fulfill this purpose. This report was developed from the care of a patient of African origin, admitted to a psychiatric hospital for a psychotic syndrome. We sought to relate the cross-cultural elements present in the case, such as language peculiarities and cultural beliefs, to the practice of analytical-oriented psychotherapy in this context. Characteristics of psychic conflict, transference, and attachment to the therapist were analyzed based on classical and contemporary psychoanalytic authors. From this analysis, we discussed theoretical and technical elements related to transculturality in psychotherapy. It is expected that this report can help psychotherapists to work in this context.(AU)
La cultura representa sistemas de valores y simbolismos presentes en un grupo social, y su influencia en la psique humana ha sido mencionada en la literatura psicoanalítica desde Tótem y tabú de Sigmund Freud. Las diferencias culturales pueden determinar diferentes formas de sentir y expresar el malestar mental, y con respecto a la psicoterapia de orientación analítica se considera fundamental que el terapeuta sea sensible a los componentes culturales que influyen en la dinámica psíquica del paciente. El modelo de psicoterapia transcultural propone la flexibilidad de algunos elementos para cumplir con este propósito. Este relato se elaboró ??a partir de la atención de un paciente de origen africano, ingresado en un hospital psiquiátrico por un síndrome psicótico. Buscamos relacionar los elementos transculturales presentes en el caso, como las peculiaridades del lenguaje y las creencias culturales, con la práctica de la psicoterapia de orientación analítica en este contexto. Se analizaron las características del conflicto psíquico, la transferencia y el apego al terapeuta con base en autores psicoanalíticos clásicos y contemporáneos. A partir de este análisis, discutimos elementos teóricos y técnicos relacionados con la transculturalidad en psicoterapia. Se espera que este informe pueda ayudar a los psicoterapeutas a trabajar en este contexto.(AU)
Subject(s)
Psychotherapy , Culture , Psychotherapy, PsychodynamicABSTRACT
Resumo Jogos de azar podem ser uma atividade de lazer, mas sua prática em excesso pode levar a consequências adversas, como o Transtorno de Jogo. Apesar dos sérios prejuízos provocados por esse quadro, tanto o Transtorno de Jogo em si quanto estratégias de tratamento são pouco conhecidos no Brasil. Este trabalho aborda o Transtorno de Jogo e seu tratamento, tendo como objetivo explicitar a contribuição da abordagem psicodinâmica. São apresentadas as principais hipóteses psicodinâmicas existentes na literatura e tecidas considerações sobre a psicoterapia psicodinâmica realizada em um serviço que atende jogadores em São Paulo, o Programa Ambulatorial do Jogo Patológico (PRO-AMJO) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP). Por fim, alguns exemplos de perfis de jogadores patológicos são apresentados.
Abstract Gambling may be a leisure activity, but overdoing it can lead to adverse consequences such as Gambling Disorder. Despite the serious damage caused by the disorder, both Gambling Disorder and its treatment strategies are little known in Brazil. This study investigates Gambling Disorder and its treatment, emphasizing the contributions of the psychodynamic approach. The paper presents the main psychodynamic hypotheses in the literature and comments on the psychodynamic psychotherapy carried out in facilities treating pathological gamblers in São Paulo, such as the Pathological Gambling Outpatient Program (PRO-AMJO) of the Psychiatric Institute of Hospital das Clínicas (IPq HC-FMUSP). Finally, some examples of pathological gambler profiles are discussed.
Résumé Le jeu de hasard peut être un loisir, mais l'excès peut avoir des conséquences néfastes, comme le Jeu Pathologique. Malgré les graves consequences causés par ce trouble, le Jeu Pathologique et ses stratégies de traitement sont peu connus au Brésil. Cettte étude porte sur la Dépendence au jeu et son traitement, en mettant l'accent sur les contributions de l'approche psychodynamique. L'article présente les principales hypothèses psychodynamiques dans la littérature et reflète sur la psychothérapie psychodynamique réalisée dans les services qui s'occupent de joueurs à São Paulo, telles que le Programma ambulatoire sur la dépendance au jeu (PRO-AMJO) del'Institut de psychiatrie de l'Hospital das clínicas (IPq HC-FMUSP). Enfin, quelques exemples de profils de joueurs pathologiques sont discutés.
Resumen Los juegos de azar pueden ser una actividad de diversión, pero su práctica excesiva puede traer consecuencias adversas como el Trastorno de Juego. A pesar de los graves daños causados por este comportamiento, tanto el Trastorno de Juego en sí como las estrategias de tratamiento son poco conocidos en Brasil. Este trabajo aborda el Trastorno de Juego y su tratamiento, con el objetivo de hacer explícito la contribución del enfoque psicodinámico. Se presentan las principales hipótesis psicodinámicas en la literatura y se hacen consideraciones sobre la psicoterapia psicodinámica realizada en un servicio que atiende a jugadores en São Paulo, como el Programa del Hospital das Clínicas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP). Finalmente, se presentan algunos ejemplos de perfiles de jugadores patológicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Gambling/etiology , Gambling/psychology , NeurobiologyABSTRACT
The authors provide an overview of the history of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychiatry in Argentina. They describe the evolving practice patterns of psychodynamic psychiatrists in this vibrant South American country, highlighting socio-political influences and challenges.
Subject(s)
Psychiatry , Psychoanalysis , Argentina , Humans , PsychotherapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This is the validation of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis-Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQ). METHODS: A clinical sample of 399 adults and a nonclinical general population sample of 50 healthy adults completed measures of depression, attachment, psychiatric symptomatology and distress. Internal consistency and concurrent validity were assessed. Test-retest and Reliable Change Index were also calculated, as was the ability of the OPD-SQ to distinguish between the clinical and general population groups. RESULTS: High internal consistencies were found; significant differences between clinical and nonclinical samples, and significant associations with psychiatric symptomatology, depression and psychological distress. CONCLUSION: The Chilean OPD-SQ has good reliability, and discriminates between clinical and healthy samples.
Subject(s)
Personality Disorders , Personality , Adult , Health Status , Humans , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Introdução: O trabalho exerce grande influência na vida das pessoas, pois, ao mesmo tempo em que transforma a natureza, altera também o próprio homem, significando, assim, que, pelo trabalho, o homem se autoproduz, mudando as maneiras pelas quais age sobre o mundo, que alteram sua maneira de perceber, de pensar e de sentir. Na sociedade contemporânea, o trabalho ocupa um lugar central na vida do homem, e a importância do trabalho pode repercutir de maneira positiva ou negativa para o trabalhador. E o modelo de organização do trabalho e as condições de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem concorrem com o adoecimento desses trabalhadores, levando-os a sentimentos de prazer e sofrimento na execução de suas atividades laborais. Objetivos: Caracterizar a equipe de enfermagem das clínicas cirúrgicas no aspecto socioeconômico; descrever a rotina de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem das clínicas cirúrgicas; identificar a relação entre trabalho prescrito e trabalho real da equipe de enfermagem das clínicas cirúrgicas e analisar as situações geradoras de prazer e sofrimento da equipe de enfermagem das clínicas cirúrgicas. Método: trata-se de um estudo com delineamento qualitativo, descritivo, do tipo exploratório, realizado no Hospital de Base Dr. Ary Pinheiro (HBAP), nas Clínicas cirúrgicas I, III e IV. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 30 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo nove enfermeiros e 21 técnicos de enfermagem. A produção de dados deu-se por meio de entrevista semiestruturada no período de abril a novembro de 2019. A análise de dados sociodemográficos foi realizada a partir de estatística simples descritiva e as entrevistas, realizadas e armazenadas em áudio, foram transcritas integralmente em formato de texto eletrônico e seus dados foram processados pelo software IRaMuTeQ, que fez a análise lexical automática das palavras presentes nos discursos dos entrevistados, por meio da análise através da CHD. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos. Resultados: Com relação aos dados sociodemográficos, 19 (63,33%) consideram-se pardos; 4 (13,33%) são do sexo masculino e 26 (86,66%) são do sexo feminino; a predominância da faixa etária foi de 31 a 40 anos (33,3%); são solteiros, 16 (53,33%); quanto à quantidade de vínculos empregatícios, 17 (56,66%) informaram possuir apenas um vínculo, 12 (40%) possuem dois vínculos e 01 (3,33%) possui três vínculos empregatícios e 18 (60%) informaram realizar 40 horas semanais, 06 (20%) realizam 80 horas semanais, 05 (16,66%) realizam 70 horas semanais; os enfermeiros recebem de três a oito salários mínimos e os técnicos de enfermagem com rendimento de um a cinco salários mínimos; a CHD possibilitou a divisão do corpus textual em quatro classes que foram agrupadas em dois blocos temáticos. O primeiro bloco temático refere-se à Rotina de Trabalho nas Clínicas Cirúrgicas e é composto pela classe 4. O segundo bloco refere-se à Organização do Trabalho, composto por: Trabalho Prescrito e Trabalho Real e foi constituído pela classe 1; Prazer e sofrimento no trabalho é constituído pelas classes 2 e 3. Os blocos temáticos foram discutidos com base no referencial teórico da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Considerações finais: defende-se a tese de que os profissionais de enfermagem não relacionam a organização do trabalho como fator desencadeante e condicionante do sofrimento mental no ambiente hospitalar. Portanto, são necessárias alterações significativas na organização do trabalho e implementação de medidas preventivas que possibilitem mais situações de prazer do que sofrimento no trabalho.
Introduction: The work exerts great influence on people's lives, because, at the same time it transforms nature, it also changes the own human, meaning, thus, that, by work, man self- produces, changing the ways of acting on the world, which alter the way of perceiving, thinking and feeling. In contemporary society, work occupies a central place in human's life, and the importance of work can affect positively or negatively the worker. And the model of work organization and the working conditions of the nursing team compete with the illness of those workers, leading them to feelings of pleasure and suffering in the execution of their labor activities. Objectives: To characterize the nursing team of surgical clinics in socioeconomic aspect; describe the work routine of the nursing team of the surgical clinics; identify the relationship between prescribed work and real work of the nursing team of the surgical clinics and analyze the generating situations of pleasure and suffering of the nursing team of the surgical clinics. Method: It was a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory-type study, held at the Base Hospital Dr. Ary Pinheiro (Hbap), in Surgical clinics I, III and IV. The research participants were 30 nursing professionals, nine nurses and 21 nursing technicians. Data production was through semi-structured interview from April to November 2019. Sociodemographic data analysis was carried out from simple descriptive statistics and interviews, carried out and audio-stored, being fully transcribed in electronic text and their data were processed by the IRAMUTEQ software, which made the automatic lexical analysis of the words present in the interviewees' speeches through the analysis through the HDC. Ethical aspects were respected. Results: concerning sociodemographic data, 19 (63.33%) self- considered brown; 4 (13.33%) are male and 26 (86.66%) are female; the predominant age group was 31 to 40 years (33.3%); singles, 16 (53.33%); as for the amount of employment links, 17 (56.66%) have informed only one link, 12 (40%) have two links and 01 (3.33%) has three employment and 18 (60%) links made 40 hours weekly, 06 (20%) perform 80 hours weekly, 05 (16.66%) perform 70 hours a week; nurses receive from three to eight minimum wages and nursing technicians from one to five minimum wages; HDC enabled the division of the textual corpus into four classes that were grouped into two thematic blocks. The first thematic block refers to the work routine in the surgical clinics and is composed of class 4. The second block refers to the organization of the work, composed of: prescribed work and real work and was constituted by Class 1; Pleasure and suffering at work consists of classes 2 and 3. The thematic blocks were discussed based on the theoretical reference of work psychodynamics. Final thoughts: The thesis is advocated that nursing professionals do not relate the organization of work as a triggering and conditioning factor of mental suffering in the hospital environment. Therefore, significant changes in the organization of the work and implementation of preventive measures that allow more situations of pleasure than suffering at work.
Introducción: El trabajo ejerce una gran influencia en las vidas de las personas, porque, al mismo tiempo, transforma la naturaleza, también cambia al hombre mismo, lo que significa, por lo tanto, que, por el trabajo, el hombre se auto-produce, cambiando las formas en que actúa sobre el mundo, que altera su forma de percibir, pensar y sentir. En la sociedad contemporánea, el trabajo ocupa un lugar central en la vida del hombre, y la importancia del trabajo puede generar repercusiones positivas o negativas al trabajador. Y el modelo de organización de trabajo y las condiciones de trabajo del equipo de enfermería compiten con la enfermedad de estos trabajadores, lo que los lleva a sentimientos de placer y sufrimiento en la ejecución de sus actividades laborales. Objetivos: Caracterizar el equipo de enfermería de clínicas quirúrgicas en aspecto socioeconómico; Describir la rutina de trabajo del equipo de enfermería de las clínicas quirúrgicas; Identificar la relación entre el trabajo prescrito y el trabajo real del equipo de enfermería de las clínicas quirúrgicas y analizar las situaciones generadoras de placer y sufrimiento del equipo de enfermería de las clínicas quirúrgicas. Método: fue un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, de tipo exploratorio, ocurrido en el Hospital de Base Dr. Ary Pinheiro (HBAP), en las Clínicas quirúrgicas I, III y IV. Los participantes de la investigación fueron 30 profesionales de enfermería, nueve enfermeras y 21 técnicos de enfermería. La producción de datos fue a través de la entrevista semiestructurada de abril a noviembre de 2019. El análisis de datos sociodemográficos se realizó a través de estadísticas y entrevistas descriptivas simples, realizadas y almacenadas en audio, transcriptas plenamente en texto electrónico y sus datos fueron procesados por el software IRAMUTEQ, lo que hizo el análisis léxico automático de las palabras presentes en los discursos de los entrevistados a través del análisis a través del CHD. Se respetaron los aspectos éticos. Resultados: Con respecto a los datos sociodemográficos, 19 (63.33%) se consideran pardos; 4 (13.33%) son hombres y 26 (86.66%) son mujeres; el predominio del grupo de edad fue de 31 a 40 años (33.3%); son solteros, 16 (53.33%); En cuanto a la cantidad de enlaces de empleo, 17 (56,66%) han informado solo un vínculo de empleo, 12 (40%) tienen dos vínculos de empleo y 01 (3.33%) tiene tres vínculos de empleo y 18 (60%) realizan 40 horas semanales, 06 (20%) realizan 80 horas semanales, 05 (16.66%) realizan 70 horas a la semana; las enfermeras reciben de tres a ocho salarios mínimos y técnicos de enfermería, de un a cinco salarios mínimos; CHD permitió la división del corpus textual en cuatro clases que se agruparon en dos bloques temáticos. El primer bloque temático se refiere a la rutina de trabajo en las clínicas quirúrgicas y está compuesta por la clase 4. El segundo bloque se refiere a la organización del trabajo, compuesta por: trabajo prescrito y trabajo real y se constituyó por clase 1; El placer y el sufrimiento en el trabajo consiste en clases 2 y 3. Los bloques temáticos se discutieron en base a la referencia teórica de la psicodinámica laboral. Consideraciones finales: la tesis recomienda que los profesionales de enfermería no relacionen la organización del trabajo como un factor de activación y acondicionamiento del sufrimiento mental en el entorno hospitalario. Por lo tanto, cambios significativos en la organización del trabajo y la implementación de medidas preventivas que permiten más situaciones de placer que sufrir en el trabajo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Workflow , Job Satisfaction , Nurse Practitioners/psychology , Nursing, Team , Quality of Life , Work/psychology , Mental Health , Occupational Health , Workload , Qualitative Research , Workforce/organization & administration , Working ConditionsABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: explorar las reacciones de contratransferencia de los terapeutas en la fase inicial de la psicoterapia psicoanalítica (entre las sesiones 4 y 5) y verificar las posibles asociaciones entre estas y las características personales del paciente (sociodemográficas, psicológicas y psicopatológicas). Método: estudio naturalista, transversal, correlacional y observacional con enfoque descriptivo-analítico. La muestra consta de 180 pares de pacientes y terapeutas, de los cuales 180 eran pacientes adultos (32.82 ± 12.66 años) y 48 terapeutas (32.69 ± 10.01 años). Resultados: la contratransferencia se ve afectada por la edad del paciente, los aspectos psicológicos de su vida anterior (traumas y apego parental) y elementos de su personalidad (habilidades de empatía y mecanismos defensivos), pero no por los síntomas que presenta. Conclusiones: los hallazgos respaldan la literatura científica, que señala la relevancia de las experiencias infantiles y las características de personalidad del paciente para evocar patrones específicos de contratransferencia en el terapeuta. Conocer tales relaciones puede ayudar a los clínicos a identificar sus propias reacciones y usarlas terapéuticamente, según corresponda.
Resumo Objetivo: explorar as reações contratransferenciais de terapeutas na fase inicial de psicoterapia psicanalítica (entre a 4a e a 5a sessão) e verificar possíveis associações destas com as características pessoais do paciente (sociodemográficas, psicológicas e psicopatológicas). Método: estudo naturalístico, transversal, correlacional e observacional de abordagem descritivo-analítica. A amostra é composta por 180 duplas paciente-terapeuta, dos quais 180 eram pacientes adultos (32,82 ± 12,66 anos de idade) e 48 terapeutas (32,69 ± 10,01 anos de idade). Resultados: a contratransferência é afetada pela idade do paciente, aspectos psicológicos da sua vida pregressa (traumas e vinculação parental) e elementos de sua personalidade (habilidades empáticas e mecanismos defensivos), mas não pelos sintomas. Conclusões: os achados apoiam a literatura científica, a qual sinaliza a relevância das experiências infantis e de características da personalidade do paciente na evocação de padrões contratransferenciais específicos no terapeuta. Conhecer tais relações pode ajudar os clínicos a identificar suas próprias reações emocionais e utilizá-las terapeuticamente, quando for o caso.
Abstract Objective: to explore therapists' countertransference reactions in the initial phase of psychoanalytic psychotherapy (between sessions 4 and 5) and to verify possible associations between these and the patient's personal characteristics (sociodemographic, psychological, and psychopathological). Method: naturalistic, cross-sectional, correlational, and observational study with a descriptive-analytical approach. The sample consists of 180 patient-therapist dyads, of which 180 were adult patients (32.82 ± 12.66 years old) and 48 therapists (32.69 ± 10.01 years old). Results: countertransference is affected by the patient's age, psychological aspects of his or her previous life (traumas and parental attachment) and elements of personality (empathetic skills and defensive mechanisms), but not by the showed symptoms. Conclusions: the findings support the scientific literature, which points to the relevance of childhood experiences and personality characteristics of the patient to evoke specific countertransference patterns in the therapist. Understanding such relationships can help clinicians identify their own reactions and deliver the therapy, as appropriate.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: contemporary psychodynamic therapy research supports combining clinical judgment with empirical evidences. Recent studies suggest that systematically analyzing single cases may contribute to such efforts. Also, current criteria for evidence-based case studies recommend different perspectives on therapeutic process and outcome, such as therapist's and external judges' ratings. Finally, client's dropout conforms a challenge for psychotherapy research. AIMS & METHODS: as part of a SPR Small Research Grant, this study analyzed and compared the psychodynamic profile proposed both by therapist and two external judges, for the same case of early dropout from focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, consisting of two diagnostic interviews and five subsequent sessions, in a patient with an emotional disorder. Being blind to the rating process of the counterpart, Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2) was used by therapist and judges to generate a psychodynamic profile including five therapeutic foci. External judges rating was achieved through consensus, following CQR's guidelines. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: similarities and differences among therapist's and judges' psychodynamic profiles were found. Result's contributions to the understanding of case's early dropout are discussed, along with OPD-2's usefulness for psychodynamic practice-oriented research.(AU)
Subject(s)
Refusal to Treat , Defense Mechanisms , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Judgment , MethodsABSTRACT
A formulação psicodinâmica é uma narrativa descritiva sobre a natureza e a etiologia dos problemas psíquicos do paciente que serve para orientar o tratamento e nortear a avaliação da mudança. Neste artigo, apresenta-se Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (Tema Central de Conflitos nos Relacionamentos; CCRT) CCRT e ilustra-se a sua aplicabilidade para sistematizar a formulação psicodinâmica de caso. Para isso, foram analisadas as três sessões iniciais de uma psicoterapia de uma paciente com transtorno de personalidade borderline. Discute-se as vantagens da aplicação do CCRT para sistematizar a formulação diagnóstica no contexto do ensino, da pesquisa e da prática clínica. Este estudo integra um projeto maior "A personalidade borderline e seu impacto nos processos de vinculação e mudança em psicoterapia psicanalítica", aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP 14/184).(AU)
The psychodynamic formulation is a descriptive narrative about the nature and etiology of the patient's psychological problems that serves to guide the treatment and guide the assessment of change. In this article, Core Conflictual Relationship Theme is presented (CCRT) CCRT and its applicability to systematize the psychodynamic formulation of the case is illustrated. For this, the initial three sessions of psychotherapy of a patient with borderline personality disorder were analyzed. The advantages of applying the CCRT to systematize the diagnostic formulation in the context of teaching, research and clinical practice are discussed. This study is part of a larger project "The borderline personality and its impact on the processes of attachment and change in psychoanalytic psychotherapy", approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP 14/184).(AU)
La formulación psicodinámica es una narración descriptiva sobre la naturaleza y etiología de los problemas psicológicos del paciente que sirve para guiar el tratamiento y guiar la evaluación del cambio. En este artículo, se presenta el tema de relación de conflicto central (CCRT) CCRT y se ilustra su aplicabilidad para sistematizar la formulación psicodinámica del caso. Para esto, se analizaron las tres sesiones iniciales de psicoterapia de un paciente con trastorno límite de la personalidad. Se discuten las ventajas de aplicar el CCRT para sistematizar la formulación diagnóstica en el contexto de la enseñanza, la investigación y la práctica clínica. Este estudio es parte de un proyecto más amplio "La personalidad límite y su impacto en los procesos de apego y cambio en la psicoterapia psicoanalítica", aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Investigación (CEP 14/184).(AU)
Subject(s)
Borderline Personality Disorder , Conflict, Psychological , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
O abandono em psicoterapia é um fator amplamente estudado, tendo em vista sua relevância para a prática clínica. Algumas variáveis têm sido preditoras da interrupção da psicoterapia; no entanto, há poucos estudos que diferenciam os períodos do abandono. Este estudo objetiva identificar os preditores do abandono inicial no processo psicoterapêutico de 1.272 prontuários de pacientes adultos jovens. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: a ficha de contato inicial, a avaliação e a alta institucional e o SCL-90-R. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio da análise de Regressão Logística Binária Multivariada, que indicaram como preditoras do abandono inicial, as variáveis sociodemográfica: baixa renda; clínica: ansiedade fóbica; e as de tratamento: não ter realizado psicoterapia anteriormente; e razões do término de tratamento: tipo de abandono (não compareceu à sessão e não justificou); paciente (outros motivos: mudança de cidade, falta de recursos e motivos de saúde); fatores organizacionais; insatisfação. Os resultados sugerem uma atenção às consultas iniciais para auxiliar na adesão ao tratamento.
Abandonment in psychotherapy is a widely studied factor, considering its relevance to clinical practice. Some variables have been predictive of the interruption of psychotherapy; however, there are few studies that differentiate periods of abandonment. This study aims to identify the predictors of initial abandonment in the psychotherapeutic process of 1,272 medical records of young adult patients. The instruments used were the initial contact sheet, the evaluation, the institutional discharge and the SCL-90-R. The results were obtained through the analysis of Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression, which indicated as predictors of initial abandonment, the following variables: sociodemographic: low income; clinical: phobic anxiety; and treatment: not having previously performed psychotherapy; and reasons for termination of treatment: type of abandonment (did not attend the session and did not justify); patient (other reasons: change of city, lack of resources and reasons for health); organizational factors; dissatisfaction. The results suggest an attention to the initial appointments to help in treatment accession.
El abandono en psicoterapia es un factor ampliamente estudiado, teniendo en vista su relevancia para la práctica clínica. Algunas variables han sido predictores de la interrupción de la psicoterapia; sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que diferencian los períodos del abandono. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los predictores del abandono inicial en el proceso psicoterapéutico de 1.272 prontuarios de pacientes adultos jóvenes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la ficha de contacto inicial, la evaluación y alta institucional y el SCL-90-R. Los resultados fueron obtenidos por medio del análisis de Regresión Logística Binaria Multivariada, que indicaron como predictores del abandono inicial, las variables: sociodemográfica: baja renta; clínica: ansiedad fóbica; y las de tratamiento: no haber realizado psicoterapia anteriormente; y razones del término de tratamiento: tipo de abandono (no compareció a la sesión y no justificó); paciente (otros motivos: cambio de ciudad, falta de recursos y motivos de salud); factores organizacionales; insatisfacción. Los resultados sugieren una atención a las consultas iniciales para ayudar en la adhesión al tratamiento.
Subject(s)
Risk Factors , Psychotherapeutic Processes , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic , Treatment Adherence and ComplianceABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Work-related issues are already part of the theoretical framework and the historical rationale that underpin corporate sustainability. However, the relationship between work and sustainability is still little known in company practices. Based on the concepts of activity-centered ergonomics (ACE) and psychodynamics of work (PDW), this paper investigates the meaning of "sustainable work" in Brazilian companies. Thus, two research questions guided this study: How the concept of "sustainable work" can be defined in the perception of companies based on the perspective of ACE and PDW? How the concepts provided by these approaches can help companies in developing practices towards sustainable work? METHOD: Case studies conducted in ten Brazilian companies engaged in corporate sustainability practices involving document analysis, interviews, and content analysis. RESULTS: Companies recognize the importance of human action in organizational processes, by considering people as the cornerstone for ensuring corporate sustainability, and seeking to build a work with meaning and significance. However, i) Improvement actions are usually mitigatory or compensatory, acting on the effects while the root causes remain untouched; ii) Sustainability initiatives focus on individual issues, in most cases on the leader (individual), narrowing its scope and neglecting broader, important topics such as work organization and work content; iii) Both work overload and work for sustainability agenda are usually disregarded; iv) A comprehensive view of health should not be limited to the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: According to companies' perceptions, sustainable work includes but is not limited to integrating work to corporate sustainability guidelines, respecting labor laws and human rights, developing synergy between areas/departments towards sustainability, providing possibilities for constructing health in its multidimensionality with the worker as protagonist, and creating work that is meaningful, pleasurable and leads to happiness and recognition. ACE and PDW offer valuable concepts to support companies in bridging the gap between their corporate sustainability vision and practices, i.e., transforming guidelines into actions towards sustainable work. In this sense, sustainable work is believed to be that which improves the organization's performance and promotes professional development as well as workers' health broadly and positively (not limited to the absence of illness, but in the sense of building health) and well-being. Thus, it fosters respect for and the development of intelligence and creativity (as opposed to alienating work) by performing work that has meaning and significance, understanding the profound importance of physical, cognitive and organizational issues, and above all, the importance of work to the development of culture (Bolis et al., 2014).
Subject(s)
Ergonomics/methods , Organizational Culture , Psychoanalysis/methods , Sustainable Development , Workplace/psychology , Brazil , Humans , Social ResponsibilityABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo é conjugar métodos clínico e empírico de avaliação do processo psicoterapêutico para a compreensão dos fatores associados à interrupção precoce em um caso de psicoterapia psicanalítica. Os participantes foram uma díade terapêutica. A paciente é jovem adulta, atendida em uma clínica-escola, por um período de três meses. A psicoterapeuta registrou sua impressão das sessões e sua compreensão dinâmica do caso. O método de estudo do caso foi análise sistemática por meio do Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) e do Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP). As sessões foram gravadas em vídeo e posteriormente codificadas com os instrumentos por avaliadores externos treinados. As características do processo indicam foco nos relacionamentos amorosos e nas situações de vida atual; a paciente trazia material significativo; tendia a concordar com as intervenções da psicoterapeuta e demonstrava se sentir entendida. A psicoterapeuta, por sua vez, mostrou empatia e adotou atitude de apoio, realizando intervenções exploratórias. A sessão 6 constituiu um momento de mudança na direção do processo. Os resultados fornecem elementos para a compreensão dos fatores relacionados com a interrupção, tais como o incremento da resistência e ambivalência por parte da paciente não devidamente abordados pela terapeuta.(AU)
This study aims to combine clinical and empirical methods of therapeutic process evaluation for understanding factors associated with premature interruption in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The participants were a therapeutic dyad. The patient is a female young adult treated in an outpatient clinic of a psychoanalytic psychotherapy training institution. The treatment lasted three months, and the patient attended 8 sessions. The psychotherapist made records about her impressions of the sessions and about her understanding of the case dynamics. The case was analyzed systematically through the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) and the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP). Therapy sessions were videotaped and later coded by external trained raters. The general features of this process indicated that psychotherapy focused on romantic relationships and actual life situations; patient usually had brought significant materials; patient tended to agree with therapist´s interventions, and appear to feel understood by the therapist. The therapist showed empathy and adopted a supportive attitude while conducting exploratory interventions. Session 6 was a turning point in the process direction. Results provide some elements for understanding process factors related to treatment interruption such as the increase of resistance and ambivalence on the part of the patient, which were not adequately addressed by the therapist.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Patients , Psychoanalysis , Psychotherapy , Psychotherapeutic ProcessesABSTRACT
A mentalização tem sido considerada um elemento importante no processo de mudança na psicoterapia psicodinâmica. No entanto, há uma escassez de instrumentos disponíveis para avaliar o constructo com a população infantil. O Método de Rorschach tem sido sugerido como um procedimento capaz de avaliar a mentalização. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar possíveis mudanças no funcionamento psíquico global e na capacidade de mentalização na psicoterapia psicodinâmica de crianças, de acordo com o Método de Rorschach (Sistema Exner). Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e longitudinal baseado no procedimento de Estudo de Caso Sistemático, do qual participaram três crianças em idade escolar. O Método de Rorschach foi aplicado no início e ao final do tratamento. As crianças apresentaram deficit na capacidade de mentalização no início do tratamento, associado a prejuízos no funcionamento psíquico global. Foi possível identificar mudanças na mentalização, ao final da psicoterapia, que se caracterizaram por avanços e retrocessos. O Método de Rorschach provou ser capaz de identificar mudanças na capacidade de mentalização das crianças analisadas.
Mentalization has been considered an important element in the process of change in psychodynamic psychotherapy. However, there is a shortage of available instruments to assess the construct in children. The Rorschach Method has been suggested as a procedure capable of evaluating mentalization. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze possible changes in the global psychic functioning and in mentalization ability in child psychodynamic psychotherapy, according to the Rorschach Method (Exner System). A descriptive and longitudinal study based on the Systematic Case Study procedure was performed, in which three school-age children took part. The Rorschach Method was applied at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. The children presented impairments in their ability to mentalize at the beginning of the treatment, and it was possible to identify changes in this ability at the end of the psychotherapy. In addition, there was an association between deficits in mentalization and impairments in global psychic functioning. The changes in psychotherapy did not show a steady progress, but were marked by advances and setbacks. The Rorschach Method proved able to detect changes in the mentalization ability of the children.
La mentalización ha sido considerada un elemento importante en el proceso de cambio en la psicoterapia psicodinámica. Sin embargo, hay una escasez de instrumentos disponibles para evaluar el constructo con la población infantil. El método de Rorschach ha sido sugerido como un procedimiento capaz de evaluar la mentalización. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar posibles cambios en el funcionamiento psíquico global y en la capacidad de mentalización en la psicoterapia psicodinámica de niños, de acuerdo con el Método de Rorschach (Sistema Exner). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal basado en el procedimiento de Estudio de Caso Sistemático, en el que participaron tres niños en edad escolar. El método de Rorschach se aplicó al principio y al final del tratamiento. Los niños presentaron déficit en la capacidad de mentalización al inicio del tratamiento, que estuvieron asociados a pérdidas en el funcionamiento psíquico global. Fue posible identificar cambios en la mentalización, al final de la psicoterapia, que se caracterizaron por avances y retrocesos. El Método de Rorschach demostró ser capaz de identificar cambios en la capacidad de mentalización de los niños analizados.
ABSTRACT
A história pessoal do indivíduo, suas experiências na infância, influenciam e marcam o seu desenvolvimento psicológico. A vivência de traumas na infância é uma das possíveis adversidades que marcam o indivíduo e podem trazer implicações negativas em diversas áreas do seu funcionamento na vida adulta. Os pais apresentam um papel importante na modulação das respostas e funcionamento da criança frente ao trauma. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre traumas na infância e estilos de apego parental em pacientes que buscam psicoterapia psicodinâmica. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e correlacional com 180 pacientes adultos que iniciaram psicoterapia psicodinâmica entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 em um ambulatório de saúde mental. Os resultados apontam que os traumas na infância apresentam correlação significativa com o estilo de apego com os pais. Quanto maior o controle materno e paterno maior o abuso emocional, negligência emocional e trauma total. O cuidado materno e paterno apresentou correlação inversamente proporcional com todas as dimensões do apego. Quanto maior o cuidado materno e paterno menor o abuso emocional, físico, sexual, negligência emocional, física e trauma total. Destacam-se características de controle na relação de apego como pai, no sentido de superproteção, que estão relacionadas a vivência de todos os tipos de trauma na infância.(AU)
The individuals personal history as his or her childhood experiences influences psychological development. The experience of a trauma in childhood is one of the possible adversities that's mark the subject and can have negative implications in various areas of the functioning of the individual in adulthood. Parents play an important role in modulating the childs responses and functioning to trauma. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between childhood trauma and parenting attachment styles in patients seeking psychodynamic psychotherapy. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted with 180 adult patients who started psychodynamic psychotherapy between May 2015 and May 2016 at a mental health outpatient clinic. The results indicate that the majority of patients who underwent trauma in childhood are significantly correlated with the type of attachment to parents. The greater the maternal and paternal control, the greater the emotional abuse, emotional neglect and total trauma. Maternal and paternal care showed an inversely proportional correlation with all attachment dimensions. The greater maternal and paternal care, the lower the impact of the emotional, physical, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical and total trauma. There are control characteristics in the attachment relationship with the father, in the sense of overprotection, which are related to the experience of all types of trauma in childhood.(AU)
La historia personal del individuo, sus experiencias infantiles, influyen en su desarrollo psicológico. La experiencia del trauma en la infancia es una de las posibles adversidades que marcan al individuo y puede tener implicaciones negativas en varias áreas de su funcionamiento en la vida adulta. Los padres juegan un papel importante en la modulación de las respuestas y el funcionamiento del niño ante el trauma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el trauma infantil y los estilos de apego parental en pacientes que buscan psicoterapia psicodinámica. Se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional con 180 pacientes adultos que comenzaron la psicoterapia psicodinámica entre mayo de 2015 y mayo de 2016 en una clínica de salud mental. Los resultados muestran que el trauma infantil tiene una correlación significativa con el estilo de apego con los padres. Cuanto mayor es el control materno y paterno, mayor es el abuso emocional, el abandono emocional y el trauma total. La atención materna y paterna mostró una correlación inversamente proporcional con todas las dimensiones del apego. Cuanto mayor es el cuidado materno y paterno, menor es el abuso emocional, físico, sexual, el abandono emocional, físico y el trauma total. Se destacan las características de control en la relación de apego con el padre, en el sentido de sobreprotección, que están relacionadas con la experiencia de todo tipo de trauma en la infancia.(AU)