Survival protection of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: grounded theory.

PURPOSE: For patients with blood malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a significant challenge. These patients have hope to be completely cured after the transplantation, but deal with the dread of dying at the same time. This study presents a deep understanding of the psychological process of the treatment including perception, emotion, interactions, and its consequences in patients undergoing HSCT. METHODS: This study utilized a qualitative method based on the Strauss and Corbin Approach toward the grounded theory. The research population comprised all patients undergoing HSTC in Taleghani Hospital (Tehran, Iran) who were able to communicate effectively. The data were collected through deep and unstructured interviews with consenting patients. The sampling started with a purposive method and continued until the theoretical saturation was met. The 17 participants were interviewed individually and the data were analyzed via Strauss and Corbin Approach (2015). RESULTS: According to the findings of the present study, the threat to survival was the main concern of patients during the transplant process. The patients tried to cope with the threat to survival through strategies that were conceptualized as survival protection. These strategies led to the consequences such as debris removal and fondness for life, through which the patients rebuilt themselves, while on the alert for transplant rejection. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that dealing with HSCT affects personal and social aspects of a patient's life. This means, taking measures to facilitate psychological affairs and financial expenses, increasing the nursing manpower, and helping patients to reduce tension play a vital role to improve their fighting spirit.

A Modeling Framework to Examine Psychological Processes Underlying Ordinal Responses and Response Times of Psychometric Data.

This article presents a joint modeling framework of ordinal responses and response times (RTs) for the measurement of latent traits. We integrate cognitive theories of decision-making and confidence judgments with psychometric theories to model individual-level measurement processes. The model development starts with the sequential sampling framework which assumes that when an item is presented, a respondent accumulates noisy evidence over time to respond to the item. Several cognitive and psychometric theories are reviewed and integrated, leading us to three psychometric process models with different representations of the cognitive processes underlying the measurement. We provide simulation studies that examine parameter recovery and show the relationships between latent variables and data distributions. We further test the proposed models with empirical data measuring three traits related to motivation. The results show that all three models provide reasonably good descriptions of observed response proportions and RT distributions. Also, different traits favor different process models, which implies that psychological measurement processes may have heterogeneous structures across traits. Our process of model building and examination illustrates how cognitive theories can be incorporated into psychometric model development to shed light on the measurement process, which has had little attention in traditional psychometric models.

Pain and Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport in Elite Volleyball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Pain is modulated by multiple factors. A relevant psychological process peculiar to athletes and which could be associated with pain is Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (PRRS). The analysis of this association in competition context is particularly important. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between the PRRS and pain intensity in elite volleyball players during their participation in a continental sporting event. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data from 107 male volleyball players (23.50 ± 4.08 years of age) participating in the South American Volleyball Championship were used. The athletes answered a self-report questionnaire on the day the championship began regarding their history of injuries in the previous six months. The athletes who declared injuries were asked about the current pain intensity using the Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport using the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS). RESULTS: 43.93% (n = 47) of the athletes (23.70 ± 3.54 years) reported an injury in the six months prior to the championship. They presented a median on the NRS of three (interquartile range (IQR), 2-5), and 54 (IQR, 46-58) on the I-PRRS. The Spearman's Rho correlation test showed an inversely and moderate correlation (rs = -0.36; p = 0.011; CI: -0.64--0.08) between pain intensity and PRRS. CONCLUSIONS: In male elite volleyball players who participate in a Continental Championship in South America, higher levels of PRRS was correlated to lower pain intensity.

Individually delivered mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in concomitant problematic substance use and emotional symptoms: A process-based case study.

The process-based approach assumes that transdiagnostic psychological processes are involved in the onset and maintenance of mental disorders. Case conceptualization is used to identify such psychological processes and to individualize the intervention accordingly. This approach is fundamentally different from syndrome-based approaches in which standardized treatments are administered for psychiatric diagnoses or symptoms. In the current case, we proposed a process-based conceptualization and treatment for a woman with concomitant problematic substance use and emotional symptoms. Our idiosyncratic process-based conceptualization showed that for this person, substance abuse consisted in a maladaptive coping strategy to deal with repetitive negative thinking and poor emotion regulation skills, for which we decided to use a mindfulness-based intervention. Treatment comprised 8 weeks of individually delivered mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions. A comprehensive assessment of psychiatric symptoms and psychological processes was conducted at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. The post-treatment assessment revealed that psychological processes targeted by the intervention were improved, together with the mindfulness trait. At the symptom-based level, we observed a significant reduction in substance abuse and emotional symptoms. Treatment gains were maintained at follow-up. From a process-based perspective, this result implies that the intervention successfully targeted the psychological processes underlying the presenting symptoms. Adopting a process-based approach rather than symptom- or syndrome-based approaches is a valuable alternative in the conceptualization and treatment of complex cases presenting with multiple comorbidities.

The psychological process and emotional cognition of children's tourism experiences in Chinese family culture.

The family cultural environment affects children's cognitive development and socialization processes, and different family cultural environments lead to differences in children's tourism experiences. The current research on children's tourism experiences demands a shift from the families' perspective to that of children's perspective. In response to this, grounded on the cognitive development theory, this paper, from the perspective of children's memorable parent-child tourism experience, uses 321 children's drawings to project the tourism elements, people, activities, scenes, and colors that children perceive from travel, reveals the main cognitive contents of children's parent-child tourism experiences. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the influence of family cultural background on children's tourism experiences through interviews with children. Our results show that with the growth of age, children's perception of elements changes from the macro level to the micro level, and the contents they perceive change from concrete to abstract. In addition, children have an acute perception of people and are impressed by novel activities during travel. They adapt well to changes in travel scenes and prefer bright and vibrant colors during trips. Therefore, we recommend the design of appropriate tourism products that combine the characteristics of children's experiences when offering parent-child travel programs, as well as upgrading the market of parent-child tourism experiences through novel activities.

Modeling Conditional Dependence of Response Accuracy and Response Time with the Diffusion Item Response Theory Model.

In this paper, we propose a model-based method to study conditional dependence between response accuracy and response time (RT) with the diffusion IRT model (Tuerlinckx and De Boeck in Psychometrika 70(4):629-650, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-000-0810-3 ; van der Maas et al. in Psychol Rev 118(2):339-356, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.454498 ). We extend the earlier diffusion IRT model by introducing variability across persons and items in cognitive capacity (drift rate in the evidence accumulation process) and variability in the starting point of the decision processes. We show that the extended model can explain the behavioral patterns of conditional dependency found in the previous studies in psychometrics. Variability in cognitive capacity can predict positive and negative conditional dependency and their interaction with the item difficulty. Variability in starting point can account for the early changes in the response accuracy as a function of RT given the person and item effects. By the combination of the two variability components, the extended model can produce the curvilinear conditional accuracy functions that have been observed in psychometric data. We also provide a simulation study to validate the parameter recovery of the proposed model and present two empirical applications to show how to implement the model to study conditional dependency underlying data response accuracy and RTs.

How Does Gender Moderate Customer Intention of Shopping via Live-Streaming Apps during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Period?

Shopping through Live-Streaming Shopping Apps (LSSAs) as an emerging consumption phenomenon has increased dramatically in recent years, especially during the COVID-19 lockdown period. However, insufficient studies have focused on the psychological processes undergone in different customer demographics while shopping via LSSAs under pandemic conditions. This study integrated the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 with Flow Theory into a Stimulus-Organism-Response framework to investigate the psychological processes of different customer demographics during the COVID-19 lockdown period. A total of 374 validated data were analyzed by covariance-based structural equation modelling. The statistical results demonstrated by the proposed model showed a significant discrepancy between different gender groups, in which Flow, as a mediator, representing users' engagement and immersion in shopping via LSSAs, was significantly moderated by gender where connection between stimulus components, hedonic motivation, trust and social influence and response component perceived value are concerned. This study contributed a theoretical development and a practical framework to the explanation of the mental processes of different customer demographics when using an innovative e-commerce technology. Furthermore, the results can support the relevant stakeholders in e-commerce in their comprehensive understanding of customers' behavior, allowing better strategical and managerial development.

Behavioral Experimental Paradigms for the Evaluation of Drug's Influence on Cognitive Functions: Interpretation of Associative, Spatial/Nonspatial and Working Memory.

BACKGROUND: Currently, a large number of people throughout the world are affected by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease which appear with a lapse in recall, attention and altered cognitive functions. Learning and memory, the fundamental indices defining cognitive functions, are the complex psychological processes governing acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of stored information. These processes are synchronized by the coordination of various parts of the brain including hippocampus, striatum and amygdala. OBJECTIVE: The present review is centered on different behavioral paradigms in rodents interpreting learning and memory both explicitly and implicitly. Furthermore, it is also emphasizing on the interaction of various brain structures during different stages of associative, spatial and non-spatial memory. METHODS: We embarked on an objective review of literature relevant to screening methods for evaluation of drug's influence on a wide range of cognitive functions (learning and memory) as well as the underlying mechanism responsible for modulation of these functions. RESULTS: Our review highlighted the behavioral paradigms based on associative, spatial/nonspatial and working memory. The cited research acknowledged the hippocampal and striatal control on learning and memory. CONCLUSION: Since the neurodegenerative disorders and dementia have continuously been increasing, a wide range of therapeutic targets have been developed at the cellular and molecular level. This arises the necessity of screening of these targets in different cognitive behavioral paradigms which reflect their memory enhancing potential. The understanding of behavioral models and the involvement of brain structures in cognitive functions highlighted in the present review might be helpful to advance therapeutic interventions.

Prenociones de la temporalidad en los niños

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de este artículo consistió en la elaboración de una hipótesis sobre el desarrollo de prenociones de la temporalidad en el niño, como procesos previos a la elaboración de la temporalidad que supone la incorporación de la duración y la sucesión. Metodología: revisión documental y lectura hermenéutica de los autores. Resultados: Las prenociones se relacionan con los ciclos del sueño y del hambre, inscritos en los ritmos circadianos, regidos por sistemas neurológicos que se acoplan hasta regularizar una rutina que permite la construcción de la noción de la temporalidad, mediante el ciclo relacional, construido en la corteza cerebral, con el aporte del sistema biológico, psíquico y social. Conclusiones: las prenociones de la temporalidad se ligan inicialmente a los procesos cíclicos controlados por sistemas neurológicos altamente diferenciados que se acoplan con los ciclos relacionales del afecto y del juego.

Abstract Objective: To create hypotheses about the development of preconceived notions of the temporality in children, as processes that come before the elaboration of the temporality that includes duration and succession. Methodology: documentary review and hermeneutic reading of literature. Results: The preconceived notions are related to sleep and hunger cycles, registered in circadian rhythms, controlled by neurological systems that are connected to regularize a routine that allows the construction of the notion of temporality, through the relational cycle, built in the cerebral cortex, with the contribution of the biological, psychic and social system. Conclusions: the preconceived notions of temporality are initially linked to cyclical processes controlled by highly differentiated neurological systems that are fit together with the relational cycles of affect and play.

The Effect of Self-Esteem on Corrupt Intention: The Mediating Role of Materialism.

The present set of studies aimed to explore the effect of self-esteem on corrupt intention and the mediating role of materialism in generating this effect. In Study 1, we used questionnaires to investigate the correlation among self-esteem, materialism, and corrupt intention. In Study 2, we manipulated self-esteem to explore the causal effect of self-esteem on materialism and corrupt intention. In Study 3, we manipulated materialism to examine whether inducing materialism can reduce the relationship between self-esteem and corrupt intention. The three studies converged to show that increased self-esteem caused a low level of materialism, which in turn decreased corrupt intention. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Memoria para eventos emocionais: o papel do momento da testagem e do tipo de teste / Memory for emotional events: The role of time of testing and type of test

O impacto da emoção no desempenho da memória é amplamente discutido na literatura científica. No presente trabalho, a relação entre memória e emoção foi investigada em três experimentos por meio do Procedimento de Apresentação de Slides. No primeiro experimento, a memória de 128 participantes foi testada por meio de um teste de recordação livre para a versão emocionalmente estimulante ou neutra do Procedimento. No segundo experimento, 75 participantes responderam ao teste de recordação livre para a versão estimulante imediatamente após assistila ou uma semana depois. No terceiro experimento, 75 estudantes universitários assistiram à versão estimulante e responderam a um teste de recordação livre ou de reconhecimento uma semana depois. Os resultados indicaram que a memória para situações estimulantes é melhor quando testada imediatamente após a exposição ao estímulo por meio de recordação livre.

The impact of emotion on memory performance is widely debated in the scientific literature. In the present paper, the relation between emotion and memory was addressed in three experiments using the Slideshow Procedure. In the first experiment, 128 participants' memory was tested for one of two versions of the Procedure (arousal or neutral) through free recall. In the second experiment, 75 participants were asked to recall the information of the arousal version immediately after or one week after watching it. In the third experiment, 75 participants watched the arousal version and answered either a free recall or a recognition test one week after. The results suggested that memory for arousal events is better when tested immediately after the stimuli using free recall.

La modularidad y la realidad de los procesos psicológicos / A modularidade e a realidade dos processos psicológicos / Modularity and the reality of psychological processes

Este texto ofrece un escenario para el debate sobre el estatus de la noción de proceso psicológico a partir del enfoque de modularidad, asumida en cierta medida en la psicología contemporánea, que pone de manifiesto un compromiso con alguna variedad de arquitectura cognitiva. La modularidad fuerte ha sido un enfoque moderadamente exitoso, pero también ha conducido a una comprensión fragmentada de la mente y el comportamiento, insuficiente para fundamentar la práctica profesional en diversas áreas de la psicología. La modularidad débil, como hipótesis de trabajo y alternativa, puede ser una estrategia de investigación útil, pero también requiere la integración de los hallazgos de la investigación en psicología en un marco coherente. Se discuten las implicaciones de este debate en la enseñanza de la psicología.

The objective of this paper is to set the stage for a discussion of the status of the idea of psychological process within psychological explanations and descriptions, indicating some of its consequences for the teaching of psychology. It is argued that contemporary psychology espouses some form of modularity, which, in turn, reveals commitments to a particular variety of cognitive architecture. The assumption of modularity has been a fruitful approach in some areas (e. g. the study of perception), but it has also led to a piecemeal understanding of mind and behavior that is simply insufficient to provide foundations for professional practice in several areas of psychology (e. g. education). Whereas assuming weak modularity as a working hypothesis might be a useful and necessary research strategy, integrating psychological research findings into a coherent framework is necessary. This idea has important consequences for the teaching of psychology.

Este texto oferece um cenário para o debate sobre o status da noção de processo psicológico a partir do enfoque da modularidade, assumida em certa medida na psicologia contemporânea, que manifestou um compromisso com alguma variedade da arquitetura cognitiva. A modularidade forte tem sido um enfoque moderadamente exitoso, mas também tem conduzido a uma compreensão fragmentada da mente e do comportamento, insuficiente para fundamentar a prática profissional em diversas áreas da psicologia. Amodularidade fraca, como hipótese de trabalho e alternativa, pode ser uma estratégia de investigação útil, mas também requer a integração das descobertas de investigação em psicologia num marco coerente. Discutem-se as implicações deste debate no ensino de psicologia.