Inconsistencies in the perceived impact of the menstrual cycle on sport performance and in the prevalence of menstrual cycle symptoms: A scoping review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to summarize the findings of studies regarding the perceived impact of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance, as well as the prevalence of negative menstrual cycle symptoms. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: Three databases were searched and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used as guidance. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were included in the final analysis. Between 2.8 and 100 % of athletes reported their performance being negatively impacted by their menstrual cycle, and the main reason was the occurrence of menstrual cycle symptoms. Additionally, a large variability in the prevalence of menstrual cycle symptoms was reported in the different studies mainly due to methodological differences and recall biases. CONCLUSIONS: Similarly, as to what has been reported in reviews summarizing performance outcomes during different menstrual cycle phases, this review highlights the high degree of variability between how athletes perceive to be impacted by their menstrual/hormonal contraceptive cycle. REGISTRATION: The protocol of this scoping review was registered at the Open Science Framework on 14 September 2023 (osf.io/efu9x).

Sociodemographic, socioeconomic and motivational profile of brazilian triathletes / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros

ABSTRACT Introduction: Triathlon can be considered one of the most successful endurance sports worldwide due to the wide dissemination of information, expansion of the offer of competitions, and greater popularity. Objective: To analyze Brazilian triathletes' sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational profiles. Methods: 411 triathletes participated in the study, 127 women [37.87 ± 9.34 years] and 284 men [36.02 ± 9.23 years]. Three questionnaires were sent electronically to assess sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational data. In addition, descriptive analyses and statistical tests were performed to compare motivation between age, sex, and technical level groups. Results: It was found that there is a prevalence of male triathletes, amateurs, aged between 30-40 years, employed and economically favored. Amateur athletes have running as a base sport for Triathlon, and professionals start their sports career through swimming. Among the most practiced distances are the sprint Triathlon and half Ironman. Regarding motivation, women differ in the dimensions of group activity (p=0.020), emotion (p=0.002), and technical competence (p=0.007). Professional triathletes had higher scores in the dimensions of social recognition (p=0.001) and competition (p=0.001) and lower scores in the physical fitness dimension (p=0.005). Triathletes aged between 35 and 49 years had lower averages in the social recognition dimension (p=0.007), (p=0.012) and (p=0.004) and competition (p=0.028), (p=0.008) and (p=0.044) when compared to athletes aged 20 to 29 years. Conclusion: the profile of Brazilian triathletes is diverse, and differences in sex, age, and technical level impacted the motivation of the evaluated triathletes. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnosis test; Study of non-consecutive patients, with no uniformly applied "gold standard".

RESUMEN Introducción: El triatlón puede considerarse uno de los deportes de resistencia de mayor éxito a nivel mundial debido a la gran difusión de información, ampliación de la oferta de competiciones y mayor popularidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 411 triatletas, 127 mujeres [37,87 ± 9,34 años] y 284 hombres [36,02 ± 9,23 años]. Se enviaron electrónicamente tres cuestionarios para evaluar datos sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y de motivación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas para comparar la motivación entre grupos de edad, sexo y nivel técnico. Resultados: Se encontró que existe un predominio de triatletas masculinos, amateurs, con edades entre 30-40 años, empleados y económicamente favorecidos. Los deportistas aficionados tienen la carrera como deporte base para el Triatlón y los profesionales inician su carrera deportiva a través de la natación. Entre las distancias más practicadas se encuentran el Triatlón sprint y el medio Ironman. Respecto a la motivación, las mujeres difieren en las dimensiones actividad grupal (p=0,020), emoción (p=0,002) y competencia técnica (p=0,007). Los triatletas profesionales obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las dimensiones de reconocimiento social (p=0,001) y competición (p=0,001) y puntuaciones más bajas en la dimensión de condición física (p=0,005). Los triatletas con edades comprendidas entre 35 y 49 años tuvieron medias más bajas en la dimensión reconocimiento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) y (p=0,004) y competición (p=0,028), (p=0,008) y (p=0,044) en comparación con atletas de 20 a 29 años. Conclusión: el perfil de los triatletas brasileños es diverso y las diferencias de sexo, edad y nivel técnico impactaron en la motivación de los triatletas evaluados. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un diagnóstico prueba; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin un "patrón oro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMO Introdução: O Triathlon pode ser considerado um dos esportes endurance de maior sucesso mundialmente devido à grande disseminação de informações, ampliação da oferta de competições e maior popularidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 411 triatletas, sendo 127 mulheres [37,87 ± 9,34 anos] e 284 homens [36,02 ± 9,23 anos]. Foram enviados eletronicamente três questionários que avaliam dados sociodemográficos, socioeconômicos e a motivação. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e testes estatísticos para comparar a motivação entre grupos de idade, sexo e nível técnico. Resultados: Verificou-se que há prevalência de triatletas homens, amadores, com faixa etária entre 30-40 anos, empregados e economicamente favorecidos. Atletas amadores possuem a corrida como esporte de base para o Triathlon e profissionais iniciam sua carreira esportiva pela natação. Entre as distâncias mais praticadas estão o Triathlon sprint e meio Ironman. Sobre a motivação, mulheres diferem nas dimensões de atividade de grupo (p=0,020), emoção (p=0,002) e competência técnica (p=0,007). Triatletas profissionais apresentaram maiores pontuações nas dimensões de reconhecimento social (p=0,001) e competição (p=0,001) e menores pontuações na dimensão aptidão física (p=0,005). Triatletas com idades entre 35 a 49 anos obtiveram menores médias na dimensão reconhecimento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) e (p=0,004) e competição (p=0,028), (p=0,008) e (p=0,044) quando comparados com atletas de 20 a 29 anos. Conclusão: o perfil de triatletas brasileiros é diverso e as diferenças de sexo, idade e nível técnico impactaram na motivação dos triatletas avaliados. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um diagnóstico este; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem "padrão ouro" aplicado de maneira uniforme.

To rest or to compete? A 4-week cohort study of analgesic use and willingness to compete hurt in Danish youth elite athletes.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between analgesic use and willingness to compete hurt (WCH) in Danish youth elite athletes, and to explore factors associated with such willingness. DESIGN: 4-week prospective cohort study. METHODS: 592 Danish youth elite athletes (15-20 years) completed a baseline questionnaire assessing demographic information, sport history, and WCH, and provided weekly reports on analgesic use for 4 weeks via text messages. Analgesic use was categorized as no use (0 weeks) or use across 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, and as the total number of days with analgesic use. Multinomial logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial regression analyses estimated the association between analgesic use and WCH. Linear backward stepwise regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with WCH. RESULTS: Overall, risk of analgesic use increased significantly with increasing WCH scores (relative risk ratios ranging from 1.06 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.12%) to 1.34% (95% CI 1.15 to 1.57)). The incidence rate of analgesic use increased significantly with increasing WCH scores (incidence rate ratio 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14)). Associations between the investigated possible antecedent factors and WCH were weak and not considered practically important (R2 = 0.05 or lower). CONCLUSIONS: Higher WCH scores were associated with increasing risk of analgesic use, irrespective of the underlying reason for the use, in Danish youth elite athletes, suggesting that analgesics may be an ingrained part of a sport-specific culture of risk acceptance. Future studies should include measures of culture, norms, and social interaction to better explain the variance in WCH.

Intersection of mental health issues and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs.

Overall athlete health is a stated priority by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), yet it can be difficult for athletes to safely balance nutritional needs, training load, recovery, social interactions, expectations and other demands. The effect of energy intake and, especially, low energy availability (LEA) on athlete mental health, is understudied. In this narrative review, we examine research that has included psychological factors and mental health variables when investigating the effect of LEA, dieting/restrictive eating and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), since the 2018 IOC consensus statement on REDs. Based on currently available data, early psychological indicators associated with problematic LEA are mood changes, fatigue and psychological conflict. More severe mental health outcomes associated with REDs are reduced well-being, elevated anxiety, depressive symptoms and eating disorders. We propose a psychological model that helps structure how possible risk factors (eg, body dissatisfaction, environmental demands or increased training load) and moderating (eg, gender, sport) and/or potential mediating (eg, social climate, self-esteem) factors are associated with LEA and ultimately REDs. The current scientific literature underscores the importance of including mental health factors when screening for REDs and for developing a clinical approach to address the psychological sequelae of REDs once diagnosed. An interdisciplinary perspective is recommended. Lastly, and importantly, the athlete perspective urges clinicians to not underestimate the drive for success and denial of health consequences that athletes demonstrate when pursuing their sport goals.

2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International Olympic Committee's expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced by female and male athletes exposed to low energy availability (LEA; inadequate energy intake in relation to exercise energy expenditure). Since the 2018 REDs consensus, there have been >170 original research publications advancing the field of REDs science, including emerging data demonstrating the growing role of low carbohydrate availability, further evidence of the interplay between mental health and REDs and more data elucidating the impact of LEA in males. Our knowledge of REDs signs and symptoms has resulted in updated Health and Performance Conceptual Models and the development of a novel Physiological Model. This Physiological Model is designed to demonstrate the complexity of either problematic or adaptable LEA exposure, coupled with individual moderating factors, leading to changes in health and performance outcomes. Guidelines for safe and effective body composition assessment to help prevent REDs are also outlined. A new REDs Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 is introduced to facilitate the detection and clinical diagnosis of REDs based on accumulated severity and risk stratification, with associated training and competition recommendations. Prevention and treatment principles of REDs are presented to encourage best practices for sports organisations and clinicians. Finally, methodological best practices for REDs research are outlined to stimulate future high-quality research to address important knowledge gaps.

Surveillance of athlete mental health symptoms and disorders: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee's consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance.

In 2019, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published a consensus statement outlining the principles for recording and reporting injury and illness in elite sport. The authors encouraged sport federations to adapt the framework to their sport-specific context. Since this publication, several sports have published extensions to the IOC consensus statement.In response to a paucity of epidemiological data on athlete mental health, the IOC mental health working group adapted the IOC consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance to improve the capturing of athlete mental health data. In addition to the members of the working group, other experts and athlete representatives joined the project team to address gaps in expertise, and to add stakeholder perspective, respectively. Following an in-person meeting, the authors worked remotely, applying the scientific literature on athlete mental health to the IOC injury and illness surveillance framework. A virtual meeting was held to reach consensus on final recommendations.Practical outcomes based on the analysis of the scientific literature are provided with respect to surveillance design, data collection and storage, data analysis and reporting of athlete mental health data. Mental health-specific report forms for athlete and health professional utilisation are included for both longitudinal and event-specific surveillance.Ultimately, this publication should encourage the standardisation of surveillance methodology for mental health symptoms and disorders among athletes, which will improve consistency in study designs, thus facilitating the pooling of data and comparison across studies. The goal is to encourage systematic surveillance of athlete mental health.

The intention-behaviour gap in physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the action control framework.

OBJECTIVE: Intention is the proximal antecedent of physical activity in many popular psychological models. Despite the utility of these models, the discrepancy between intention and actual behaviour, known as the intention-behaviour gap, is a central topic of current basic and applied research. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantify intention-behaviour profiles and the intention-behaviour gap. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Literature search was conducted in June 2022 and updated in February 2023 in five databases. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Eligible studies included a measure of physical activity, an assessment of physical activity intention and the employment of the intention-behaviour relationship into profile quadrants. Only papers published in the English language and in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Screening was assisted by the artificial intelligence tool ASReview. RESULTS: Twenty-five independent samples were selected from 22 articles including a total of N=29 600. Random-effects meta-analysis revealed that 26.0% of all participants were non-intenders not exceeding their intentions, 4.2% were non-intenders who exceeded their intentions, 33.0% were unsuccessful intenders and 38.7% were successful intenders. Based on the proportion of unsuccessful intenders to all intenders, the overall intention-behaviour gap was 47.6%. CONCLUSION: The findings underscore that intention is a necessary, yet insufficient antecedent of physical activity for many. Successful translation of a positive intention into behaviour is nearly at chance. Incorporating mechanisms to overcome the intention-behaviour gap are recommended for clinical practice.

Analysis of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) in Team USA athletes.

OBJECTIVE: The Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) was introduced as a critical component to the athlete health evaluation. However, the effectiveness of the initial triage step questionnaire (Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ)) has yet to be analysed within a National Olympic and Paralympic Committee delegation. This study evaluated the ability of the APSQ to identify athletes at risk for mental health concerns. METHODS: Athletes completed the APSQ and all subsequent screening questionnaires of the SMHAT-1 as part of their Tokyo and Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games health history screening. Each questionnaire was scored according to published guidelines, and the false-negative rate (FNR) for the APSQ identifying athletes that were positively screened on the subsequent questionnaires was computed. RESULTS: 1066 athletes from 51 different Olympic and Paralympic and Summer and Winter sports completed the SMHAT-1. The FNRs for all athletes who were positively screened on a subsequent questionnaire with an APSQ score of <17 ranged from 4.8% to 66.7%. The global FNR for being positively screened on any questionnaire was 67.5%. Female, Paralympic and Winter athletes scored higher on one or more questionnaires compared with male, Olympic and Summer athletes, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Due to the high FNR of the APSQ detecting a potential mental health concern, we recommend athletes complete the APSQ and all subsequent questionnaires of the SMHAT-1 rather than using only the APSQ as an initial screening test.

Does cardiovascular preparticipation screening cause psychological distress in athletes? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychological implications of cardiovascular preparticipation screening (PPS) in athletes. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, APA PsycInfo, Cochrane Library and grey literature sources. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Observational and experimental studies assessing a population of athletes who participated in a cardiovascular PPS protocol, where psychological outcomes before, during and/or after PPS were reported. METHODS: Results of included studies were synthesised by consolidating similar study-reported measures for key psychological outcomes before, during and/or after screening. Summary measures (medians, ranges) were computed across studies for each psychological outcome. RESULTS: A total of eight studies were included in this review (median sample size: 479). Study cohorts consisted of high school, collegiate, professional and recreational athletes (medians: 59% male, 20.5 years). Most athletes reported positive reactions to screening and would recommend it to others (range 88%-100%, five studies). Increased psychological distress was mainly reported among athletes detected with pathological cardiac conditions and true-positive screening results. In comparison, athletes with false-positive screening results still reported an increased feeling of safety while participating in sport and were satisfied with PPS. A universal conclusion across all studies was that most athletes did not experience psychological distress before, during or after PPS, regardless of the screening modality used or accuracy of results. CONCLUSION: Psychological distress associated with PPS in athletes is rare and limited to athletes with true-positive findings. To mitigate downstream consequences in athletes who experience psychological distress, appropriate interventions and resources should be accessible prior to the screening procedure. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021272887.

Effect of mindfulness-based programmes on elite athlete mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) on the mental health of elite athletes. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Eight online databases (Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses and Google Scholar), plus forward and backward searching from included studies and previous systematic reviews. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared an MBP against a control, in current or former elite athletes. RESULTS: Of 2386 articles identified, 12 RCTs were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, comprising a total of 614 elite athletes (314 MBPs and 300 controls). Overall, MBPs improved mental health, with large significant pooled effect sizes for reducing symptoms of anxiety (hedges g=-0.87, number of studies (n)=6, p=0.017, I 2=90) and stress (g=-0.91, n=5, p=0.012, I 2=74) and increasing psychological well-being (g=0.96, n=5, p=0.039., I 2=89). Overall, the risk of bias and certainty of evidence was moderate, and all findings were subject to high estimated levels of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: MBPs improved several mental health outcomes. Given the moderate degree of evidence, high-quality, adequately powered trials are required in the future. These studies should emphasise intervention fidelity, teacher competence and scalability within elite sport. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020176654.

Realidade virtual nas capacidades cognitivas e psicológicas em pessoas idosas: Revisão sistemática com metanálise / Virtual reality in cognitive and psychological capacities in the elderly: a systematic review with meta-analysis / Realidad virtual en capacidades cognitivas y psicológicas en personas mayores: una revisión sistemática con metanálisis

Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos dos exercícios por realidade virtual (RV)com o exercício físico convencional para as capacidades cognitivas e psicológicas das pessoas idosas. Métodos: Incluídos artigos publicados entre 2012 e 2021, das bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane Library e Web of Science. Critérios de inclusão: estratégia PICO (Participante, Intervenção, Comparação e Outcome/Desfecho; RoB 2- Cochrane para analisar o risco de viés para ensaios randomizados; GRADE Pro, avaliação da qualidade das evidências. Resultados e discussão: 403 artigos inicialmente identificados, 23 elegíveis para a revisão sistemática e 14 incluídos na metanálise. Instrumentos encontrados: Trail Making Test (TMT-B), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). No TMT-B observamos heterogeneidade (Tau²=0,51, I²=82,97%, Q=17,51, p=0,001) e diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, favorecendo a intervenção por RV (p=0,028). No Stroop Test, não observamos heterogeneidade (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1,53, p=0,464) e não houve diferença entre os grupos (p=0,194). Nos testes MEEM e MoCA, tivemos heterogeneidade entre os grupos (Tau²=0,17, I²=63,47%, Q=18,055, p=0,012), favorecendo a RV de maneira estatisticamente significativa (p=0,008). O SF-36 não apresentou heterogeneidade entre os grupos (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1,53, p=0,464) e não houve diferença estatística significativa (0,657). Conclusão: Ainda não é possível afirmar que apenas a utilização da RV é eficiente, porém ressaltamos que as intervenções realizadas com as pessoas idosas, nas quais eles se sentem parte e são responsáveis pelo seu desempenho, mostram a interação e motivação para o exercício físico, ajudando a terem uma vida mais saudável e com mais qualidade.

Objective: To compare the effects of virtual reality (VR) exercises with conventional physical exercise on the cognitive and psychological capabilities of older people. Methods: Included articles published between 2012 and 2021, from the PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria: PICO strategy (Participant, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome/Outcome and; RoB 2- Cochrane to analyze the risk of bias for randomized trials; GRADE Pro, assessment of the quality of evidence. Results and discussion: 403 articles initially identified, 23 eligible for the systematic review and 14 included in the meta-analysis. Instruments found: Trail Making Test (TMT-B), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). In TMT-B we observed heterogeneity (Tau²=0.51, I²=82.97%, Q=17.51, p=0.001) and a statistically significant difference between the groups, favoring the VR intervention (p=0.028). In the Stroop Test, we did not observe heterogeneity (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1.53, p=0.464) and there was no difference between the groups (p=0.194). In the MMSE and MoCA tests, we had heterogeneity between the groups (Tau²=0.17, I²=63.47%, Q=18.055, p=0.012), favoring VR in a statistically significant way (p=0.008). The SF-36 showed no heterogeneity between groups (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1.53, p=0.464) and there was no statistically significant difference (0.657). Conclusion: It is not yet possible to say that the use of VR alone is efficient, however we emphasize that interventions carried out with elderly people, in which they feel part of and are responsible for their performance, show interaction and motivation for physical exercise, helping them to have a healthier and more quality life.

Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de los ejercicios de realidad virtual (RV) con el ejercicio físico convencional sobre las capacidades cognitivas y psicológicas de las personas mayores. Métodos: Se incluyeron artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2021, de las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane Library y Web of Science. Criterios de inclusión: estrategia PICO (participante, intervención, comparación y resultado/resultado; RoB 2- Cochrane para analizar el riesgo de sesgo de ensayos aleatorios; GRADE Pro, evaluación de la calidad de la evidencia. Resultados y discusión: 403 artículos identificados inicialmente, 23 elegibles para la revisión sistemática y 14 incluidos en el metanálisis. Instrumentos encontrados: Trail Making Test (TMT-B), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) y Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). En TMT-B observamos heterogeneidad (Tau²=0,51, I²=82,97%, Q=17,51, p=0,001) y una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos, favoreciendo la intervención de RV (p=0,028). En el Test de Stroop no observamos heterogeneidad (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1,53, p=0,464) y no hubo diferencia entre los grupos (p=0,194). En las pruebas MMSE y MoCA tuvimos heterogeneidad entre los grupos (Tau²=0,17, I²=63,47%, Q=18,055, p=0,012), favoreciendo la RV de forma estadísticamente significativa (p=0,008). El SF-36 no mostró heterogeneidad entre grupos (Tau²=0, I²=0, Q=1,53, p=0,464) y no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (0,657). Conclusión: Aún no es posible afirmar que el uso de la RV por sí solo sea eficiente, sin embargo destacamos que las intervenciones realizadas con personas mayores, en las que se sienten parte y responsables de su desempeño, muestran interacción y motivación para el ejercicio físico. ayudándoles a tener una vida más sana y de calidad.

Tecnologia para treinamento físico durante a pandemia COVID-19: um estudo transversal com estudantes-atletas universitários / Technology to physical training during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross sectional study with college student-athletes / Tecnología para el entrenamiento físico durante la pandemia del COVID-19: un estudio transversal con estudiantes-atletas universitarios

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o uso de aplicativos de smartphone para treinamento físico (APP) e a participação em Treinos Mediados por Tecnologia (TMT) em uma amostra de estudantes-atletas (EA) universitários durante a pandemia COVID-19. Método: Nossa pesquisa descritiva transversal avaliou EA de uma Universidade privada do estado de São Paulo usando um questionário adaptado à plataforma Google Forms. Resultado: Participaram da pesquisa 271 EA (Homem=158; Mulher=113; Midade=21,74±2,26 anos); sendo que 163 (60,1%) utilizaram APP, 214 (79%) utilizaram TMT e 247 (91,1%) utilizaram ambos os recursos. Foram citados 46 diferentes APP, sendo os principais: 1. Nike Training Club (n=75, 37,7%); 2. Nike Run Club (n=29; 14,6%); 3. Adidas Running (n=13; 6,5%) e 4. Leap Fitness Group (n=13; 6,5%). O Teste χ2 revelou que as mulheres foram as principais usuárias de tecnologia [APP (p=0,005; V=0,169); TMT (p<0,0001; V=0,216) e; APP+TMT (p=0,009; V=0,158)] durante a pandemia. Os EA amadores utilizaram mais APP (p=0,003; V=0,209) do que EA federados e ex-federados. Considerações finais: Os resultados destacam o extensivo uso de tecnologia na manutenção dos treinamentos físicos dos EA universitários durante a pandemia COVID-19, principalmente entre as mulheres e EA amadores. Estudos futuros devem quantificar os efeitos do uso de tecnologia na saúde física e emocional dos EA universitários.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to describe the use of smartphone applications for physical training (APP) and participation in Technology-Mediated Training (TMT) in a sample of college student-athletes (SA) during the COVID 19 pandemic. Method: Our descriptive research evaluated EA from a private university from São Paulo states using a questionnaire adapted to the Google Forms platform. Result: 271 SA (Male=158; Female=113; M=21,74±2,26 years old) participated in the survey. 163 (60,1%) SA use APP, 214 (79%) use TMT and 247 (91,1%) use both resources. 46 different APPs were mentioned, the main ones being: 1. Nike Training Club (n=75, 37,7%); 2. Nike Run Club (n=29; 14, 6%) %); 3. Adidas Running (n=13; 6,5%); 4. Leap Fitness Group (n=13; 6,5%) The χ2 test revealed that women were the main users of technology [APP (p=0,005; V=0,169); TMT (p<0,0001; V=0,216) and; APP+TMT (p=0,009; V=0,158)] during the pandemic. Amateur SA used more APP (p=0,003). Final considerations: The results highlight the extensive use of technology in maintaining university SA training during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among women and amateur SA. Future studies should quantify the effects of the use of technology on the physical and emotional health of university SA.

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estúdio fue describir el uso de aplicaciones de smartphone para entrenamiento físico (APP) y participación em Entrenamiento Mediado por Tecnología (TMT) en una muestra de estudiantes-atletas universitarios (EA) durante la pandemia de COVID 19. Método: Nuestra investigación descriptiva transversal evaluó EA en una universidad privada em el estado de São Paulo usando um cuestionario adaptado ala plataforma Google Forms. Resultado: 271 EA (Hombres=158; Mujeres=113; M=21,74±2,26 años) participaron de la investigación. 163 (60,1%) EA utilizaron APP, 214 (79%) utilizaron TMT y 247 (91,1%) utilizaron ambos Se mencionaron 46 APP diferentes, siendo las principales: 1. Nike Training Club (n=75, 37,7 %), 2. Nike Run Club (n=29; 14,6 %), 3. Adidas Running (n=13; 6,5%); 4. Leap Fitness Group (n=13; 6,5%) La prueba de χ2 reveló que las mujeres eran las principales usuarias de la tecnología [APP (p=0,005; V=0,169); TMT (p<0,0001; V=0,216) y; APP+TMT (p=0.009; V=0.158)] durante la pandemia. Los EA aficionados utilizaron más APP (p=0.003; V=0.209) que los EA federados y ex federados. Consideraciones finales: Los resultados destacan la amplia uso de la tecnologia em el mantenimiento de la preparación física de los EA universitarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19, especialmente entre las mujeres y los EA amateurs. Futuros estúdios deberían cuantificar los efectos del uso de la tecnologia em la salud física y emocional de los EA universitarios.

Habilidades para vida e as necessidades psicológicas básicas de atletas universitários / Life skills and basic psychological needs of university athletes

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as necessidades psicológicas básicas (NPB) e a percepção de desenvolvimento de habilidades para vida (HV) em atletas universitários. Participaram 136 atletas universitários (21,78±3,37 anos) participantes dos Jogos Universitários Brasileiros 2019. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de HV para o Esporte e a Escala de Satisfação das BPN para o Esporte. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnorv e o t independente (p<0,05). Os atletas universitários demonstraram satisfação com suas BPN e alta percepção de desenvolvimento de HV. Atletas universitários do sexo masculino e que recebem algum tipo de incentivo financeiro demonstraram se perceber mais autônomos. Já os mais velhos, de instituição privada, que recebem incentivo financeiro indicam maior desenvolvimento de HV no esporte. É fundamental que profissionais envolvidos no contexto universitário proporcionem experiências esportivas positivas, visando fomentar a satisfação das BPN e no desenvolvimento das HV.

The aim of this study was to compare the basic psychological needs (BPN) and the perception of life skills (LS) in university athletes. Participants (n=136) were 21.78±3.37 years and participated in the 2019 Brazilian University Games. The instruments used were the LS Scale for Sport and the BPN Satisfaction Scale for Sport. For data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnorv test and the independent t-test (p<0.05) were used. University athletes demonstrated satisfaction with their BPN and high perception of LS development. Male university athletes receiving some type of financial incentive demonstrated they perceive themselves to be more autonomous. Older athletes from a private institution, who receive financial incentives indicate greater development of LS in sport. University professionals should provide positive sports experiences, aiming to promote BPN satisfaction and the development of LS.