Appraising LaQshya's potential in measuring quality of care for mothers and newborns: a comprehensive review of India's Labor Room Quality Improvement Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Poor intrapartum care in India contributes to high maternal and newborn mortality. India's Labor Room Quality Improvement Initiative (LaQshya) launched in 2017, aims to improve intrapartum care by minimizing complications, enforcing protocols, and promoting respectful maternity care (RMC). However, limited studies pose a challenge to fully examine its potential to assess quality of maternal and newborn care. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap and reviews LaQshya's ability to assess maternal and newborn care quality. Findings will guide modifications for enhancing LaQshya's effectiveness. METHODS: We reviewed LaQshya's ability to assess the quality of care through a two-step approach: a comprehensive descriptive analysis using document reviews to highlight program attributes, enablers, and challenges affecting LaQshya's quality assessment capability, and a comparison of its measurement parameters with the 352 quality measures outlined in the WHO Standards for Maternal and Newborn Care. Comparing LaQshya with WHO standards offers insights into how its measurement criteria align with global standards for assessing maternity and newborn care quality. RESULTS: LaQshya utilizes several proven catalysts to enhance and measure quality- institutional structures, empirical measures, external validation, certification, and performance incentives for high-quality care. The program also embodies contemporary methods like quality circles, rapid improvement cycles, ongoing facility training, and plan-do-check, and act (PDCA) strategies for sustained quality enhancement. Key drivers of LaQshya's assessment are- leadership, staff mentoring, digital infrastructure and stakeholder engagement from certified facilities. However, governance issues, understaffing, unclear directives, competency gaps, staff reluctance towards new quality improvement approaches inhibit the program, and its capacity to enhance quality of care. LaQshya addresses 76% of WHO's 352 quality measures for maternal and newborn care but lacks comprehensive assessment of crucial elements: harmful labor practices, mistreatment of mothers or newborns, childbirth support, and effective clinical leadership and supervision. CONCLUSION: LaQshya is a powerful model for evaluating quality of care, surpassing other global assessment tools. To achieve its maximum potential, we suggest strengthening district governance structures and offering tailored training programs for RMC and other new quality processes. Furthermore, expanding its quality measurement metrics to effectively assess provider accountability, patient outcomes, rights, staff supervision, and health facility leadership will increase its ability to assess quality improvements.

Association and Contribution of Patient and Bereaved Family Background to Outcomes of Survivor Surveys

A secondary analysis of data from national bereavement surveys conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018 was conducted with the aim of identifying the contribution of various patient and bereavement backgrounds to the outcomes of the Bereavement Survey. The data were evaluated in terms of structure and process of care (CES), achievement of a desirable death (GDI), complexity grief (BGQ), and depression (PHQ-9). The large data set and comprehensive analysis of bereavement survey outcomes clarified the need for adjustment of confounding variables and which variables should be adjusted for in future analyses. Overall, the contribution of the background factors examined in this study to the CES (Adj-R2=0.014) and overall satisfaction (Adj-R2=0.055) was low. The contribution of the GDI (Adj-R2=0.105) was relatively high, and that of the PHQ-9 (Max-rescaled R2=0.200) and BGQ (Max-rescaled R2=0.207) was non-negligible.

Assessing the Utility of a Quality-of-Care Assessment Tool Used in Assessing Comprehensive Care Services Provided by Community Health Workers in South Africa.

Background: Few studies exist on the tools for assessing quality-of-care of community health worker (CHW) who provide comprehensive care, and for available tools, evidence on the utility is scanty. We aimed to assess the utility components of a previously-reported quality-of-care assessment tool developed for summative assessment in South Africa. Methods: In two provinces, we used ratings by 21 CHWs and three team leaders in two primary health care facilities per province regarding whether the tool covered everything that happens during their household visits and whether they were happy to be assessed using the tool (acceptability and face validity), to derive agreement index (≥85%, otherwise the tool had to be revised). A panel of six experts quantitatively validated 11 items of the tool (content validity). Content validity index (CVI), of individual items (I-CVI) or entire scale (S-CVI), should be >80% (excellent). For the inter-rater reliability (IRR), we determined agreement between paired observers' assigned quality-of-care messages and communication scores during 18 CHW household visits (nine households per site). Bland and Altman plots and multilevel model analysis, for clustered data, were used to assess IRR. Results: In all four CHW and team leader sites, agreement index was ≥85%, except for whether they were happy to be assessed using the tool, where it was <85% in one facility. The I-CVI of the 11 items in the tool ranged between 0.83 and 1.00. For the S-CVI, all six experts agreed on relevancy (universal agreement) in eight of 11 items (0.72) whereas the average of I-CVIs, was 0.95. The Bland-Altman plot limit of agreements between paired observes were -0.18 to 0.44 and -0.30 to 0.44 (messages score); and -0.22 to 0.45 and -0.28 to 0.40 (communication score). Multilevel modeling revealed an estimated reliability of 0.77 (messages score) and 0.14 (communication score). Conclusion: The quality-of-care assessment tool has a high face and content validity. IRR was substantial for quality-of-care messages but not for communication score. This suggests that the tool may only be useful in the formative assessment of CHWs. Such assessment can provide the basis for reflection and discussion on CHW performance and lead to change.

Instrumento para la evaluación del proceso de atención al adulto mayor en el consultorio del médico y la enfermera de la familia / A tool for assessing senior adult care in the family doctor's office

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población constituye un reto para la salud pública, en tanto incrementa la demanda de atención especializada a adultos mayores aquejados de enfermedades no transmisibles y discapacidades. Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención al adulto mayor que cumpla con los atributos de validez, fiabilidad, capacidad discriminatoria y factibilidad requeridos. Métodos: se realizó un trabajo de desarrollo tecnológico a partir de la aplicación de un algoritmo metodológico, que permitió la construcción y validación de un formulario para la evaluación de las historias clínicas en un Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia. La validación del instrumento incluyó el análisis de consistencia interna a través del coeficiente de Cronbach global y eliminando ítems, la validación de contenido por expertos, mediante los criterios de Moriyama y el Índice Kappa de Concordancia para la evaluación del poder discriminatorio. La factibilidad se confirmó durante las aplicaciones. Resultados: se obtuvo un instrumento de cinco módulos: datos generales, dispensarización, examen periódico de salud, vacunación e interconsultas. Conclusiones: se diseñó y validó un instrumento, tipo formulario, para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención médica al adulto mayor, que cumple con los requisitos métricos de fiabilidad, validez, poder discriminatorio y factibilidad requeridos para su uso en el Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia(AU)

Introduction: Population ageing is a public health challenge, as it increases the demand of specialized care for senior adults suffering from noncommunicable diseases and disabilities. Objective: To develop a tool for assessing the quality of senior adult care that meets the required attributes of validity, reliability, discriminatory capacity and feasibility. Methods: A work of technological development was carried out beginning with the application of a methodological algorithm, which permitted the construction and validation of a questionnaire for assessing the clinical records in a family doctor's office. The tool validation included the analysis of the internal consistency by global Cronbach rate and eliminating items; the validation of contents by experts, using Moriyama criteria and the Kappa concordance coefficient for assessing the discriminatory power. Results: A tool of five modules was obtained: general information, distribution, followed-up health examination, vaccination and consultations. Conclusions: A questionnaire-type tool was designed and validated for assessing the quality of senior adult care, which meet the metrical requirements of reliability, validity, discriminatory power and feasibility to be used in the family doctor's office(AU)

Instrumento para la evaluación del proceso de atención al adulto mayor en el consultorio del médico y la enfermera de la familia / A tool for assessing senior adult care in the family doctors office

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población constituye un reto para la salud pública, en tanto incrementa la demanda de atención especializada a adultos mayores aquejados de enfermedades no transmisibles y discapacidades.Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención al adulto mayor que cumpla con los atributos de validez, fiabilidad, capacidad discriminatoria y factibilidad requeridos.Métodos: se realizó un trabajo de desarrollo tecnológico a partir de la aplicación de un algoritmo metodológico, que permitió la construcción y validación de un formulario para la evaluación de las historias clínicas en un Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia. La validación del instrumento incluyó el análisis de consistencia interna a través del coeficiente de Cronbach global y eliminando ítems, la validación de contenido por expertos, mediante los criterios de Moriyama y el Índice Kappa de Concordancia para la evaluación del poder discriminatorio. La factibilidad se confirmó durante las aplicaciones.Resultados: se obtuvo un instrumento de cinco módulos: datos generales, dispensarización, examen periódico de salud, vacunación e interconsultas.Conclusiones: se diseñó y validó un instrumento, tipo formulario, para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención médica al adulto mayor, que cumple con los requisitos métricos de fiabilidad, validez, poder discriminatorio y factibilidad requeridos para su uso en el Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia

Instrumento para la evaluación del proceso de atención al adulto mayor en el consultorio del médico y la enfermera de la familia / A tool for assessing senior adult care in the family doctor's office

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población constituye un reto para la salud pública, en tanto incrementa la demanda de atención especializada a adultos mayores aquejados de enfermedades no transmisibles y discapacidades. Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención al adulto mayor que cumpla con los atributos de validez, fiabilidad, capacidad discriminatoria y factibilidad requeridos. Métodos: se realizó un trabajo de desarrollo tecnológico a partir de la aplicación de un algoritmo metodológico, que permitió la construcción y validación de un formulario para la evaluación de las historias clínicas en un Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia. La validación del instrumento incluyó el análisis de consistencia interna a través del coeficiente de Cronbach global y eliminando ítems, la validación de contenido por expertos, mediante los criterios de Moriyama y el Índice Kappa de Concordancia para la evaluación del poder discriminatorio. La factibilidad se confirmó durante las aplicaciones. Resultados: se obtuvo un instrumento de cinco módulos: datos generales, dispensarización, examen periódico de salud, vacunación e interconsultas. Conclusiones: se diseñó y validó un instrumento, tipo formulario, para la evaluación de la calidad del proceso de atención médica al adulto mayor, que cumple con los requisitos métricos de fiabilidad, validez, poder discriminatorio y factibilidad requeridos para su uso en el Consultorio del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia(AU)

Introduction: Population ageing is a public health challenge, as it increases the demand of specialized care for senior adults suffering from noncommunicable diseases and disabilities. Objective: To develop a tool for assessing the quality of senior adult care that meets the required attributes of validity, reliability, discriminatory capacity and feasibility. Methods: A work of technological development was carried out beginning with the application of a methodological algorithm, which permitted the construction and validation of a questionnaire for assessing the clinical records in a family doctor's office. The tool validation included the analysis of the internal consistency by global Cronbach rate and eliminating items; the validation of contents by experts, using Moriyama criteria and the Kappa concordance coefficient for assessing the discriminatory power. Results: A tool of five modules was obtained: general information, distribution, followed-up health examination, vaccination and consultations. Conclusions: A questionnaire-type tool was designed and validated for assessing the quality of senior adult care, which meet the metrical requirements of reliability, validity, discriminatory power and feasibility to be used in the family doctor's office(AU)

Assessment of performance and utility of mortality prediction models in a single Indian mixed tertiary intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the performance and utility of two mortality prediction models viz. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) in a single Indian mixed tertiary intensive care unit (ICU). Secondary objectives were bench-marking and setting a base line for research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this observational cohort, data needed for calculation of both scores were prospectively collected for all consecutive admissions to 28-bedded ICU in the year 2011. After excluding readmissions, discharges within 24 h and age <18 years, the records of 1543 patients were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: Both models overpredicted mortality in this cohort [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 0.88 ± 0.05 and 0.95 ± 0.06 using APACHE II and SAPS II respectively]. Patterns of predicted mortality had strong association with true mortality (R (2) = 0.98 for APACHE II and R (2) = 0.99 for SAPS II). Both models performed poorly in formal Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit testing (Chi-square = 12.8 (P = 0.03) for APACHE II, Chi-square = 26.6 (P = 0.001) for SAPS II) but showed good discrimination (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.86 ± 0.013 SE (P < 0.001) and 0.83 ± 0.013 SE (P < 0.001) for APACHE II and SAPS II, respectively). There were wide variations in SMRs calculated for subgroups based on International Classification of Disease, 10(th) edition (standard deviation ± 0.27 for APACHE II and 0.30 for SAPS II). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Lack of fit of data to the models and wide variation in SMRs in subgroups put a limitation on utility of these models as tools for assessing quality of care and comparing performances of different units without customization. Considering comparable performance and simplicity of use, efforts should be made to adapt SAPS II.