ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Quassia amara L. recently came into the spotlight in French Guiana, when it became the object of a biopiracy claim. Due to the numerous use records throughout the Guiana shield, at least since the 18th century, a thorough investigation of its origin seemed relevant and timely. In the light of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya protocol, questions about the origin of local knowledge are important to debate. AIM OF THE STUDY: Defining cultural biogeography as the dynamics through space and time of biocultural complexes, we used this theoretical framework to shed light on the complex biogeographical and cultural history of Q. amara. We explored in particular the possible transfer of medicinal knowledge on an Old World species to a botanically related New World one by enslaved Africans in Suriname. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Historical and contemporary literature research was performed by means of digitized manuscripts, archives and databases from the 17th to the 21st century. We retrieved data from digitized herbarium vouchers in herbaria of the Botanic Garden Meise (Belgium); Naturalis Biodiversity Center (the Netherlands); Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, the Field Museum (USA); Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK); the IRD Herbarium, French Guiana and the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Vernacular names were retrieved from literature and herbarium specimens and compared to verify the origin of Quassia amara and its uses. RESULTS: Our exploration of digitized herbarium vouchers resulted in 1287 records, of which 661 were Q. amara and 636 were Q. africana. We observed that the destiny of this species, over at least 300 years, interweaves politics, economy, culture and medicine in a very complex way. Quassia amara's uses are difficult to attribute to specific cultural groups: the species is widely distributed in Central and South America, where it is popular among many ethnic groups. The species spread from Central to South America during the early 18th century due to political and economic reasons. This migration possibly resulted from simultaneous migration by religious orders (Jesuits) from Central America to northern South America and by Carib-speaking Amerindians (from northern South America to Suriname). Subsequently, through colonial trade networks, Q. amara spread to the rest of the world. The absence of African-derived local names in the Guiana shield suggests that Q. africana was not sufficiently familiar to enslaved Africans in the region that they preserved its names and transferred the associated medicinal knowledge to Q. amara. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural biogeography has proven an interesting concept to reconstruct the dynamics of biocultural interactions through space and time, while herbarium databases have shown to be useful to decipher evolution of local plant knowledge. Tracing the origin of a knowledge is nevertheless a complex adventure that deserves time and interdisciplinary studies.
Subject(s)
Enslavement , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology , Medicine, Traditional , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Politics , Quassia , Cultural Characteristics , Enslavement/history , Ethnobotany , French Guiana , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Medicine, Traditional/history , Phytotherapy/history , Plant Extracts/history , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Quassia/chemistry , Quassia/classificationABSTRACT
The Simaroubaceae family includes 32 genera and more than 170 species of trees and brushes of pantropical distribution. The main distribution hot spots are located at tropical areas of America, extending to Africa, Madagascar and regions of Australia bathed by the Pacific. This family is characterized by the presence of quassinoids, secondary metabolites responsible of a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antitumor, antimalarial, antiviral, insecticide, feeding deterrent, amebicide, antiparasitic and herbicidal. Although the chemical and pharmacological potential of Simaroubaceae family as well as its participation in official compendia; such as British, German, French and Brazilian pharmacopoeias, and patent registration, many of its species have not been studied yet. In order to direct further investigation to approach detailed botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of the Simaroubaceae, the present work reviews the information regarding the main genera of the family up to 2013.
ABSTRACT
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite which causes high financial losses to the production of Brazilian cattle. The control of this parasite is accomplished by the administration of chemical products, but they are not adequately used, leading to high costs and stimulating the selection of resistant parasites. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to assess the in vitro efficiency of different formulations containing an association of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia (Quassia amara) tinctures on the bovine tick R. microplus. For this, engorged females of the parasite were submitted to the laboratory immersion test. The solutions containing all three plants were tested in different concentrations. Approximately 84% of the treatments presented efficiency equal or superior to 95%. The treatments with citronella in concentration equal or superior to 5% showed better results and the concentration of 10% showed maximum efficiency, independently of the concentrations of the other two plants. The high efficiency of the solutions was attributed mainly to the reduction of egg laying and hatching rate, and, in a minor scale, to death of the engorged females. It suggests that the phytotherapic solutions are able to induce alterations on the system and reproductive capacity of the females of R. microplus in in vitro tests, besides presenting a tickicide action.
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasita que mais causa prejuízos à pecuária brasileira. O controle desse parasita é realizado por meio da administração de produtos químicos, sendo que estes são utilizados de forma inadequada, gerando alto custo e estimulando a seleção de parasitas resistentes. Tendo em vista essa situação, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficácia in vitro de diferentes formulações contendo tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), erva de Santa Maria (Chenopodium ambrosioides) e quássia (Quassia amara) sobre o carrapato bovino R. microplus. Para isso, fêmeas ingurgitadas do parasita foram submetidas ao teste laboratorial de biocarrapaticidograma. As soluções testadas continham as três plantas em diferentes concentrações e utilizadas em associação. Aproximadamente 84% dos tratamentos apresentou eficiência igual ou superior a 95%. Os tratamentos que continham citronela em concentração igual ou superior a 5% apresentaram melhores resultados e a concentração de 10% apresentou máxima eficiência, independente das concentrações da quássia e da erva de Santa Maria. A alta eficácia das soluções foi atribuída principalmente à redução na postura dos ovos e na taxa de eclosão da postura, e em menor escala à morte das teleóginas. Isso sugere que as soluções contendo os três fitoterápicos provocam alteração no sistema e na capacidade reprodutiva das fêmeas de R. microplus e também apresenta ação carrapaticida em testes in vitro.
Subject(s)
Animals , Acaricides/administration & dosage , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Tick Control/methods , Cymbopogon , Tick Infestations/parasitology , Tick Infestations/drug therapy , Tick Infestations/veterinary , Quassia , Rhipicephalus/parasitology , In Vitro Techniques/veterinaryABSTRACT
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite which causes high financial losses to the production of Brazilian cattle. The control of this parasite is accomplished by the administration of chemical products, but they are not adequately used, leading to high costs and stimulating the selection of resistant parasites. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to assess the in vitro efficiency of different formulations containing an association of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia (Quassia amara) tinctures on the bovine tick R. microplus. For this, engorged females of the parasite were submitted to the laboratory immersion test. The solutions containing all three plants were tested in different concentrations. Approximately 84% of the treatments presented efficiency equal or superior to 95%. The treatments with citronella in concentration equal or superior to 5% showed better results and the concentration of 10% showed maximum efficiency, independently of the concentrations of the other two plants. The high efficiency of the solutions was attributed mainly to the reduction of egg laying and hatching rate, and, in a minor scale, to death of the engorged females. It suggests that the phytotherapic solutions are able to induce alterations on the system and reproductive capacity of the females of R. microplus in in vitro tests, besides presenting a tickicide action.(AU)
O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasita que mais causa prejuízos à pecuária brasileira. O controle desse parasita é realizado por meio da administração de produtos químicos, sendo que estes são utilizados de forma inadequada, gerando alto custo e estimulando a seleção de parasitas resistentes. Tendo em vista essa situação, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficácia in vitro de diferentes formulações contendo tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), erva de Santa Maria (Chenopodium ambrosioides) e quássia (Quassia amara) sobre o carrapato bovino R. microplus. Para isso, fêmeas ingurgitadas do parasita foram submetidas ao teste laboratorial de biocarrapaticidograma. As soluções testadas continham as três plantas em diferentes concentrações e utilizadas em associação. Aproximadamente 84% dos tratamentos apresentou eficiência igual ou superior a 95%. Os tratamentos que continham citronela em concentração igual ou superior a 5% apresentaram melhores resultados e a concentração de 10% apresentou máxima eficiência, independente das concentrações da quássia e da erva de Santa Maria. A alta eficácia das soluções foi atribuída principalmente à redução na postura dos ovos e na taxa de eclosão da postura, e em menor escala à morte das teleóginas. Isso sugere que as soluções contendo os três fitoterápicos provocam alteração no sistema e na capacidade reprodutiva das fêmeas de R. microplus e também apresenta ação carrapaticida em testes in vitro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rhipicephalus/parasitology , Tick Control/methods , Cymbopogon , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Quassia , Acaricides/administration & dosage , Tick Infestations/drug therapy , Tick Infestations/parasitology , Tick Infestations/veterinary , In Vitro Techniques/veterinaryABSTRACT
The anti-hyperglycemic effect of wood powder of Quassia amara (QA) was evaluated in normal and in alloxan diabetes-induced rats. After a 12 h fast and glycemic check, the animals were orally given 0.9% of saline (control group), metformin (500 mg/kg) or QA (200 mg/kg) and, 30 minutes later, they received an oral glucose dose (1g/kg). The blood glucose level was measured after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. From the oral glucose dose, QA showed anti-hyperglycemic effects, similar to metformin, only in the diabetic animals (p<0.01) when compared to the control group. Although the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of action of QA was not investigated, a mechanism similar to metformin can be suggested, since both presented similar results for the conditions tested, that is, normal and diabetic rats. It is believed that the use of QA in diabetics could help to control the blood glucose levels and be useful as an alternative therapy.
O efeito anti-hiperglicemiante do pó do lenho de Quassia amara (QA) foi avaliado em ratos normais e diabéticos aloxana induzidos. Após jejum de 12 horas e verificação da glicemia, os animais receberam administração oral de salina 0.9% (grupo controle), metformina (500 mg/kg) ou QA (200 mg/kg) e 30 minutos depois carga oral de glicose (1g/kg). A glicemia foi medida nos próximos 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. A partir da carga oral de glicose, a QA mostrou efeito anti-hiperglicemiante, similar a metformina, somente nos animais diabéticos (p<0.01) quando comparados ao grupo controle. Embora o mecanismo de ação anti-hiperglicemiante da QA não tenha sido investigado, podemos sugerir um mecanismo semelhante à metformina, visto que ambos apresentaram resultados similares nas duas condições testadas, ou seja, animais normais e diabéticos. Acredita-se que o uso de QA, em diabéticos, possa auxiliar no controle da glicemia e servir como terapia alternativa.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , /analysis , Alloxan/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Quassia amara L. popularly known as quasia, is a shrubby plant from Tropical America. The wood, bark and leave are used in either folk medicine or in procuring phytotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present work was to analize morphoanatomical and micrographic features which might provide assistance in the identification, analysis and standardization of Quasia amara L wood, bark and leaves. Results. Anatomical study showed white yellowish and diffuse porous wood, confluent paratracheal parenchyma. Rays width 1 cell wide and 8-30 cells high. CaOx crystals are absent. Cortex, 1-4 mm thick, a periderm up to 12 layers phellem cells. Leaf, hipostomatic with dorsiventral mesophyll and high number of sclerosed idioblasts.
Quassia amara L. popularmente conocida como quasia es un planta arbustiva de América Tropical. El leño, corteza y hojas son usadas tanto en medicina popular como en la obtención de drogas fitoterapéuticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar características morfoanatómicas y micrográficas las cuales provean asistencia en la identificación, análisis y estandarización de la madera, corteza y hojas de Quassia amara L. Resultados. El estudio anatómico mostró leño, blanco amarillento, de porosidad difusa. Parénquima paratraqueal confluente. Radios de 1 célula de ancho y 8-30 hileras de alto. Faltan cristales CaOx. Corteza, 1-4 mm de espesor, una peridermis de hasta 12 estratos de células de súber. Hoja, hipoestomática, con mesófilo dorsiventral, con elevado número de idioblastos esclerosados.
Subject(s)
Plant Bark/anatomy & histology , Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology , Wood/anatomy & histology , Quassia/anatomy & histology , Plant Bark/ultrastructure , Plant Leaves/ultrastructure , Wood/ultrastructure , Photomicrography , Quassia/ultrastructureABSTRACT
In Latin America and the Caribbean, precious wood species like mahoganies (Swietenia spp.) and cedars (Cedrela spp.) are seriously injured by the mahogany shootborer, Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larva, which bores into the main shoot of trees. In previous experiments focused on searching for a preventive method for managing this pest, a wood extract of bitterwood, Quassia amara L. ex Blom (Simaroubaceae) had been shown to cause phagodeterrence to larvae. Therefore, three fractions (water, methanol and diethyl ether) of a wood extract were tested for their phagodeterrence to larvae, by means of laboratory and greenhouse trials. Phagodeterrence was assessed by determining their effect on foliage consumption, mortality and signs of damage (number of orifices, sawdust piles, fallen shoots, number of tunnels and tunnel length) caused by larvae on Spanish cedar (C. odorata). Both the methanol and diethyl ether fractions caused phagodeterrence, by strongly reducing foliage consumption and signs of damage, while not causing larval mortality. The lowest concentration at which phagodeterrence was detected for the methanol fraction corresponded to 0.0625%, which is equivalent to a 1.0% of the bitterwood crude extract. However, results with the diethyl ether fraction were unsatisfactory, as none of the treatments differed from the solvent, possibly because of an adverse effect of the solvent on foliar tissues. Phagodeterrent principles from Q. amara derivatives may play an important role in dealing with H. grandella if they are complemented with other integrated pest management preventative tactics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 487-499. Epub 2011 March 01.
En América Latina y el Caribe, algunas especies que son fuente de maderas preciosas, como las caobas (Swietenia spp.) y cedros (Cedrela spp.), son seriamente dañadas por la larva de Hypsipyla grandella, la cual barrena el brote principal de los árboles. En experimentos previos orientados hacia la búsqueda de un método preventivo para manejar esta plaga, un extracto de la madera de hombre grande, Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae), había demostrado causar fagodisuasión a la larva. Por tanto, tres fracciones de un extracto de la madera de dicho árbol (agua, metanol y éter dietílico) fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su efecto fagodisuasivo sobre las larvas, mediante experimentos de laboratorio e invernadero. Dicho efecto se determinó según el consumo de follaje, la mortalidad y los signos de daño (número de orificios, montículos, brotes caídos, número y longitud de túneles) causados por las larvas en arbolitos de cedro amargo (C. odorata). Tanto la fracción de metanol como la de éter dietílico causaron fagodisuasión, pues redujeron fuertemente el consumo de follaje y los signos de daño, sin matar las larvas. La menor concentración de la fracción metanólica a la cual se detectó fagodisuasión correspondió a 0.0625%, la cual equivale al 1.0% del extracto crudo de hombre grande. Por su parte, los resultados con la fracción de éter dietílico fueron insatisfactorios, ya que ninguna de las concentraciones difirió del disolvente, quizás debido a un efecto adverso del mismo sobre los tejidos foliares. Los principios fagodisuasivos de los derivados Q. amara podrían jugar un papel importante para manejar a H. grandella, si fueran complementados con otras tácticas preventivas de manejo integrado de plagas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lepidoptera/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Quassia/chemistry , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Larva/drug effects , Time Factors , Wood/chemistryABSTRACT
Bemisia tabaci is a key virus vector on several crops worldwide. Then, a preventive approach to deal with viral epidemics may be the deployment of repellents or phagodeterrents at earlier stages of plant development (critical period). Thus, the crude extract and four fractions thereof (water, water: methanol, methanol, and diethyl ether) of bitterwood (Quassia amara, Simaroubaceae) were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults under greenhouse conditions, on tomato plants, in Costa Rica. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments showed that the crude extract and some fractions exerted such effect on the insect. In the former case (in sleeve cages), all fractions caused deterrence at doses as low as 0.1 % (methanol), 0.5 % (water: methanol and diethyl ether), and 1% (water). In the latter case (plants exposed in a greenhouse) the methanol fraction stood out, followed by the diethyl ether fraction. Nonetheless, none of the fractions performed better than the deterrent control (mineral oil). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2131-2146. Epub 2008 December 12.
En el plano mundial, Bemisia tabaci es un importante vector de virus en numerosos cultivos. Un enfoque preventivo para enfrentar las epidemias virales podría ser el empleo de sustancias repelentes o fagodisuasivas en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de las plantas (período crítico). Tanto el extracto crudo como cuatro fracciones (agua, agua: metanol, metanol, y éter dietílico). Evaluamos extractos del árbol llamado "hombre grande" (Quassia amara, Simaroubaceae) fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su actividad fagodisuasiva sobre los adultos de B. tabaci, usando tomate, en condiciones de invernadero, utilizando plantas de tomate, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Tanto los experimentos de escogencia irrestricta e irrestrictam, el extracto crudo y algunas fracciones mostraron dicha actividad. En los primeros experimentos (en jaulas de manga), todas las fracciones causaron fagodisuasión a dosis de apenas 0.1% (metanol), 0.5% (agua: metanol y éter dietílico) y 1% (agua). En los segundos (plantas expuestas dentro de un invernadero) sobresalió la fracción metanólica, seguida por la de éter dietílico. Sin embargo, ninguna de las fracciones superó al testigo fagodisuasivo (aceite mineral).